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FRE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

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4

STATE oF New York — DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE

fees OF - NEW YORK

VOLUME!
BY
So. BEACH

Horticulturist
ASSISTED BY
N. O. BOOTH
Assistant Horticulturist
AND

O. M. TAYLOR

Foreman in Horticulture

Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1903
II

F LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN
ALBANY

J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS

1905

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

GeNeEvA, N. Y.. December 21 1002

doe

APPLES OF NEW YORE

ERRATA—VOL., lI,

Page 24. Under Rhode Island Greening group, “ Northwestern Greening”

should be omitted.

25. Under Alexander group, “Bismark” should be “ Bismarck.”

71. Under Different Types of Ben Davis, in the last paragraph
omit Rutledge.

-6. Under Black Annette, second line, “1885” should be “ 1866.”

93. First line of text, under Carlough, (2) should be (3):

141. Under Golden Medal, fourth line, reference “U. S. B. P. I.
bulletin 56:124” should be “U. S. B. P. I. bulletin 56:125.”

168, Colored plate facing. Legend “Jacob Sweet” should be
“Jacobs Sweet.”

196. McAfee, first line of second paragraph, insert (7). between
Indian and Wyandctte; Wyandotte (7). should precede Zeeke °
on p. 197.

270, Colcred plate facing. “ Genet,” in italic should be omitted.

333. Under Sweet Russet all of the second line, including the words
“Synonym” and “Summer Russet (1),” should be omitted.

302. Twenty-sixth line, second column, “Bismark” should be
“ Bismarck.”

403. “Pomme Grise,” first column, fifteenth line, should be roman
instead of italic.

409. Eighth line from bottom of left column, “ Winter Sweet Para-
dise” should be roman capitals and small capitals instead oi
italic.

of the state.
W.H. JORDAN,
Director.

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
GENEVA, N. Y., December 31, 1903.

To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station:

Gentlemen.—I have the honor to transmit herewith Part II of the
Annual Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station
for 1903, to be known as “ The Apples of New York”. The period
of the collection of the data which form the subject-matter of this
publication is coincident with the life of the Station, having been
begun over twenty years ago by the late Professor Emmet S. Goff,
who was the Station’s first horticulturist. In 1891 this work passed
into the hands of Professor Spencer A. Beach, who is now, fortu-
nately, charged with the presentation to the public of the results of
this long-continued and costly effort. In the collection and organiza-
tion of the information contained in this volume, Professor Beach
has had the valued assistance of Professors Wendell Paddock,
Charles P. Close, Heinrich Hasselbring and Vinton A. Clark, who
have been associated with him in the horticultural department of the
Station. Professor Nathaniel O. Booth and Mr. Orrin M. Taylor
have not only assisted in the collection of original data, but they have
rendered efficient service in the immediate preparation of the text.
The publication of this volume, which is confined to the winter
varieties of apples, to be followed by a second volume covering the
early and fall varieties, is made possible by the generous action of the
New York legislature of 1904, and should be regarded as an occasion
of justifiable pride on the part of the state, the Station management
and the individuals chiefly concerned in the work on its professional
side. There is every reason to believe that these two volumes will
take their place as a part of the standard literature of pomology, and
will be useful and stimulating to one of the most important industries

of the state.
W.H. JORDAN,

Director.

PREPACE.

This report on the apples of New York is the outgrowth of one
of the lines of investigation which from the first has been a distinctive
feature of the work carried on at this Experiment Station. During
the period when this Station was being established there was an in-
sistent popular demand that the testing of varieties of fruits and
vegetables be made a prominent line of work here. Variety testing
was accordingly undertaken at once with great thoroughness, as is
shown, in part, by the bulletins and reports published by the Station
during the first decade of its existence. <A collection of apple varie-
ties was begun by Professor Goff as early as 1883, and since that time
it has been continually enlarged by annual additions. For many
years it has been one of the most noteworthy collections of its kind in
America. By 1900 it had come to include over seven hundred named
varieties of apples and crabapples, besides a large number of unnamed
seedlings. Professor Goff resigned his position at this Station to
become horticulturist in the University of Wiconsin in 1888, just
as the first fruits of the varieties which were grafted into the
orchards in 1883 were beginning to appear. He was succeeded here
by the writer in the fall of 1891.

Very many of the varieties herein treated have been collected and
grown in the Station orchards. Descriptive notes and other records
of these varieties have been made year after year till a mass of first-
hand information has accumulated which has been invaluable in the
preparation of this report. We have also been favored with the
cooperation of fruit growers from all parts of the state. Hundreds
of them have assisted by giving information concerning the varieties
of apples which are known in their respective localities, and in many
cases have supplied samples of the fruit. The leading American and
some European pomological works have been constantly referred to
in verifying descriptions of varieties; various Experiment Station
publications and horticultural reports and periodicals have also been

freely consulted.
vii

Vill PREFACE,

For one who is interested in growing apples either for home use
or for commercial purposes, or in supplying nursery trees for orchard
planting, or in any of the industries accessory to that of apple-grow-
ing, such as storing and marketing the fruit or manufacturing fruit
products, it is at times a great advantage to have accessible for
ready reference full descriptions of the different varieties of apples,
each under the name which pomological authorities are accepting as
correct, together with the list of synonyms by which the variety has
been known. It is for the purpose of making such information more
generally available that this report on the apples of New York has
been prepared. This, the first volume of the report, treats of winter
apples which are in season with Hubbardston and Tompkins King
or later. [Earlier varieties are treated in the succeeding volume.

The following considerations have generally governed the writer
in determining what varieties should be noticed in this report.

First, the comparative value of the variety for planting in any part
of the state as determined by its record at this Station, by numerous
systematic reports collected especially for this report from New York
fruit growers and from men interested in buying and storing fruit in
New York and elsewhere, by information published in books, cata-
logues and periodical literature, and by extensive correspondence.

Second, the probable value in this state of new or comparatively
little known varieties. The opinions which the writer has expressed
regarding their probable value are based upon the records which
. these varieties have made in other regions, their general resem-
blance to other varieties which are better known in this state, and
their parentage or origin.

Third, many varieties have been noticed, not because they now are
or promise to become valuable in New York, but rather because they
are not or do not promise to become valuable here. It 1s quite as im-
portant for the inexperienced prospective planter to know what
varieties are unworthy as well as to know what ones are the most
worthy of his care and attention. This is particularly true in the
case of those varieties which are being urged upon New York fruit
growers because they have succeeded elsewhere, but which have as
yet been tried only in regions where the conditions are markedly

PREFACE. ix
different from those which obtain in New York. In such cases an
especial effort has been made to give a conservative estimate of the
known or probable value of these varieties to New York fruit
growers.

Fourth, some varieties are noticed chiefly on account of their his-
torical value. In a report like this it is appropriate to notice old
varieties which are becoming obsolete, but which possibly are still in
cultivation in this state.

In each full discussion of a variety there is presented first the
statement of those matters which seem to be of general interest.
With the more important apples this is given in long primer type,
while the historical account and the technical descriptions of the tree
and fruit are in brevier. With varieties of less importance the
entire text is in brevier.

In addition to the description of the variety, there has been given
in many cases some estimate of its known or probable value in this
state for either amateur or commercial purposes and the conditions
which appear to be best adapted for its successful cultivation are
sometimes indicated. In order to make the report more complete
and thus add to its value as a book of reference many varieties of
little importance, or of only local value, are herein described. Usually
in such cases but brief comment is given. More extended notice is
commonly given to the more important varieties, and many of them
are illustrated either by half-tone or colored photo-engravings made
directly from the fruit itself instead of from drawings or paintings.
In fact, the illustrations form a unique feature of the work because
they have all been made from photographs, thus adding greatly to
the fidelity and value of the plates. With but few exceptions the
photographing has been done under the personal supervision of the
author.

In the immediate preparation of this report the writer has been
assisted by Professor N. O. Booth and Mr. O. M. Taylor, whose con-
stant fidelity and active interest in the undertaking it is a pleasure to
thankfully acknowledge. The bibliographical work has, for the most
part, been done by Professor Booth, to whom very much of the value
of this feature of the report is due. Mr. Taylor has assisted in

be PREFACE.

various ways, particularly in making technical descriptions of the
fruits. John A. Maney, foreman of the orchards, has aided in pre-
paring the technical descriptions of the trees. Assistance in making
orchard observations and descriptive notes of varieties has been given
in previous years by Wendell Paddock, 1893 to 1899; C. P. Close,
1896 to 1899; Heinrich Hasselbring, 1900, and V. A. Clark, 1902 to
1904.

The writer is embarrassed in undertaking to acknowledge pro-
perly the many favors which he has received in carrying forward
this work. These favors are so various and come from so many
different sources that for lack of space the particular personal
recognition which he desires to give cannot be made. Fellow
workers among professional horticulturists, nurserymen, men inter-
ested in buying and storing fruit, apple growers in all parts of the
state and particularly members of the State Fruit Growers’ Associa-
tion and of the Western New York Horticultural Society, all have
shown a spirit of cordial interest and cooperation which is gratefully
recognized. Special acknowledgment is due to Professors L. H.
Bailey and S. W. Fletcher of Cornell University for the loan of books
and for the use of a collection of numerous references to Experiment

Station publications.

TABEE-OP CONTENTS.

PAGE,

TERED ood BoP oe SO eT ee CaP eR ee eS near Urry eat to Paar vil
Mirna exam tiene NUTS titer tL OTSty septic e creccee ie toate nase See alone mes ore uss Su ees ever alos ie feveuevelte oyelaverens Xill
Nothontiess Gitedeand Abbreviations Usedhacciaccecs sci cereals ieee XVil
I

VOancall (ClIgshneMEOMs Ge accasccscabuuLooc

aitres Native slomewotative=Alp pl ee eres- cis rareerate ce cteene 2m cross) a) shores os ho clei eyerone.s 3

The Origin and Development of Apple Culture in New York............ 4
reyAdaptationror WVanteties to, manticnlan NectonS sem ae -rieiee cece 18
WWE Seek WETIC iN ae eteorpica gceolsome casero cic pace toca a mar neeCar ni 20
DESCRIP ETO Ola VaEI@LLESIs tra ais rorere crm orto eke reuele ateike loter ciel oes cc tel evs keys ore lahs,/6,o) ae 27
in dexatomelkeclninicalletikerrnserste teres cerer meres a nclen er orotet ocr leer eerie easters) stonavey fers tere 389
TT CLES LOM VicUT ULES; Soares aa trike er os ho cents OISeS cepa a eT Eon sree arcs 391

xi

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INDEX TOTLLUST RA TIONS,

TEXT FIGURES.

PAGE,

Fig. I. Indian Apple Tree Still Standing near the Geneva Fink ey
Station in 1904. us 5

Fig. 2. Collection of Varictics af Wild Werle ee a “Hill Baanire. at
Chittenango). -.. - 6

Fig. 2a. The Old Tree Sander as a Reminded 1 the Dae of ie Stage
CGoachpandathem arinea scene anemone rien ann

Fig. 3. Longitudinal Cross Section of an Apple Showing Internal
(GloenVCISAS Rea mame ete eae ab peas coco te een woe mcm aenders Golo F 34

Figs. 4,5. Longitudinal Sections of the Wild Crabapple Showing Internal
(CIONTRC STE! AW Sean icra nek aia Ree rene ty heel ORO act Reis Sl 35

Figs. 6, 7. Transverse Sections of the Wild Crabapple Showing Internal
(CIVEWRACIATISY Weta Aon ROI GUM EIR eae ee CID RERTG GELS CU nrols SEE DO EION 35

Fig. 8. Transverse Section of an a Showing a Closed Axile
GoTreher com aes « 4 Reina aoe Ce

Fig. 9. Transverse Geeion of an ale oShowitee. an None Abaxile
COR Cm raat reece teeta eiheaie: Fae ahexe Miche Mecho ar ts tare evel oh ere 37

Harr-Tone PLaATes.

FACING PAGE
PICU aemacretter certs : Rte ROR CGI OE OC Ce ROE CRI ORE erice aes
Group of fruit- riceere’: in ie saldwin: orchard of Foster Udell, Brock-
joxorrus JMloronee ron yuna aN eee Rass mcinatisioticdo old Gubcorectoa lone tocmeomee moe
IPYOKH HIS! ( Cpexes haat eer A Aiea REE OES PEA bo alee Chis prt, cam REE RCRA ase an AP PE i eae)
Ptr elaearerwtrcrste rendiis 0! cic nev sites ave ie cuss akov eer cereal Mona spot cra iecer eueusiohcuatene east src homaiete oi go
(Conga sella lie uee MERC emon eer pCn yee UtrinadcMe omnia teresa omen 6 ane g2
GanadamelVeimettes vers usrt cuts cieis wsyer rope rete lpateen arom aro eine: oe Tee eae Od
GB lavinOnlns shies vistas aie aie civ ticnsicucie ser vetaclanve Castemtmasn ts ad ain ene Sere eeted SOO
TDS ahaa ARRAN Goa cetrey one neire neil ic iy On ein AS Mae EI Get. Gino Chee ein
DYSiCkos cine aoe ere pie ee OTE er OAC EE ee MERTON oslo BODES 108
ID eTAVSON ag ce eae RO aera: 6S Cora orc MIC Men ICe eS co ok citer art ihe
IDMelieloy “Wb yatiterniSaecamto cama no oe Seems no UC Ob Ue emer GT Se.bo.0S ac omer ar!
EGA is TIENTS CU macel ae Paeerer SI sles ecu che cl<vatage’ < oath neradate a cancel creo ott ah ueennmee se STOO)
LGR Sa 8] RAY YE MR Re eS ae RENOIR Ce NOSED ASCO NOE eicer ker EMDR See a Bi Sea he YI
Gideon Sete tac am eee aa cle aeaeyataratatoe stove uistatotclars duis + « sate nas ee Be ol PLO
Golden Medal. BON ie ayes OREN NC tere aS OS ene Ce tO
Golden Te PV) ee ee ete Ma we ied 0 VN ig oem Fate ty gt
TL aiallretdl Sanath ro cecheche OLD DI oats ee CROC RENO LN IRIE ISR a earanctions hace Siete ae eee Bah 276)

xiii

XIV INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Hatr-Tone PrLrates—Concluded.
FACING PAGE

IM Rest vex (CARE SAE ee ke NEES SAO Sos 507 206
i BUG Ce th Sy Os AS Aaa ee EP Ly SOM Ie Eee MUNA SS 210
Moatyyaniicee ©2555, 4s.08 ctl co--c, Seve c ee aoe oe SES Se se Oe 22
Moore “Sweets. icc. os sink «Saws Roe ee ewes a ste s Manne .e te eee 220
INE WAM ATN oS ong iays' so dio. 5 S35 % van "Siay haAeiae b wlelabarest Gtendere sve cee oer 224
Northwestern, (Greening. .o csewcie otra se Helse odie + eins ele Se 3h Se 234
Oakland (reduced size). 2 a. << ds icine bs acolo os tess hee 27 OREO 234
XC CG (50) ee ee ee a rE ER EE Se occ So ac bo Oo c 236
DLA MISTI. (oss 31:03 acs wv tasteieieaye 2a we Ga seusid Dhue cue deo oe hon Oe 236
WpalleScent : BY o foih es cardaeees eoee Doe oe eee 242
ied: Russet... 6:6 s001 jaws ne cde ce ics es de ods 2 duet eee 278
ROxDUny, sido 2 esis etlew cud shee pdbien shes Wands be ane EOE 204
SCHOGACK! oa.. do cieiangd obs aa hs ee eer aac Me Seas ae eee 300
SMOKEHOUSE! sso .c o's 5 fers 0c s:oie elerorehs drei Wis tara Sistaloele ae eo eee 312
Siche) (ccc ierrne inti G nil worn ori EIN Sosa Aa adueca 2S coce< 314
SSEOMEN GE Lie so nfo! sola: ooh na sin ad > odetECSl eae) ook ower Aree Te ce eee 320
APEXAS’ 210% 5 Flo Sete ode Sie aie. sre ne ae Oa io AO RO ee 336
Wianlhi@y 2. 365. 2.0-2,0 5 clos dsveke io Seas cus Ole shel cael a elen ee ee eee 350
Wabash Red 2.2... .20ia\osee ghee an ce ois Ba OR ae ase ee 352
Wallace: Howard): x, < sapx ic arecte ema eete ene See Nels Ce ae eee 358
Wandering Spy >. .Je cde 222 alsa sel swtee oasis oats Jae oe 360
WilOW inte sb eos) Pe SOS ee oie Ue esi One ee Boe Oe 370
Wandsor =a. da 5 ca6t 2354.22 Fah 5 ei weus See eo pies alee ee 372

Cotor PLATES.

View in a Baldwin orchard in the Lake Ontario apple belt........ Frontispiece

FACING PAGE
KAM cehayavers artis a 218 6%, 2s le a, + ted ale Bee sred nStOIe Rialee ee PLE EE 40
JATKANSAS, doco cste ere cies as sia ceien = 5 asietetieldlen cones Se Oe S Ae eee eee 48
Batley Sweet. oc iicc ac wo. sas oo ae osc sd eastern e =e.c 86 5/ee ae eee 54
Baldwin oo 2:20c bisiecais aie ss see es-s sre, a8 eth So elaustaee ewe el eck Oe eo eee 58, 60
Bei WAM IS 5. sis sous yale & 2 Se aia once dvs 1g 0'e 5,0 USUI ROR Ree 68
Bethel . Nofelsiatele be ole eGiays' a. hua s'e. 2's ete Rae EI OC eee eee 72
Black Beh eee 1S yeeiays eras'a/>. one's 0.0, <'w) aie. b.0h oslo Sheree kere Dae 76
Black mGillilo wens rice: creer ince ne edible) ceded sus seals Wie the oe eee eee 78
Blue = Pearmaimscpjaeiete wis wre kotor s dss. c.aee aio cc eis See eee ee Eee 80
BOikeiy. <a sacoch pee ee Os See aleve «veh ae ene cine Oe eae 82
Backingham oo. pGe dese eees ses 5. as bo oeuGnGos Re eek eee ee 88
(C00) it i Pees 555 a0 CoD Ry Ponts IS Gains ood ococ ca; 98
Cooper Marketa scorer ieee co nisare © afelslerasias ease tte-< cone Oe ee ee 100
DOMINEG . «cscivews selects wis eoie oles Ga ties hale Oe eRe ad OO Oe 110
Bnglish™ Riussets nse secrise er ates! eos csen hese ani nee bk oe Tene oe 118
Esoptis Sprizen0une antics seis so cis «ns since maltter ices eins ela eren ee Eee 122
| DE | ie a ee 18 Gi PIR REIRcIS Me RCE PRICES SOAOR IETS Cc oo 5 - 124
Fallawater FG aI Ce ECE eer nis SoReal ee 126
GANB rape cscs ss Sere Sette ans ow stale em aislaueye space ome epee ee 134

Golden Russet <iivcses sus sews ox esas tree ess MM vice cmendas ae eee BS e- 144

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. XV

Cotor PLAtES—Continued.
FACING PAGE

Greenc Newtownepermmcreee crock occ clos ots areve ec nuers ioe eyes Bunsen 146, 148
GrESTE SCOUT MRP aera Teh sere oe) ahisreah eoeeces/ny calles ewesatterabacwieret tren aarsieke) suaeyeal sie 150
(GresemalllS es eat pod h wd OOO EIR EEG DEO Oe Eo OIE ODOR Ea tS ceeroret ci 152
(Grit anes. dadétro bic.ott cic Bia OU ROI Gn On Inn ORE DOE ete eaconcaiae 154
Talay lilevanal® \WViia(Weir sy a agrolaete 6 Bekndin DD eO nO DIOR SCO OIERe chain ren OIS ED ar 160
Faibband stones scrcetecn carsinicie sk cares Coa ecie s-civas oe ciate ce barista sie aor 162
en clam inn comes rene OMe sca SR Fue Sith) ie) Ae anys, ne Ah cen Poet are ao ee LOO
JeSOlNe. JSR CC Behe ht Soo REIS Be IO re eee tr One etter a Pre Re Neri (5:
MGV UGMRLWE Eien eres he Nese cronsiere het shove erare flee, Stee siercuates oid see ie avarepe tial aeaheeereyoas ssoia ety, LO
Blicotventlncurnees cee eae seo ere tev sicvek cco shots eye ies 3retat evans Gaeenye alan aa Sabo romereleeiy oeseteneie zie ered oreye GL GS
[LACK bao Og ORE CDI eto OCR re ORGS EE aeRO icon iain cs Gere ARI gra emeeacte 180
TB arclivge Siwiee tare tei actos tarsi © sis Sse srasucie elements ctoun se Ditaicveid\alaga canines ole MausisTOw Oc 184
ILENRIEGIE 2 RS Se Sete COE CIS Onr io SC Cee TCR IE RSE AT iors oan eect Seer tono rater mma L019)
eee S weet CWHOlethn tite) a aseea cocs sakes Se Glentoran Seis Sis.c'e Slaves qm sitet eereie ero 230
Lee Sweet (section), see Volume II.

ILors: lisikvaalalupncte ((UD)es Goaneacu.coctas ce ooneul acnooe dao ooodoIo0 ds aonas 194
IWLA AE Sn. Gott ee aan OUrA sas cn oS OM ane cio or pth. GidciatL Ee Atrormiceno ome one 200
IN Tie algestavey oe eestor aaron yc einerel ou chao toate ial ove excrete os artaeroreterercuor vel oreiniors ahem ee 2O4
IM [ovis VOWans CRG aap eather Pere tee ato IOC aT en Seren RACE emer ac aca ames oe tc eae 210
INGISori G aecor hae Gocoee Gomi Goll oan ater Sern araine aan meuca mere aac cen >
INGRGLOWW MES DILZEMD UR Gmr eaers < <iotencterctqore cise Bice cus miele amine nner | 220
INC haifa heater ye eee sy arora ane asses (oelaustelee article, euclt ie Suelctere fia) clemts stsitererekets atte 228
INCOME et TAS pV earscspusin enero ret clen aks aieis ie Siavslaie ions evade syaree a eee A Manistee alaneleinae 2G Ol 232
(OUIISS: SENS oven SRR CATION OR en CORON ZOE CHER NEIO ar Enel pe ari iene ps are i eas 238
O) riers Ome eeveyotorsrave her sexee ciarevsia ot Sa suSecsherns efi csr vole ofs,icteyeesuste steers toiehcne shewteto 240
ATS OTUs caer Ro kere os ened a chee eT oi alle e eeac Abie TANI eine Ie helene efave sue es 246
[Peeyelle JEU MIRA ek So enc LATO PRE CEN SIT CTR REPEL DAT OI oa MOE LES Moe ae RR 8 254
IEGiaNaVOLCKe, eco AORN CISION COSIEL CIE CCIE TD id doio So en roaicec cei ceer anes & 256
RG Wattle@ey eterna. cn sinlavele crs siaisie s cisisio c forces Maapeke Pee detareie ie, ntdia tsdvsie clare tba somes 258
Teo erat eoee ats S Cay eet ar 2 Ce ror an a a Cha ae PROTECT eee oreo gies SIS erase Lee Suan 264
IRE NIIMSS Sore MnO Gees ORO oieS RIE aGias Sa ceien One Oc crane oorG oie nino a erCraiertom acre ee 270
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Xvi INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

CoLtor PLateEs—Concluded.
FACING PAGE

Migs OEIM pe seer e oe cop soa bs cis.5.0 Ae wp Hise dow oldies Ode eee 338
MOlman SWECH vei hws sas eee wees os ne Os vies ones sind pe ee eee
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Wihiste Pippin. 22 08. <2 aiosck wast oss agente tote n. + bel eee 368
WY aOWs 2.52 2 eR odie RA ccs e Ye oss pins ou 2 Saeed Ree Ee
Wanesagy .2. Fcc se tA ss os ick oo Beh adda eet eee Bae 374
Winter, Banana. ish. .% 15 2a. 0. .ce4 obs + tae Pee e eee 378

Yorke Tanperials. ssc 2 ve'sass 00 sects. o ele epider preeias «eee eee eee

AUTHORITIES CITED AND ABBREVIATIONS
USED.

In the following list of the authorities which have been consulted
in preparing this volume the date of publication cited is that of the
copyright rather than that of the title page; but where no date for
the copyright has been found the date of the title page has been
accepted as the date cf publication. This has been done for histori-
cal reasons, as it appears in most cases that the copyright date is
a better index of the time when a book was written than the date
given on the title page.

Works issued in series by institutions or by regular organizations,
like bulletins and reports of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, bulletins and reports of experiment stations, reports of horti-
cultural societies and state boards of horticulture and catalogues of
nurserymen are not here listed. In referring to such works the
citation in each case has been made sufficiently full for the easy

identification of the publication.

Albany Cultivator. See Cultivator.

Amer. Agric. American Agriculturist. New York: 1842 to date.

American Cultivator. 1838.

American Farmer. Boston.

Am. (or Amer.) Gard. American Gardening. New York: 1892-1904. (Be-
fore its union with Popular Gardening, in 1892, was known as American
Garden. Both Popular Gardening and American Garden resulted from
the union or absorption of many other horticultural periodicals. )

Amer. Gard. Cal. American Gardener’s Calendar. By Bernard M’Mahon.
Philadelphia: 1806.

Amer. Gard. Mag. American Gardener’s Magazine. See Mag. Hort.

Amer. Jour. Hort. and Florist’s Companion. American Journal of Horticul-
ture and Florist’s Companion. Boston: 1867-1869. Continued as Tilton’s
Journal of Horticulture and Floral Magazine. 1869-1871.

An. Hort. Annals of Horticulture. See Bailey, L. H.

An. de Pom. Belge. Annales de Pomologie Belge. See Bivort.

xvii

XVill AUTHORITIES CITED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED.

Bailey, L. H. Annals of Horticulture in North America. New York: 1889-
1893. Volume for 1892 contains inventory of apples sold by nurserymen
in North America in that year.

Barry. The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. New York: 1851. Revised edition
1883.

Berghuis. De Nederlandsche Boomgaard. S. Berghuis. Erste deel. Appels.
Groningen: 1868.

Biedenfeld. Handbuch aller bekannten Obstsorten. 1854.

Bivort. An. de Pom.- Belge. Annales de Pomologie, belge et é€trangere.
Bruxelles : 1853-1860.

Boston Cultivator. See American Cultivator.

Bredsted. Haandbog i danske Pomologie. Af H. C. Bredsted. 2 det Bind.
fEbler. Odense. 1893.

Budd-Hansen. American Horticultural Manual. Part II. Systematic
Pomology. By j. L. Budd, assisted by N. E. Hansen. Descriptions of
Apples by Hansen. New York: 1903.

Can. Hort. Canadian Horticulturist. Toronto: 1878 to date.

Cat. Cong. Pom. France. Catalogue descriptif des fruits adoptes par le Con-
gres pomologiques de France. 1867.

Cat. Hort. Soc. London. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Gar-
den of the Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. 2d ed.
1831; 3d ed. 1842. A supplement was published in 1853.

Cole. The American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole. Boston: 1849.

Country Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Cultivator and Country Gentle-
man. Albany: 1866-1897. The Country Gentleman, Albany: 1898 to date.

Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees. By William Coxe. Phila-
delphia: 1817.

Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with the Country Gentleman.

Diel. Versuch einer systematischen Beschreibung der Kernobstsorten.
Aug. Fried. Ad. Diel. 1799-1825.

Dittrich. Systematisches Handbuch der Obstkunde. Vol. III.

Dom. Encye. Domestic Encyclopedia. Willichs. Edited by Mease. Phila-
delphia: 1804.

Downing. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. By A. J. Downing.
1845. 2d ed., same text with colored plates, 1847. First revision by
Charles Downing, 1857. Second revision, 1869. First appendix, 1872.
Second appendix, 1876. Third appendix, 1881.

Duhamel. Traité des Arbres Fruitiers. Par M. Duhamel du Monceau.
Tome premier. Paris: 1768.

Elliott. Elliott’s Fruit Book; or the American Fruit Growers’ Guide. By
F. R. Elliott. New York: 1854. Revised edition, 1859.

Eneroth-Smirnoff. Handbok i svensk pomologi. Af Olof Eneroth and
Alexandra Smirnoff. Vol. 2. Applen. Stockholm: 1806.

Fessenden. The New American Gardener. By Thomas G. Fessenden.
Boston: 1828.

Fitz. The Southern Apple and Peach Culturist. James Fitz; edited by J. W.
Fitz. Richmond: 1872.

Flotow. See Ill. Handb. der Obstk.

. . Tt :
AUTHORITIES CITED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED. xX1X

Floy-Lindley. A Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden. By George Lind-
ley; edited by John Lindley. American edition by Michael Floy. New
York: 1833. New edition with an appendix, 1846.

Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By
William Forsyth. London: 1802. Same with Introduction and Notes, by
William Cobbett. Albany: 1803. Seventh edition (English) London:
1824.

Garden. London: 1872 to date.

Gard. and For. Garden and Forest. New York: 1888-1897.

Gardening. Chicago: 1893 to date.

Gartenflora. Berlin: 1852 to date.

Gaucher. Pomologie der Praktischen Obstbaumztichters. Von N. Gaucher.
Stuttgart: 1804.

Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker. Rochester: 1831-1839. Then
consolidated with Cultivator. Another periodical of same name was pub-
lished in Rochester from 1845-1865. Also others of this name.

Goodrich. The Northern Fruit Culturist, or Farmers’ Guide. By Chauncey
Goodrich. Burlington, Vt.: 1840.

Gregg. A Handbook of Fruit Culture. By Thomas Gregg. New York:
1857.

Hoffy. Hoffy’s North American Pomologist. Edited by William D. Brinckle.
Book No. I. Philadelphia: 1860,

Hogg. The Fruit Manual. By Robert Hogg. Fifth edition. London: 1884.

Hooper. Hooper’s Western Fruit Book. By E. J. Hooper. Cincinnati: 1857.

Horticulturist. The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste.
Albany, etc. 1846-1875. Founded by A. J. Downing. Other editors were
Barry, Smith, Mead, Williams and the Woodwards.

Hovey. The Fruits of America. 2 vols. C. M. Hovey. Boston: 1851.

Ill. Handb. Obst. Illustrirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde. (Various authors).
Stuttgart : 1858-1865.

Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London:
1846 to date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55 bear the title of Journal of the Horti-
cultural Society of London.

Kenrick. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston:
1832. Second edition revised, 1835.

Knoop. Pomologia. Johann Hermann Knoop. Leeuwarden: 1758.

Langley. Pomona: or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley.
London: 1720.

Lauche. Deutsche Pomologie. W. Lauche. A‘pfel. Vols. I and Ii. Berlin:
1882-1883.

Le Verger. Par M. [A.] Mas. 5 vols. in 4. Paris: 1868-1873.

Leroy. Dictionnaire de Pomologie. Par André Leroy. Paris: 1873. Vols.
3 and 4 deyoted to the apple.

Lindley. Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden. By George Lindley.
London: 1831. (See Floy-Lindley for American editions. )

Lucas. See Ill. Handb. Obst. :

Lucas, Ed. Vollstandiges Handbuch der Obstkultur. Von Ed. Lucas.
Stuttgart: Ist ed. 1880; 2d ed. 1886; 3d ed. 1893. Third edition edited by
Bp deitcas:

Lucas, Fr. Die Werthwollsten Tafelapfel und Tafelbirnen. Von Fr. Lucas.
2 vols. Stuttgart: 1893-4.

XxX AUTHORITIES CITED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED,

Lyon. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 1890. This catalogue has been quoted rather
than the earlier ones because it represents more nearly the final opinion of
Mr. Lyon on Michigan fruits.

M’Mahon. Gard. Cal. See Amer. Gard. Cal.

Mag. Hort. Magazine of Horticulture. Boston: 1837-1868. First published
under name American Gardener’s Magazine 1835-6. Edited by C. M.
Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate editor during 1835-6.

Manning. Book of Fruits. By Robert Manning. Salem: 1838. Second edi-
tion with title, New England Fruit Book. Revised by John M. Ives.
Salem: 1844.

Mas. See Le Verger.

Nat. Nurseryman. National Nurseryman. Edited by R. T. Olcott and later
by John Craig. Rochester: 1893 to date.

Nat. Hist. N. Y. Natural History of New York. Part V. Agriculture.
By Ebenezer Emmons. Vol. III devoted to fruits. Albany: 1851.

N. E. Farmer. New England Farmer. Boston: 1822.

New Genesee Farmer. See Genesee Farmer.

N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem. Memoirs of the Board of Agriculture of the State of
New York. Vol. III. Albany: 1826. Article and fruit list by Jonathan
Buel.

Oberdieck. See Ill. Handb. Obstk.

Pom. Brit. See Pom. Mag.

Pom. Heref. Pomona Herefordiensis. By Thomas A. Knight. London:
1811.

Pom. Mag. Pomological Magazine. 3 vols. London: 1828-30. This work has
also been published under the title Pomona Brittanica.

Pomologie. See Gaucher.

Prairie Farmer. Chicago: 1841. Several periodicals of this name.

Regel. Russkaja Pomologija. E. Regel. St. Petersburg: 1868.

Ronalds. Pyrus malus Brentfordiensis. By Hugh Ronalds. Figures by E.
Ronalds. London: 1831.

Rural N. Y. Rural New Yorker. Rochester and New York: 1850 to date.

Syst. Handb. der Obstk. See Dittrich.

Thacher. American Orchardist. By James Thacher. Boston: 1822.

Thomas. American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. Published at
various places. Ist ed. 1846; 2Ist ed. 1903.

Todd. The Apple Culturist. By Sereno E. Todd. New York: 1871.

Trans. Roy. Hort. Soc. Transactions of the Royal Horticultural Society.
London: 1805-1848.

Verger. See Le Verger.

Warder. American Pomology. Apples. John A. Warder. New York:
1867.

Waring. The Fruit Growers’ Handbook. By Wm. G. Waring. Boalsburg,
PALS questi

Western Fruit Grower. Edited by J. M. Irvine. St. Joseph: 1896 to date.

Wickson. California Fruits. By Edward J. Wickson. San Francisco: 1889.
2d ed. 1801.

Willichs. See Dom. Encyc.

Wilson. Economy of the Kitchen Garden, etc. By William Wilson. New
York: 1828.

i)

THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION.

The apple is classed with a natural group of plants in which the
fruit is more or less fleshy and contains seed cells enclosed by either
bony or parchment-like carpels. Some botanists still hold to the
older classification in which this group of plants is included in the
great order Rosacee under the suborder Pomee, but there is a
tendency among modern botanists to raise the group to the rank of
an order under the name Pomacee. In this suborder or order,
whichever it may be called, there are several genera. One includes
the mountain ashes, one the Juneberries, one the hawthorns, one
the quinces, and one the pears, apples and crabapples. This last
genus botanists have called Pyrus. Within this genus there are many
species of apples and crabapples, most of which are native to the old
world. Sargent, from whom the three following descriptions are
largely derived, recognizes in the apples which are indigenous to

North America the three species named below.!

NATIVE WILD APPLES.

1. Pyrus coronaria L., the fragrant crab, which is found in glades from
Canada, Western New York and the shores of Lake Erie southward
along the mountains to Alabama and westward to the Missouri valley
and Texas. The. flowers are large, showy, on slender pedicels, white or
rose-colored and delightfully fragrant. Leaves ovate to triangular ovate
and often three lobed. The fruit may reach a diameter of one and one-
half inches. The calyx is persistent. The skin, which is green or be-
comes yellowish, is waxy and has a peculiar aroma. ‘The fruit ripens late,
is sour and almost bitter but has long been valued for making preserves.
No varieties of this species are cultivated for the fruit.

In the prairie states this species runs into the variety 1owensis Wood,
which some regard as a distinct species. There are known in cultivation
hybrids between this and the common apple as we shall see later. The
fruit of iowensis sometimes reaches a diameter of two inches.

2. Pyrus angustifolia Ait., the native crabapple of the southern states,
is much like P. coronaria except that its leaves are not lobed but are
lanceolate oblong and acute at the base. The flowers are white or rose-
pink and very fragrant; calyx persistent; fruit about one inch in diameter,
pale green or yellowish, ripens in winter and is then very fragrant but

1Silva N. A., IV: 70-78.

' LIBR.
NEW
BOTAD

. GAR!

2 Tue AppLes or NEw YorRK.

austere. The fruit is used for preserves but no variety of this species
is cultivated for its fruit. The species is found from Southwestern
Pennsylvania to Florida and west to Tennessee and Louisiana.

3. Pyrus rivularis Doug.. the Oregon crabapple, has rather small white
flowers, and the calyx lobes become deciduous from the mature fruits. The
fruit is about three-fourths of an inch long, oblong, yellowish or blushed,
and ripens in autumn. It is used by the Indians. No variety of this
species is cultivated for its fruit. This species ranges from Northern
California northward along the coast to the Aleutian Islands.

CULTIVATED HYBRIDS OF NATIVE APPLES.

Craig and Hume! describe four hybrids between the common apple and
P. iowensis, or other indigenous American crabapples, which hybrids are
cultivated for their fruit in some locations in the Mississippi valley.
These are Soulard, Howard (or Hamilton), Mercer (or Fluke) and Ken-
tucky Mammoth (or Mathews). The fruits of these hybrids are fit only
for culinary uses or for cider. They vary in size from medium to large
for a crabapple, are green or yellowish and ripen in winter. These
hybrids are valued chiefly where superior hardiness is a prime requisite
in a variety, but they are practically unknown and unsought in New York
state because there are other kinds which are more valuable here.

SPECIES INTRODUCED FROM THE OLD WORLD.

Ornamentals. Several species of apples or crabapples which are
indigenous to the old world are grown in this country for ornamental
purposes only, as, for example, the flowering crabs and flowering apples
from China and Japan. But we are now particularly concerned with
those species which have been brought from the old world to be culti-
vated here for their fruit, as shown in the common apple and common
crabapple.

The Common Apple. The apples which are grown here ior their
fruit mostly belong to the species which Linneus called Malus. He
placed it in the same genus as the pear and thus its botanical name became
Pyrus malus L. Recently Britton has separated it from the pear genus
on the ground that it has flesh free from grit cells. He makes its botani-
cal class Malus malus (L.) Britton.2 This species is particularly character-
ized by simple, soft leaves: flowers white or partly tinged with deep rose-
pink, short-stemmed and borne in a simple umbel; fruit depressed at both
ends; calyx persistent. The under side of the young leaves, the young
twigs, the buds, calyx lobes and young fruits are commonly fuzzy.

This species is very variable. Under cultivation it has developed
innumerable varieties as will be noticed farther on. Some varieties
which because their fruit is large are called apples doubtless are hybrids
between this species and the one next described.

The Common Crabapple. The crabapples which we cultivate for their
fruit are for the most part hybrids between the apple P. malus, and the
primitive Siberian crab, or berry crab, called by Linneus Pyrus baccata.

1Native Crabapples and Their Cultivated Varieties. Ta. Acad. Sci., VII: 123-141. 1899.
?Flora Nor. States and Can., II: 236.

THe Apples OF NEw York. z

This species, baccata, in its pure forms is readily distinguished from the
apple, P. malus. The calyx is eventually deciduous, instead of persistent.
The leaves are firm, smooth, bright green and are borne on long, slender,
hard leaf-stalks. The twigs are smooth and slender. The ripe fruit is
brilliant in color, red or yellow, does not get mellow, varies from three-
eighths to three-fourths of an inch in diameter and is borne on long
slender stalks. The flowers are large and usually pure white. In some
of the hybrids, as, for example, Martha and Currant, the calyx is on some
fruits deciduous, or partly so, while on other fruits borne on the same
tree the entire calyx may be persistent; also the fruit is large and it is
clear that other characters which they show are derived wholly or in
part from either baccata on the one hand or from malus on the other.1

It is well to remark that the name crabapple is not applied exclusively
to the Siberian crabs and their hybrids but is popularly used to designate
indiscriminately small apples whether of the malus species or of some
other species, but the term Siberian crab is properly used to indicate the
baccata species and its kin.2

THE NATIVE HOME OF THE APPLE.

The original home of the apple, P. malus, is not definitely known,
After examining the evidence carefully A. DeCandolle came to the
conclusion that it is most indigenous to the region south of the
Caucasus, from the Persian province Ghilan on the Caspian to
Trebizond on the Black Sea, and that from prehistoric times it has
existed in Europe, both wild and cultivated, over an area extending
from the Caspian Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, except in the extreme
north.’ He cites it as being found wild in the mountains of North-
west India, but not in Japan, Mongolia or Siberia.

Marlatt says,* ““ The apple industry in Japan is of recent origin,
say within the last thirty or forty years. * * * The varieties
are our varieties and have been imported from America with the
exception of some few European sorts. * * * Prior to the
introduction of this fruit from America it was unknown in Japan,
the native apple of Japan being a crab, grown more for ornament
than for fruit, and a very rare tree, unknown to most Japanese.”
From the reports of Marlatt and others it appears doubtful
whether the Chinese knew this species until cultivated varieties

of it were introduced among them from Europe and America.

1See plate of Martha, in Vol. II of this report.

2See also Prof. Budd’s discussion of this subject in Am. Hort. Man., I: 160. 1902.
3Or. Cult. Plants 233-236. 1885.

*Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1902: 161 et seq.

4 THe Apples oF NEw York.

It appears that the native apple of North China is quite different
from our common apple, P. malus, but rather like what we cail
“ crabapples.’?

Evidently the Siberian crabapple, P. baccata, had its origin farther
north and east than P. malus. Bailey cites its habitat as Siberia
to Manchuria and the Himalayan region.’

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF APPLE CULTURE IN
NEW YORK.

The principal native fruits of New York, in addition to the wild
crab already noticed, are the wild strawberries, red raspberries,
black raspberries, dewberries, blackberries, elderberries, cranberries,
high-bush cranberries, huckleberries, blueberries, the beach plum
along the seacoast, the wild red or Canada plum of the St. Law-
rence valley, the wild red or yellow plum of Central and Southern
New York, the fox grape in eastern and southeastern parts of the
state, the summer grape in the southern counties, and the river-bank
or frost grape of general distribution. Improved varieties of the
native grapes and of many of the small fruits are now extensively
grown both for home use and for market, but so far as New York
state is concerned this does not hold true for any of the orchard
fruits. Some of the native plums are cultivated in the northern
counties to a very limited extent, but, generally speaking, New York
orchard fruits are all of old world species.

Introduction of the Apple. In view of the primitive character
of our native fruits, it was but natural that the Europeans when
they began to form settlements on this continent should bring their
favorite fruits with them from the old world. This they did.
Some few brought trees or scions of choice varieties, but more fol-
lowed the less expensive plan of bringing seeds of selected fruits
to plant about their new homes in America, just as their descendants
till recent times have continued to do when leaving the older settle-
ments of the East to take up pioneer life along the frontier of

civilization.

1Marlatt 1. c. Cf. Leroy Dict. de Pom., 3:5.
2Cyc. Am. Hort. I11:1472.

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 5

The introduction of the apple into New York along with other
old world fruits was thus begun nearly three hundred years ago.
In the following years, at one time or another, very many of the
cultivated varieties of apples of Western Europe were brought here,
and this importation has been kept up with each succeeding genera-
tion till the present time. In the earliest settlements doubtless the
varieties which were first brought into New York were mostly from

Holland. Later some came from Germany, France and other con-

Fic. t. INDIAN APPLE TREE STILL STANDING NEAR THE GENEVA EXPERIMENT
STATION IN 1904.

tinental countries, and many from the British Isles, either directly
or through neighboring colonies.

The Early Dissemination of the Apple. \Vhen once the apple
was introduced its dissemination kept pace with the progress of the
settlement of the country. In fact, it was carried by Indians,
traders and white missionaries far into the wilderness beyond the
outermost white settlements. Reports of General Sullivan’s expedi-
tion, in 1779, against the Cayugas and Senecas, in describing the

Indian villages which were then destroyed, make frequent mention

6 THE Apples oF NEw York.

of peach and apple orchards that were found bending with fruit.
Within sight of the Geneva Experiment Station are two very old
Indian apple trees, the only ones in this vicinity now left out of many
hundreds which the Indians were growing in the clearings about
their town of Kanadesaga, which was located here. The illus-
tration, Fig. 1, shows the present appearance of one of the trees.
Both bear winter fruit of medium size. The fruit of one is very
good for cooking, that of the other is pleasant flavored, subacid
and very good for eating. Neither has been propagated. These
trees are interesting as types of the seedling apples which were
most common around the homes of the early settlers, and also to

some extent in the Indian villages.

Fic. 2. COLLECTION OF VARIETIES OF WiLtp APPLES FROM A HILL PASTURE AT
CHITTENANGO.

The Apple now Grows Wild in New York. The apple now
grows wild in various parts of New York state. It is notably
abundant along fence rows and in hill pastures in some places in
Southern and Southeastern New York and on the Onondaga lime-
stone formation in Onondaga and Madison counties. Fig. 2 shows
the fruit of several wild apples which were found in a hill pasture
near Chittenango in Madison county. Some of these are superior
to many of the named and cultivated sorts, being more attractive,
larger and of better quality.

The Siberian crab has not, to my knowledge, ever been found
growing spontaneously either in New York or in any other part

of this continent.

THE APPLES OF NEW YorK. a,

Primitive Orchards. As the early settlements gradually ex-
tended back from the Atlantic coast region the pioneers who over-
spread the interior of New York, hewing farms out of the forests,
planted around their new homes apple seeds brought from the older
settlements or from Europe. It is commonly known that the culti-
vated varieties of the apple seldom, if ever, reproduce true from
seed. For example, seedlings of large apples may bear very small
fruit, seedlings of red apples may bear green or yellow fruit, seed-
lings of sour apples may bear sweet fruit. In fact, not often does
the fruit of a seedling apple resemble the fruit of the parent closely
enough to indicate its parentage clearly. The exceptions to this
general statement will be considered later. It appears at first
thought that it would be better for the fruit grower if the different
kinds of apples came true from seed, as garden vegetables do. Then
he could supply himself with as many trees of a kind as he liked by
simply growing seedlings of that kind instead of propagating the
variety by budding or grafting, as is now done. But from another
point of view the great variability of the apple seedlings is a most
valuable feature. It has made possible more rapid progress than
could otherwise have been made in develop‘ng varieties especially
well adapted to succeed in the new world. Large numbers of Euro-
pean apples have been tried in America, but the great majority have
failed to maintain themselves alongside of American varieties, and
soon have been discarded from American orchards and nurseries.
But among the innumerable seedlings of infinite variety which have
been grown on this continent during the last three hundred years
certain ones have been found from time to time that succeed better
in this country than those kinds do which have been brought in
from Europe. So also in the region west of the Great Lakes the
varieties which are succeeding best are selections from seedlings
which have been originated in that region. This is in accordance
with what appears to be a general rule, that the varieties originating
in any section, probably because they have been selected on account
of their capacity to fit the conditions, gradually supersede those
brought in from outside. This holds true with regard to different
sections of this country, and, as we shall see later, even of different
regions within New York state.

8 THe Apples oF NEw York.

The fruit from the seedling trees would now be called “ natural”
or “seedling” fruit in distinction from grafted fruit; in the early
days, however, and even within the last half century, the fruit of
these seedling apples was also called “ common ”’ fruit, a designation
which might have arisen because of the abundance of such trees at
that time. Such apples were then used chiefly for feeding to stock
and for cider-making, being on that account often called cider apples.
The surplus, if there were any, was usually allowed to rot because
there was no profitable way of disposing of it.

J

rm bss samy #9008 11 Oi tigas en

ioeme yy @ Pi a HUsL ART TY
; ¥

Fic. 2a. THE Otp Tree STANDS AS A REMINDER OF THE DAYS OF THE STAGE-
CoACH AND THE ParINc-BEE.

In many parts of New York, especially in the eastern two-thirds
of the state, there are still seen portions of the primitive seedling
orchards varying in age from fifty to one hundred years, or possibly
more. The old trees, having outlived their companions, stand as
silent reminders of the days of the stage-coach, the hand-loom, the
spinning-wheel, and the paring-bee, and of the time when the farmer
generally considered his winter supplies incomplete unless there

were several barrels of cider stored in the cellar.

THe AppLes OF NEw York. 9

Mixed Orchards. It is pretty certain that grafted fruit was
known in the earliest orchards to a limited extent only. In an
appendix to Cobbett’s American edition of Forsyth’s Fruit Trees,
published in Albany, 1803, there is a communication from a member
of the State Agricultural Society, Peter W. Yates, in which he
remarks concerning the practice of grafting and budding (inocu-
lating) in America:

“The practice of grafting and inoculating in America is but of
modern date. It was introduced by Mr. Prince, a native of New
York, who erected a nursery in its neighborhood about forty years
ago. But since the late American revolution others have been insti-
tuted in this and some other parts of the United States. Mr.
Livingston has lately established one, not far from the city of New
York, which can vie with some of the most celebrated ones in
Europe. May he, and others who have undertaken that useful
branch of business, meet with encouragement and success.”

Although his idea that grafting and budding were introduced in
America by Mr. Prince is based upon a misapprehension of the
facts, Mr. Yates’ statements are of interest because they tend to
show that prior to the Revolutionary war the planting of orchards
with grafted trees from the nursery was not common in the vicinity
of Albany, one of the oldest settlements in the state. But there is
reliable evidence that grafting was practiced to some extent by
American colonists long before the establishment of the Prince
nurseries at Flushing, Long Island. Taylor! says: “ Certain it is
that in 1647 the apple is recorded as grafted upon wild stocks in
Virginia; while in 1686 William Fitzhugh, in describing his own
plantation, mentions ‘a large orchard of about 2,500 apple trees,
most grafted, well fenced with a locust fence.’ By the close of the
seventeenth century there were few plantations in Virginia without
orchards of apple, peach, pear, plum, apricot and quince. * * *
Frequent importations of seeds, scions and grafted trees, together
with propagation of those already noticed, both by seeds and grafts,
brought the orchards of New England up to such point that Dudley,
in 1726, stated in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions, * our

1U. S. Dept. Ag. Yearbook, 1897 :308.

10 Tue AppiLes or NEw York.

apples are without doubt as good as those of England, and much
fairer to look to, and so are the pears, but we have not got all the
sorts. * * * Qur people of late years have run so much upon
orchards that in a village near Boston, consisting of about forty
families, they made near ten thousand barrels (of cider),

“ Perhaps the earliest recorded grafted tree brought from Europe
(that of Governor Endicott is stated to have been a seedling) was
the Summer Bonchretien, planted by Governor Stuyvesant, in
1647, in New Amsterdam. It is said to have been brought from
Holland, and its trunk remained standing on the corner of Third
avenue and Thirteenth street, New York city, until 1866, when
it was broken down by a dray. Many of the earliest introduc-
tions of named varieties of the pear, including White Doyenne,
St. Germain, Brown Beurre, Virgouleuse, etc., were made by the
French Huguenots, who settled about Boston and New York
shortly after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.”

It was at Flushing, Long Island, in one of these Huguenot settle-
ments, that the Prince nurseries above referred to were established,
about 1730. Near here the famous Newtown Pippin originated.

While grafted fruit was certainly known in some orchards of the
early settlers and sometimes an entire orchard was planted with
grafted nursery trees, yet, taking the state as a whole, in the earlier
days more often the orchards were of seedling trees, with only
a portion of them top-worked to improved kinds, and so the
ordinary farm orchard was made up partly of “common” or of
“cider” apples and partly of grafted fruit. A great diversity of
varieties of grafted fruit was usually included in this class of
orchards, because the object was to furnish the home with fruit
from the first of the season through the autumn, winter and the
spring, and even till early summer. Transportation facilities being
crude, there was little encouragement for shipping apples to distant
markets. When the farmer went to town he would often take with
him a few bushels of apples, to offer in trade for articles which he
wished to purchase. The other ways of disposing of surplus apples
were in the manufacture of cider, boiled cider, and vinegar, or in
drying the fruit. For the latter operation the kitchen stove was

Tue Apples oF NEw York. II

usually surrounded with festoons of quartered fruit which had been
patiently strung on tow strings, or the prepared fruit was spread on
racks above or on papers beneath the stove.

Commercial Orchards. ‘The development of domestic and for-
eign commerce in apples and apple products, such as dried apples,
cider, apple brandy and vinegar, naturally first assumed importance
in New York in the vicinity of New York city because this was the
metropolis and a seaport. Speaking of the beginning of the foreign
trade of this country in fruits Taylor remarks:! “ Trade in this
fruit with the West Indies probably developed early in the eighteenth
century, though we have no record of shipments till 1741, when it
is stated apples were exported from New England to the West Indies
in considerable abundance. No transatlantic shipment has been
disclosed earlier than that of a package of Newtown Pippins of the
crop of 1758 sent to Benjamin Franklin while in London. The
sight and taste of these brought to John Bartram, of Philadelphia, an
order for grafts of the variety from Franklin’s friend Collinson,
who said of the fruit he ate: “What comes from you are delicious
fruit—if our sun will ripen them to such perfection.’ Subsequently
a considerable trade must have resulted, for in 1773 it was stated by
the younger Collinson, that while the English apple crop had failed
that year, American apples had been found an admirable substitute,
some of the merchants having imported great quantities of them.
* * * Statistics on the subject are lacking until 1821, when the
total export of fruit included in the treasury statement consisted of
68,443 bushels of apples, valued at $39,966.”

It was not till after the first quarter of the nineteenth century had
passed that commercial apple culture began to be developed in New
York to any considerable extent above the southern part of the
Hudson valley.

According to Mr. W. D. Barns of Middlehope, the planting of com-
mercial apple orchards did not receive much attention in Ulster county
till 1820 to 1825, although Robert Pell of Esopus had about 20 acres of
bearing Newtown Pippin trees from which he exported fruit as early as
from 1825 to 1830. Along the Hudson where the fruit could be easily
transported to New York city by boat the trade included a large number
of summer and fall apples as well as winter varieties. They were shipped,

NE aeps ene

I2 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

says Mr. Barns, in straw-head barrels. Some were contracted for by
dealers in New York and some were sold by the captain of the steamboat
that carried them to the city. The prices were $1 to $1.50 per barrel,
barrel returned. Among the favorite early kinds were Summer Pippin
(also called Sour Bough, Champlain and Nyack Pippin), Spice Sweet and
Jersey Sweet.

Mr. P. C. Reynolds of Rochester removed in 1836 from the northeast
part of Dutchess county to northern Ontario county near Palmyra. He
states that in 1830 on their Dutchess county farm were two orchards.
The older was planted about 1775 and contained nothing but “ natural ”
or seedling trees. In the younger orchard about 5 per cent were grafted
trees. Among the seedlings were some excellent apples. The grafted
varieties were Yellow Harvest, Bough Sweet, Fall Pippin, Westfield Seek-
No-Further, Black Gilliflower, Rhode Island Greening and Esopus Spitzen-
burg. The Baldwin was not known there. That portion of the fruit not
used by the family was either fed to farm animals or made into cider.
There were some large orchards in the neighborhood inside of which no
animals were permitted. The fruit of these trees was used for making
cider brandy, otherwise called “apple-jack.” In that form it became an
article of commerce.

This is an interesting account and typical of the orchard condi-
tions in that part of the state in the first quarter of the last century.
The view which Mr. Reynolds gives of apple orcharding in northern
Ontario county in 1836 is equally interesting because it is typical
of the apple orcharding of that time in what is now an important
apple-growing region of New York.

He says their farm in Ontario county in 1836 had two orchards with
about Io per cent of the trees bearing grafted fruit. A few more varieties
were grafted in but no Baldwins. No apples were sold from these
orchards till 1843 when some commission men from Palmyra bought the
grafted fruit for a New York firm paying about 75 cents per barrel for
the fruit, finding the barrels. The fruit was shipped by the Erie Canal.
In 1848 he began to graft the seedling trees in one orchard to varieties
that were being recommended by Barry, Thomas and Downing and in-

cluded Northern Spy, Baldwin, Detroit Red, Gravenstein, Porter, Peck
Pleasant and a number of other sorts.

Development of Nurseries. Concerning the Prince nursery

above mentioned, L. B. Prince says:

“The nursery, which was perhaps the first large commercial one in
America, was established about 1730 by Robert Prince. The Huguenots
who settled at New Rochelle and on the north shore of Long Island
brought with them a variety of French fruits, and the interest thus created
in horticulture resulted in the establishment of this first nursery. For a
number of years attention was confined chiefly to the fruit trees with
which to stock the new country, and it was only when more settled con-

1Cyc. Am. Hort., Bailey, III: 1435.

THE APPLES OF NEW YorRK. 13

ditions came that the culture of ornamental trees and shrubs was intro-
duced. * * * The catalogues from 1815 to 1850 ranked among the
standard horticultural publications of the country. * * * The cata-
logue of 1845 which enumerates only the best varieties, contains 350 vari-
ties of apples.”

At about the middle of the last century the nursery trade began
to be more active. Instead of planting seedling orchards, it became
a common practice to plant orchards with grafted trees from the
nurseries. Large nurseries became more numerous, especially in
the interior of the state, where Rochester, Geneva, Dansville and
some other places became quite important centers of the nursery
trade.

Development of Commercial Orchards. As transportation facil-
ities gradually improved by the opening of canals and railways the
farmers in many interior localities found that they could send their
fruit to other than local markets and receive profitable returns.
Accordingly commercial orcharding began to attract attention, espe-
cially in regions which were found to be naturally favorable to the
production of good apples. From 1850 to 1860 the number of com-
mercial orchards which were planted increased rapidly, particularly
in Western New York, and continued to increase thereafter till
commercial apple orcharding assumed the important place which it
now holds in the horticultural interests of the state.

With the development of the commercial apple interests the losses
from the depredations of the codlin moth and other insects, also from
the apple scab and other fungous diseases, became relatively more
important. Commonly the causes of the losses which were sus-
tained were not very well understood, and in those cases that were
understood there appeared no practical remedy. Because of these
and other difficulties which faced them some orchardists eventually
became so discouraged at the outlook that in the decade from 1880
to 1890 they began to cut down their commercial apple orchards.
The practical use in the apple orchard of paris green and other
arsenical poisons against the codlin moth, the canker worm and
other leaf-eating insects originated for the most part in Western
New York in the decade from 1870 to 1880.1 The use of fungicidal

1Lodeman, Spraying of Plants: 61-64.

Hooker, C. M. Spraying Apple Orchards. Proc. 49 An. Meet. W. N. Y. Hort. Socy.,
Rochester, 1904; 131.

14 THE AppLes oF NEw York.

sprays was introduced in the decade from 1885 to 1895. The
demonstration that by combined treatment with fungicides and
insecticides some of the most destructive enemies of the apple might
be profitably kept under control put the business of growing apples
upon a more stable basis than ever before. In the decade from
1890 to 1900 notable improvements in the methods of orchard man-
agement in matters of tillage and cover crops came into vogue
among progressive commercial orchardists. During the same period
the facilities for holding apples both in common storage and in coid
storage were greatly increased.1. The export trade developed more
extensively, giving steadier markets for the better grades of fresh
fruit and also of evaporated apples? and the business of canning
apples assumed considerable importance.

1 Powell in the Yearbook of U. S. Dept. of Agric. 1903: 228 gives statistics furnished by
the International Apple Shippers’ Association showing the number of barrels held in cold
storage in the United States about December 1 of each year since 1898:

Apples in storage about December 1 of each year from 1898 to 1903.

Barrels. Barrels.
ey Soo tanocsdo2oadIo9 seas 800,000 TQ ON, Ge totale e (a's wate Tate een 1,771,200
UN pREsIAG Obp Odo Ibe Oo Abus 1,518,750 TQO2Z Ma teis!olo\s)2 s/o )oieiele eee 2,978,050
TOU Paso ee eats ce etre soe) ¥,220:900 TQO 3% s/o ors 0 ovecelajalsiare eae) eee 2,348,540

2 The annual export of apples and dried apples from the United States for the years
1891 to 1903 inclusive is shown in the following table:

APPLES. Driep APPLES.

ee SSS

Year. Barrels. Value. Pounds. Value.
Pte ASU DO SAD ADO oa 135,207 - $476,807 6,973,168 $409,605
TBO ipo cis.c wyois ote alu eee pom hele cine ete 938,743 2,407,956 26,042,063 1,288,102
Stik | Sas Soa diwocadda cuasonoeOs 408,014 1,097,967 7,966,819 482,085
Celt) ho A ae OA SS SoA oO aoc 78,580 242,617 2,846,645 168,054
TBOG Has (lois sre oss aos Bees sj aret eae 818,711 1,954,318 7,085,946 461,214
MOO O seve ciate sislatetyaaveiaue eters eieleretee ts 360,002 930,289 26,691,963 1,340,507
DSO7) se eset Sera is Sane teveceeaeye ie fets: oiavotae 1,503,981 2,371,143 30,775,401 1,340,159
hell EAB AA OG oar SS he Oe 605,390 1,684,717 31,031,254 1,897,725
TEGO Soto ols chases SRE eee eee 380,022 1,210,459 19,395,739 1,245,733
TQOO oe Seno ieee mete 526,636 1,444,655 34,964,010 2,247,851
I; BoE Ie La OAS SAS OSOSL 883,673 2,058,964 28,309,023 1,510,581
IOQO2, Boe.0 oe ce era HOPE EE eee eee 459,719 1,628,886 15,664,468 1,190,593
TOO es ihe wise een Oe ete 1,656,129 4,381,801 39,646,297 2,378,635

In that section of the Lake Ontario apple belt which is included in Wayne county prob-
ably a larger proportion of the apple crop has been made into dried apples than in any
other section of the state. Wayne county contains 9 townships. Its total area is 624
square miles. On some farms the entire product of the orchard is put through the evapo-
trator, none of the fruit being sold green. In one township, Sodus, there were in 1896
about 400 evaporators. In 1896 Wayne county marketed about 5,000,000 bushels of green
apples. In that year about 1500 carloads of evaporated apples were shipped out of the
county, representing about 5,250,000 bushels of green apples. Mr. E. S. Johnson of
Wolcott who supplied the above information also stated that Wolcott for the decade ending
in 1896 received an average of $250,000 per annum for its output of evaporated apples.
This fruit came from within a radius of 6 to 10 miles of the railroad station. The
average price to growers for the same period was estimated at 6% cents to 7 cents
per pound. The prices were sometimes as low as from 3 to 33 cents and sometimes
reached as high as 12 cents to 13 cents.

THe AppiLes oF New York. 15

On the whole the industry of growing apples rests now on a more
stable and satisfactory basis than at any previous period in its
history.

Lists 1845-1903. The 1845 catalogue of the Prince nursery, as
noted above, which claimed to enumerate only the best varieties,
contains 350 varieties of the apple. At that time the Baldwin was but
little known in New York state, although in the vicinity of Boston
it was already highly esteemed as a market apple. In 1845 A. J.
Downing made the first attempt to list ail of the varieties of apples
known in cultivation in America in his work entitled “ The Fruits
and Fruit-trees of America.” This was revised the second time by
his brother Charles Downing in 1869. Bailey finds that in these
two lists there are 1,856 varieties named, of which the origin of
172 is not known, 585 are of foreign origin, and 1,099 are American
varieties.”

Taylor reports? that the 1852 list of the American Pomological Society
consists of 32 varieties, all but one of which, White Seek-No-Further, are still
propagated by nurserymen. ‘The list is here given.

“ Fruits WorTHY OF GENERAL CULTIVATION ’: American Summer Pearmain
(Summer Pearmain), Baldwin, Bullock’s Pippin, Danvers Winter Sweet,
Early Harvest, Early Strawberry, Fall Pippin, Fameuse, Gravenstein, Hub-
bardston Nonsuch, Large Yellow Bough (Sweet Bough), Lady Apple, Porter,
Red Astrachan, Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, Summer Rose,
Swaar, Vandervere (Newtown Spitzenburg), White Seek-No-Further, Wine
Apple or Hays, Winesap—(twenty-two varieties). “ For ParticuLAar LocaLi-
TIES’: Canada Red, Esopus Spitzenburg, Newtown Pippin, Northern Spy,
Yellow Belle Fleur—(five varieties). “ NEw VARIETIES WHICH PROMISE
Wett”: Autumn Bough, Hawley, Melon, Mother, Northern Spy (repeated),
Smoke-house—(six varieties). Total 32 varieties.

Additions to this list made from 1852 to 1891 brought the number of names
up to 435 of which “22 were synonyms of others so that but 413 presumably
distinct varieties’? had then been listed. Many of these had been rejected
so that the list of 1891 contained “* 339 names, of which at least two are recog-
nized synonyms.”

This Society’s list for r90I consists of 296 names.

In 1883 Barry made a descriptive list,4 the main object of which was
“to bring to the notice of cultivators the best varieties, those which ample
experience has proved to be really valuable, or which upon a partial trial
give strong indications of becoming so.” The list includes 29 summer
apples, 32 fall apples, to2 winter apples, and 21 crabapples.

1Thacher Amer. Orch., Boston, 1822: 121.
Kenrick New Amer. Orch., Boston, 1832: 41.
Manning, Book of Fruits, Salem, 1838: 59.
An. Hort., 1892: 230.
3Am. Pom. Soc., 1895: 192.
*Barry’s Fruit Garden: 331-361.
Vor. [— 2

16 THe Apples oF NEw YORK.

The first edition of Thomas’ Fruit Culturist was written in 1844, and
subsequently much enlarged through several revised editions. The lists
of apples published in the twenty-first edition, 1003, include 954 varieties.

The number of named varieties of the apple now runs into the thou-
sands. Gregory? states that about 1,200 varieties of apples were planted
in an orchard of the University of Illinois in 1869. Bailey? asserts that
the varieties of apple trees on sale in the United States in any one year
are not far from 1000 kinds. His inventory of the apples sold by nursery-
men in 1892 includes 878 entries.4

The Old-time Grafted Fruit. As has already been noticed, some of
the European settlers brought with them, or afterwards imported, scions
or trees of the apples cultivated in Europe. A few nurseries were estab-
lished at an early day in which these European kinds were propagated.
Gradually American varieties found their way into grafted orchards and
into nurseries and gained the preeminence which as a class they con-
tinue to hold. Among the varieties originating on Long Island or in the
Hudson valley, or brought into the state from New England or New
Jersey, which were being grafted into the farm orchards in the older
settled parts of the state a century or more ago were Green Newtown,
Yellow Newtown (the two being often referred to indiscriminately as
the Newtown Pippin), Swaar, Esopus Spitzenburg, Fall Pippin, Bough
Sweet (also called Large Yellow Bough), Yellow Bellflower, Westfield
Seek-No-Further, Rhode Island Greening, Tolman Sweet, Pumpkin
Sweet (often called Pound Sweet), and Roxbury Russet. Besides some
of these, the Fameuse or Snow was also grown in the Champlain and St.
Lawrence valleys, having been introduced from Canada.

Warder® states that grafts taken from the orchard of Israel Putnam,
of wolf-killing memory, in Pomfret, Conn., were set in an apple nursery
at Marietta, Ohio, by W. Rufus Putnam in 1796, and most of the early
orchards of that region were planted from this nursery. He cites the
following authentic list of the varieties propagated as given in the Ohio
Cultivator, Aug. 1, 1846:

1. Putnam Russet (Roxbury). 12. Striped Sweeting.

2. Seek-No-Further (Westfield). 13. Honey Greening.

3. Early Chandler. 14. Kent Pippin.

4. Gilliflower. 15. Cooper.

5. Pound Royal (Lowell). 16. Striped Gilliflower.

6. Natural (a seedling). 17. Black Gilliflower.

7. Rhode Island Greening. 18. Prolific Beauty.

8. Yellow Greening. 19. Queening (Summer Queen?).
g. Golden Pippin. 20. English Pearmain.

10. Long Island Pippin. 21. Green Pippin.

11. Tallman Sweeting. 22. Spitzenburg (Esopus?).

In 1806 Bernard M’Mahon published at Philadelphia in his American
Gardener’s Calendar a list of apples recommended for planting which, in
addition to some of the varieties named above, includes Early Harvest,
Early Red Margaret, Vandevere, Newark Pippin, Priestly, Holland Pippin

1Preface to Nineteenth Edition.
2Rep. Univ. Ill., 1870: 44.
3€yc. Am. Hort., I: 78.

4An. Hort., 1892: 253.

5Am. Pom. Apples: 25.

THE ApPpLes OF NEw York. 17

and Quince. Bailey has republished the complete list) thus making it
more widely accessible, together with the list of one hundred selected
kinds published by William Coxe in 1817 in his work on Fruit Trees, the
two lists of the Downings, 1845 and 1869, and a survey by himself of the
contemporary varieties in 1892.

Coxe states2 that his list includes “a selection of one hundred kinds
of the most estimable apples cultivated in our country” with ‘
sponding engraving of each kind.” Besides some of the kinds mentioned
above, Coxe describes among others the Maiden Blush, Siberian Crab,
Domine, Rambo, Pomme d’Api or Lady Apple, Doctor, Long Island
Russet, Ribston Pippin, Newtown Spitzenburg, Roman Stem, Pennock,
Winesap and Gilpin.

“a corre-

Varieties now in the Lead. In 1896 the writer, assisted by
Prof. C. P. Close, made an inquiry as to what varieties were then
grown most extensively throughout the state and their relative
hardiness.2 During the present year, 1904, many inquiries have
been made also among the fruit growers of the state concerning the
varieties of apples that are being grown, as to their relative im-
portance and characteristics. from these and other data it appears
that Baldwin ranks preeminently above any other kind of apple in
importance in the commercial orchards of the state. Probably more
Baldwin apples are put upon the market than all other kinds in the
state put together. Rhode Island Greening ranks next in im-
portance. It is doubtless speaking within bounds to say that these
two varieties supply at least two-thirds of the apples grown for
market in New York. Next in general importance comes Northern
Spy. The relative rank of other varieties is not so readily deter-
mined, but in the following list those of more general importance
precede those of less importance, although it may be not in exact
order. Among other important kinds, besides the three just named,
are Tompkins King, Roxbury, Golden Russet, Hubbardston, Esopus
Spitzenburg, Black Gilliflower, Ben Davis, Tolman Sweet, Twenty
Ounce, Pumpkin Sweet, Swaar, Westfield Seek-No-Further,
Fameuse, Fall Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, Yellow Newtown, Green
Newtown, Jonathan, Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, Maiden Blush,
Wealthy, McIntosh, Gravenstein, Alexander, Early Harvest, Yellow

Transparent, St. Lawrence and Blue Pearmain.

Annals of Hort. 1892: 209.
7Coxe on Fruit Trees: 100. 1817.
®Ann. Rep. Geneva Exp. Sta. 1896: 408-418.

18 THE Apples oF NEw York.

THE ADAPTATION OF VARIETIES TO PARTICULAR REGIONS.

It is worthy of notice that the apples in the above list which are
of dominant importance in the present day commercial orchards of
New York are of New York and New England origin. Baldwin,
Roxbury and Hubbardston come from Massachusetts ; Rhode Island
Greening and Tolman Sweet from Rhode Island; Twenty Ounce,
Pumpkin Sweet and Westfield Seek-No-Further are from Connecti-
cut. Northern Spy originated in Ontario county, New York, from
seed brought by settlers from Connecticut. Fall Pippin is probably
from Eastern New York. Tompkins King, though it is said to have
originated in New Jersey, was first brought to notice in Central New
York. Esopus Spitzenburg, Jonathan and Swaar originated in the
Hudson valley; Green Newtown Pippin and Yellow Newtown
Pippin on Long Island ; Early Harvest in Central New York; Yellow
Bellflower and Maiden Blush in New Jersey; Fameuse, McIntosh
and St. Lawrence in Canada; Red Astrachan, Alexander, Oldenburg
and Gravenstein in Russia or Germany; Blue Pearmain, Black Gilli-
flower and Golden Russet are of uncertain origin.

Only one of the list, the Ben Davis, comes from south of Mason
and Dixon’s line, and this one succeeds better in the South and
Southwest than it does in New York. While the Newtown Pippin,
under the name of Albemarle Pippin, has become a very important
commercial variety in some portions of the South, yet, a case like
this is rather exceptional. As a rule northern varieties have not
succeeded well in the South or Southwest, nor do southern varieties
appear prominently among the commercial varieties of the northern
states or Canada.

York Imperial, which is an important commercial apple in southern
orchards from Virginia westward to Arkansas, does not develop properly
in either size or quality even in the best apple districts of Central and
Western New York. It does better in Southeastern New York but is
not at all adapted to the Lake Champlain region nor to the St. Lawrence
valley. Other kinds, too, which are commonly cultivated in the south
and southwest as, for example, Buckingham, Grimes, Huntsman, Kinnard,
Kittageskee, Lankford, Yopp’s Favorite, Missouri Pippin, Nickajack,
Ralls Genet, Willow Twig and even varieties which have gained prom-
inence in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and other regions of that latitude
as, for example, Fallawater, Lawver, Minkler, Rambo, Roman Stem,
Smith Cider, Vandevere and York Imperial, have none of them become
leading kinds in New York. The Fameuse and St. Lawrence which have

THE APPLes OF NEw York. 19

been introduced from Canada grow to perfection along Lake Champlain
and the St. Lawrence but do not succeed so well in either the central
or the southern parts of the state. Blue Pearmain, Bethel, Jewett Red
and other kinds which succeed well in Northern New England and in
northern counties of New York do not usually develop as good quality
nor as high color when grown in the central and southern parts of the
state.

This general law as to the adaptability of varieties to regions having
about the same latitude as that in which they have originated is verified
in the experience of apple growers in other portions of the continent.
In the fruit districts of Washington, for example, where the length of
the growing season more nearly approximates that of New York and
New England the apples which are gaining prominence in the commercial
orchards, barring local seedlings, are Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening,
Esopus Spitzenburg, Yellow Bellflower-.and other kinds which are taken
from the lists of the New York and New England apples. Moreover in
the upland orchards of that state York Imperial cannot be brought up
to its best quality, while in the valleys good York Imperials are grown,
as well as other kinds which require for their proper development a
climate milder and a season longer than that of Central New York.
Wealthy in Southern New York becomes a September apple but at
Ottawa, Canada, it may often keep well into the winter. The Baldwin,
which in New York is a standard winter variety, becomes a fall apple
in Virginia and Arkansas. It thus appears that each variety has its own
peculiar requirements as to length of season and amount of heat needed
to bring it to its best development. Those varieties which, like Ben
Davis, Grimes Golden and York Imperial require a warmer and longer
season for their proper development than do such apples as Baldwin,
Rhode Island Greening and Tompkins King, can never become standard
sorts in Central and Western New York, by reason of climatic limitations.

But the adaptability of a variety to a particular region is not altogether
a matter of latitude, or length of season, nor prevailing temperature
during the growing season. The general character of the soil, the pre-
vailing climatic conditions during the blooming season, and other condi-
tions peculiar to the local environment also enter into the question.
Probably there is no region of New York where better Esopus Spitzen-
burgs are grown than in the Schoharie valley; or better Newtown
Pippins than in certain locations on the north shore of Long Island and
in the Hudson valley; or better Fameuse than along the St. Lawrence
river and Lake Champlain, yet there are other locations having corre-
sponding latitude and altitude where these kinds do not succeed as well
as they do in the regions named. Just what are the peculiar local condi-
tions favorable or unfavorable to a particular variety cannot all be defi-
nitely stated, but it is beyond question that some localities do afford
peculiar advantages for certain varieties and also that some other local-
ities are not particularly favorable or are even unfavorable to these
varieties, aside from the factors of the length and warmth of the season.
Since these peculiar favorable or unfavorable conditions are not all defi-
nitely known it is unwise to plant any variety extensively till it has been
first tested and proved satisfactory either in that region or in an appar-
ently similar region.

20 THE Apples OF NEw YORK.

WHAT IS A VARIETY?

It will lead to a clearer understanding of the question as to
what a horticultural variety is, if we consider how such varieties
originate and how they are perpetuated. With respect to the
manner of their origination horticultural varieties fall into two
general classes: (a) those which arise by serual reproduction, that
is to say, from seed; (b) those which arise by asexual reproduction,
that is to say, from some vegetative portion of the parent plant.

The ways of perpetuating varieties likewise fall into two gen-
eral divisions:

(a) Sexual propagation, which is propagation by seed.

(b) Asexual propagation, which is propagation by dividing the
plant, as by taking from it cuttings, buds, scions, ete.

Some plants which have originated from seed are propagated
asexually and vice versa some which have originated asexually
are propagated from seed. Some varieties may be propagated

either sexually or asexually as suits the convenience.

REPRODUCTION BY SEED.

The normal blossom of the apple species is perfect. In it both sexes
are represented. In the case of a seed developed from a self-fertilized
blossom the seed-bearing parent, which is the mother, is also at the same
time the male parent. But when the apple seed arises from a cross-
fertilized blossom the seed-bearing parent represents the female line of
ancestry only, while the male line is represented by that apple tree which
produced the pollen by which the cross-fertilization was effected. Under
natural conditions cross-fertilization is a common occurrence among
apple blossoms. Multitudes of insect visitors to the flowers carry the
pollen from one flower to another. Accordingly, if one should plant the
seeds of a particular variety, as Wagener for example, without having
protected the Wagener blossoms from the visits of insects, he would be
uncertain whether or not the seedling thus produced were a pure seed-
ling of Wagener. If the blossom from which it developed happened to
be cross-fertilized by means of pollen from another variety then the
seedling would be a cross between the Wagener and that variety which
bore the pollen. Since under natural conditions intercrossing occurs
abundantly among apple varieties it is not to be wondered at that our
common apples are mongrels and almost never reproduce the varieties
true from seed. But among a few races, or groups, of apples there is a
very marked tendency to reproduce the variety somewhat closely from
seed as in the Aport group which includes Alexander and Wolf River
and in the Fameuse group which includes McIntosh, Louise and many

THe APPLES OF NEw YorK. 21

local seedlings of the Snow class, such as are particularly abundant along
the St. Lawrence valley.

Nearly all of the cultivated varieties of apples have arisen from seed
of unknown parentage. In a few cases the seed-bearing parent of a
variety is known er is probably apparent from the evident similarity of
the seedling to its supposed parent. Thus Fameuse is credited with being
the parent of Louise which resembles it in many ways, and Ben Davis is
thought to be the parent of Gano. In very rare instances both parents
of a variety are on record. Thus Ontario is a cross of Northern Spy and
Wagener.

HyprIDs.

Seed Hybrids. Those varieties which originate from the cross-fertili-
zation of distinct varieties or races may be called hybrids or more specifi-
cally seed hybrids to distinguish them from the graft hybrids noticed
below. Thus have originated very many of the cultivated varieties of
garden vegetables. When the new variety that has originated from seed
is a kind of plant that is propagated by aserual methods such as budding,
grafting and layering, it is an easy matter to perpetuate it by working
it upon some other stock, just as Baldwin and other apples, for example,
are propagated in nurseries by either budding or grafting them upon
seedling stocks, or in the orchard by top-working them upon the orchard
trees. But if the new cross or hybrid is a kind of plant that commonly
is propagated by seed only, as most garden vegetables are, then it is
necessary to “fix” the variety before it may safely be disseminated as a
new sort. With the first attempt to propagate a new variety from seed
there are usually found among the plants some which are more or less
unlike the first, or original, seedling. These must be cast out if the new
variety is ever to become so fixed that it will come true from seed. The
process of casting out such plants is well known among seedsmen. By
them it is called “rogueing.” The “ rogueing”’ must be continued faith-
fully, generation after generation, till the variety appears to be sufficiently
fixed to permit of its being safely disseminated. It may be necessary to
continue the “rogueing”’ indefinitely in order to hold the variety up to
its typical standard.

Graft Hybrids. Hybrids may originate asexually, as when the grafting
or budding of one sort upon another produces a new variety unlike either
of the original ones represented in the union. A variety thus originated
is called a graft hybrid. Graft hybrids are exceedingly rare but well
authenticated cases are on record.1

Sports.

Occasionally new varieties or new strains of a variety originate as
sports from the parent variety. Sports are sometimes called “ freaks.”
They may be classed according to their origin into bud sports and seed
sports.

Seed Sports. Among varieties that are propagated by seed there is
sometimes found a decidedly peculiar plant, unlike the typical plants of
the variety, which may prove to be a true seed sport and be capable of

1Daniel, L., Compt. Rend., Acad. Sci., Paris, 118: 992-955. 1894. Congres. Lyons Sec.
Reg. Vit., I1: 262-365. 1902.

22 THE Apples OF NEW YORK.

reproducing itself by seed. Thus dwarf lima beans have originated from
pole lima beans, and dwarf sweet peas from tall-growing varieties. Vari-
ous other instances of this kind might be cited. If it should seem desir-
able to perpetuate such a sport by seed it is quite probable that it wouid
be necessary to fix the type before introducing it as a new variety.

Bud Sports. Bud sports are well known. They correspond to seed
sports in that they appear suddenly. They usually show permanent char-
acters when propagated, entitling the sport to be called a new variety.
Moreover, these characters may be transmitted, to a greater or less
extent, through the seed produced by such a sport. Numerous instances
in which varieties have originated as bud sports are found among orna-
mental plants and they are not unknown among orchard fruits.

SELECTED STRAINS.

In the case of a sport a variation from the ordinary type arises sud-
denly. In other cases as great variations have been developed gradually
by selecting individuals for breeding purposes which showed a tendency
to vary in some particular way which it was desirable to perpetuate and
intensify. Selected strains may be developed either sexually or asexually.
Many well-known strains of garden vegetables have been originated by
gradual selection under propagation by seed. So also under asexual
propagation distinct strains have in some cases originated through a
gradual process of selection of the propagating wood, or whatever other
material is used in propagating the variety. This latter process corre-
sponds to the development of strains by seed selection. By it varieties
of the pear which in the original seedling tree were armed with sharp
thorny spurs have been changed so that it may be truly said that the
thorns have been bred away. In a like manner thorns have been bred
away from certain cultivated varieties of the orange. Galloway,! who
has given much attention to the growing of violets, states that “left to
itself the tendency of the violet is to retrograde. By proper selection and
right cultural methods the yield may be raised from fifty flowers to one
hundred flowers per season in three years.”

From all that has been said it appears that new varieties may be pro-
duced sexually in seed hybrids, asexually in graft hybrids; sexually in
seed sports, asexually in bud sports; sexually in selected seed strains, and
asexually in selected bud strains.

VARIATIONS DUE TO ENVIRONMENT.

It is important to discriminate between those variations that are in-
herent in the plant and capable of being propagated, as in those cases
which have been just considered, and variations which are due to the
peculiar influences of local environment and which are not transmitted
under propagation.

Many of the differences that different orchard trees show in habits of
growth and productiveness; in the size, color and quality of the fruit
produced; in resistance to disease, and in other ways, may be satisfac-
torily accounted for on the ground of differences of environment. For

1Violet Culture: 109-116.

THE AppLes or NEw York. 23

example, certain apples are known to develop peculiarly different char-
acters when grown in different regions, as has already been noticed.
This occurs regardless of where the plants of the particular variety in
question were obtained. The fruit of Yellow Bellflower as grown in
Washington is more elongated and more angular than that from New
York; Grimes grown in the Missouri valley is a larger, better colored
and better flavored fruit than Grimes grown in New York; Fameuse de-
velops deeper and more brilliant red color in the valley of the St. Law-
rence than it does in the valley of the Genesee; Roxbury is more russeted
when grown in Southeastern Ohio than when grown in New England.1
These differences hold true with so many individual trees and in so many
different orchards in the regions named that they are not satisfactorily
accounted for on the assumption that they are due to variations in the
buds or scions from which the stock was propagated. They must be
attributed to peculiar local differences in environment. There are many
other differences among orchard varieties in habit of tree, color of- fruit
and in other particulars, which are known to be due to differences in
environment, because they are not transmitted by propagation.

VARIETIES ARE PLastic YET DISTINCT.

In view of what has been said above as to the peculiar influence
of environment upon both tree and fruit it is clear that a variety
must not be regarded as unchangeable. It is not always and every-
where the same. It is plastic. Some are more plastic than others.
On the other hand a variety must hold certain peculiar distinguishing
characteristics otherwise it is not entitled to be called a variety.
Under propagation it must transmit its individuality to such an
extent that the different plants thus produced may all bear the same

name without confusion.

APPLE VARIETIES GROUPED.

The named varieties of apples together with the unnamed
seedlings, as has been already noticed, exhibit infinite variations
among themselves in the form, size, color, flavor and season of
the fruit, in the characters of foliage, bark and buds, and in the
habit of growth of the tree. In fact they vary so greatly that
they almost defy any attempt to classify them into groups. But
when large numbers of varieties are taken into consideration with
the idea of studying their resemblances it is sometimes found that

a few more or less definite groups may be formed in which the

*Warder Am. Pom.: 492,

24 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

members of each group are on the whole more like each other than

they are like the varieties outside of that group."

For example, Baldwin is more like Esopus Spitzenburg than it is like
either Rhode Island Greening or Fall Pippin or Ben Davis or Winesap.
In fact Baldwin and Esopus Spitzenburg might be taken for the nucleus
of a group of apples characterized by certain similarities of the fruits in
their form; in the color, dots and other markings, texture and aroma of
their skin; also in the flesh as to its texture, flavor, color and quality. In
this group would be included Jonathan, Mother, Red Canada, Esopus
Spitzenburg, Baldwin, Tufts, Olympia, Arctic and some others. These
varieties certainly show decided differences when compared with each other
but when contrasted with other groups it is seen that after all they exhibit
general resemblances among themselves. Since the Baldwin is the best known
of the varieties named in this group and is intermediate in character between
the other members it may well be taken as the type and its name be given
to the group.

In like manner other groups might be formed. In many cases there
is doubt as to what varieties should be grouped together but in other
cases the indications are clear and convincing. A few groups are pre-
sented below by way of illustration of this idea. These groups are given
tentatively because they are evidently incomplete and, moreover, further
study would probably lead to modifications of them.

Fall Pippin group. Northern Spy group.
Fall Pippin, Northern Spy,
Holland Pippin (of early autumn), Wagener,

Lowell, Melon,
York Pippin, Ontario.
French Pippin,

Hawley.

Rhode Island Greening group. Blue Pearmain group.
Section A. Holland Pippin (winter), | Section A. Blue Pearmain,

Bottle Greening, Oel Austin,

Northwestern Greening, Bethel,

Rhode Island Greening. Scarlet Beauty,
Stone.

Section B. Green Newtown, Section B. Mabie Sweet,

Yellow Newtown, Monroe Sweet,

Occident, Gideon Sweet,

Newman, Victoria Sweet.

White Pippin,
Peck Pleasant.

Winesap group. Ralls Genet group.
Winesap, Ralls,
Arkansas Black, Salome,
Arkansas (Mammoth Blacktwig), Ingram.
Paragon.

1Cf. Hansen, Am. Hort. MER 26.

THE AppLes oF NEw York. 25

Fameuse group. Wealthy group,
Fameuse (Snow), Wealthy,
Canada Fialdwin, Peter,
Louise, Princess, Also several Wealthy seedlings
McIntosh, from Minnesota and adjoining
Scarlet Pippin, states.
Shiawassee.
Alexander or Aport group. Duchess of Oldenburg group.
Alexander, Oldenburg,
Wolf River, Late Duchess,
Grand Duke Constantine, Gladstone,
Bismark, Pewaukee,
Various other Russian kinds. Milwaukee,

Various other Russian kinds.

Groups of Russian Apples. During the last 75 years hundreds
of varieties of apples commonly classed as Russian have been
brought into the United States. These Russian types of apples
have now become established over wide areas in this country.
But little of value in the way of winter fruit has as yet been
derived from them, but some of the summer and fall kinds are
unquestionably desirable additions to the lists of hardy apples
for America. As early as 1832 Kenrick, in a select list of foreign
varieties which he considered worthy of trial in the United States,
includes “two highly celebrated Russian apples,” one the Duchess
of Oldenburg, the other Emperor Alexander or Alexander or
Aporta.?

In a list “deserving of trialin Nova Scotia and Canada” he also includes
the Astrachan or White Astrachan, the Borovitsky (Oldenburg) and the
Red Astrachan.2 It appears that about two years after this Alexander,
Tetofsky, Oldenburg and Red Astrachan were imported by the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society from the London (England) Horticultural
Society.4 One of the best concise accounts of the introduction and
present status of these Russian apples is that given by Professor Craig
in the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture.4 After observing that the
U. S. Department of Agriculture imported about 300 varieties from Russia
in 1870, he remarks that the Iowa Agricultural College made some im-
portations between 1875 and 1880 and following the trip of Prof. J. L.
Budd of that institution with Charles Gibb of Canada to Russia in 1882,
this college made further large importations of Russian apples and other
fruits. After calling attention to the fact that it is difficult to say which

1See Waugh, Bull. 83 Vt. Sta., 1900.
*New Amer. Orch.: 61.

%New Amer. Orch.: 87.

“Craig, J., in Cyc. Am. Hort., JI1: 1404.

26 THE AppLes OF NEw YoRrRK.

are Russian and which German, Polish or Swedish apples,1 Professor
Craig discusses the characteristic types of these fruits. He recognizes
the Red Astrachan as a type of a small group of Russian apples. Besides
this and the Anis type which he supposes is derived from it, “ having
trees upright, spreading or vase-shaped; leaves medium, veins reddish;”
he cites four other types.

1. Hibernal type: trees vigorous growers, with open spreading tops and
very large leathery leaves.

2. Oldenburg type: moderate growers, with round-topped heads; leaves
of medium size.

3. Longfield type: slow growers; branches horizontal or pendulous;
leaves whitish and woolly underneath.

4. Transparent and Tetofsky type: trees pyramidal; bark yellow with
numerous spurs; leaves large, light green.

,

10On the pomological use of the term ‘‘Russian apple,’ see also W. A. Taylor’s views as

published by Waugh, Vt. Expt. Sta. Bul. 61, 1897: 24.

THE ApPLes OF NEW YorK. 27

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

This volume of the report on THE APpLes oF NEW York treats
of varieties which are in season with Tompkins King and Hub-
bardston and all which ripen later. A subsequent volume is planned
in which those varieties which come in season earlier than Tompkins
King and Hubbardston are to be considered.

Those portions of the descriptive text which are supposed to be
of most general or popular interest appear in long primer type,
while that which is of less interest to the ordinary reader is given

in brevier.
NAMES AND REFERENCES.

In the following descriptions, that name which the present
writer accepts as the correct one is given first. In this matter
the decision of the American Pomological Society and _ its
rules of nomenclature are, with rare exceptions, accepted as

authoritative.

1The revised code of pomological nomenclature adopted by the American Pomological
Society is here given in full. See Proc. Am. Pom. Soc., 1903: 40.

PRIORITY.

Rute 1.—No two varieties of the same kind of fruit shall bear the same name. The name
first published for a variety shall be the accepted and recognized name, except in cases
where it has been applied in violation of this code.

A.—The term “kind” as herein used shall be understood to apply to those general classes
of fruits that are grouped together in common usage without regard to their exact botanical
relationship; as, apple, cherry, grape, peach, plum, raspberry, etc.

B.—The paramount right of the originator, discoverer, or introducer of a new variety to
name it, within the limitations of this code, is recognized and emphasized.

C.—Where a variety name through long usage has become thoroughly established in
American pomological literature for two or more varieties, it should not be displaced or
radically modified for either sort, except in cases where a well-known synonym can be
advanced to the position of leading name. The several varieties bearing identical names
should be distinguished by adding the name of the author who first described each sort, or
by adding some other suitable distinguishing term that will insure their identity in cata-
logues or discussions.

D.—Existing American names of varieties which conflict with earlier published foreign
names of the same, or other varieties, but which have become thoroughly established
through long usage shall not be displaced.

Form or NAMES.

RuLeE 2. —The name of a variety of fruit shall consist of a single word.

A.—No variety shall be named unless distinctly superior to existing varieties in some
important characteristic nor until it has been determined to perpetuate it by bud propagation.

B.—In selecting names for varieties the following points should be emphasized: distinct-
iveness, simplicity, ease of pronunciation and spelling, indication of origin or parentage.

C.—The spelling and pronunciation of a varietal name derived from a personal or geo-
graphical name should be governed by the rules that control the spelling and the pronuncia-
tion of the name from which it was derived.

D.—A variety imported from a foreign country should retain its foreign name subject

28 THE AppLes OF NEw YORK.

DESCRIPTIONS.

The present status of the variety, its general adaptability to
different regions and its fitness for market or other uses are
given briefly together with other observations of popular char-
acter. This is followed by historical observations and finally by the

techmcal descriptions of the tree and fruit.

TecunicaL Description. In the treatment of varieties which are given
on the following pages the descriptions vary much as to their complete-
ness. Sometimes a description has been made short because the variety
is comparatively unimportant in New York; in other cases it is short
because the present writer lacks the information necessary to make it
more complete.

In a full technical description the tree, its twigs, bark, buds and leaves
are first noticed as well as its degree of hardiness and productiveness, its
adaptability to locations and the cultural methods suited to its require-
ments if these have not been given previously. The fruit, as developed
under New York conditions, is then described in detail. The suitability
of the fruit for home or market or for other special uses is also con-
sidered.

DerscrRIPTIONS NOT Exact. The reader should bear in mind that these
descriptions cannot be made so as to fit exactly every specimen of the

only to such modification as is necessary to conform it to this code or to render it intelli-
gible in English.

E.—The name of a person should not be applied to a variety during his life without his
expressed consent. The name of a deceased horticulturist shculd not be so applied except
through formal action by some competent horticultural body, preferably that with which he
was most closely connected.

F.—The use of such general terms as seedling, hybrid, pippin, pearmain, beurre, rare-
ripe, damson, etc., is not admissible.

G.—The use of a possessive noun as a name is not admissible.

H.—The use of a number either singly or attaciied to a word should be considered only
as temporary expedient while the variety is undergoing preliminary test.

I.—In applying the various provisions of this rvle to an existing varietal name that has
through long usage beco:ne firmly imbedded in American pomological literature no change
shall be made which shall involve loss of identity.

Rute 3.—In the full and formal citation of a variety name, the name of the author who
first published it shall also be given.

PUBLICATION.

Ru Le 4.—Publication consists (1) in the distribution of a printed description of the
variety named, giving the distinguishing characters of the fruit, tree, etc., or (2) in the
publication of a new name for a variety that is properly described elsewhere; such publica-
tion to be made in any book, bulletin, report, trade catalogue, or periodical, providing the
issue bears the date of its publication and is generally distributed among nurserymen, fruit
growers and horticulturists; or (3) in certain cases the general recognition of a name for a
propagated variety in a community for a number of years shall constitute publication of
that name.

A.—In determining the name of a variety to which two or more names have been given
in the same publication, that which stands first shall have precedence.

REVISION.

Rute 5.—No properly published variety name shall be changed for any reason except
conflict with this code, nor shall another variety be substituted for that originally described
thereunder.

THe AppLes OF NEw York. 29

variety which may be found. Different fruits of the same variety may
vary considerably when grown under differing conditions. Some varie-
ties exhibit more irregularities in this way than others do. For example,
Northern Spy fruit grown on the topmost branches fully exposed to
light and air may be finely colored and highly flavored while on the same
tree overshadowed branches may bear fruit poorly colored and decidedly
inferior in flavor and quality. Innumerable examples of this kind might
be cited to show that the individual fruits of the same variety may vary
noticeably in size, form, color and quality on the same tree even during
the same season, and often the general character of the crop differs
noticeably in different seasons. Variations are also found in fruit from
trees of different ages or under different conditions of growth or from
different localities as has been previously stated! It should be noticed
that normally developed fruits of the same variety may differ not only
in the characters above mentioned but also in such features as the calyx
(eye) being open or closed; the basin wrinkled or smooth, deep or
shallow; the stem long or short, thick or slender, and in other characters
of this kind. For example, Baldwin usually has a short thick stem but the
smaller fruits of this variety often have long slender stems.

This tendency of different fruits to vary more or less must be recog-
nized if the reader wishes to use technical descriptions of fruits in the
most satisfactory and helpful manner. “Of what use then are these
exact descriptions?” some may ask. They are of much value if rightly
comprehended. While fruits of the same variety may vary in the ways
above indicated yet by examining a considerable number of specimens it
will often be found that although it may be impossible to identify the
variety from descriptions by any single character yet it may be identified
by the combination of characters which it exhibits. Thomas aptly re-
marks2 “ Controlling circumstances will produce changes in all fruits and
descriptions are not founded on extreme exceptions but on average char-
acteristics.”

DESCRIBING THE TREE. In the following descriptions when the habit
of growth of the tree is referred to the writer has in mind trees of bear-
ing age unless otherwise specified. The descriptions of the bark are
made from young twigs of a season’s growth.

Top. In describing the top the terms used, which are largely self-
explanatory, designate gradations from strong, very vigorous, moderately
vigorous or medium, to rather slow or weak growth. The form of the head
is usually described in the terms used by Downing;? upright spreading as
in Baldwin, see frontispiece, wide spreading as in Rhode Island G-eening,
round-headed as in Early Harvest, or upright as in Red June Carolina,
Tetofsky or Benoni. The top is sometimes noticeably close or dense as in
Fameuse and other varieties, or it may be open as in Haas, Lady, Gilpin and
Canada Reinette.

Twigs. The new growth may be slender as in Rome and Cooper
Market or thick and stout as in Sutton. The twigs are said to be long-
jointed when the internodes, or the spaces from one bud to the next, are
fong; they are called short-jointed when the internodes are short.

1Page 22.
*Amer. Fruit Cult., 1897: 248.
“Fruits and Fruit-trees, 1872: 71.

30 THE AppPLes oF NEw York.

The color of the bark after the leaves have fallen from the twigs of the
current season’s growth may assist in identifying the variety, together
with appearance oi its epidermis, or scarf-skin, the number and shape of the
lenticels, or corky dots which are found on the twigs, and the amount of fuzz,
or pubescence, present.

Buds. The more sharply pointed buds are called acute; the more blunt
ones are obtuse. If they are flattened unusually close to the twig they are
called appressed; ii not close to the twig they are called free.

Leaves. The leaves vary much in size and form according to the con-
dition of growth of the wood which bears them. The descriptions do not
refer to the smaller leaves found on the slow growing spurs but to the
leaves which are borne upon the free growing twigs.

DESCRIBING THE FRUIT.

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. In making a technical description of the fruit
of any variety of the apple it is convenient to note first the external
characters as seen in the size, form, stem, cavity, calyx, basin, skin and
color; next observe the internal characters as seen in calyx-tube, core,
carpels, seed, flesh; then state the uses for which the fruit is adapted, its
season, general appearance and general desirability. The principal tech-
nical terms used in making such a description will now be given.

The stem end is called the base of the apple and the end in which the
calyx or the eye is located is called the apex. The diameter passing from
the stem through the eye is the vertical or arial diameter; at right angles
to this is the transverse or equatorial diameter.

Size. In considering the size it is well to hold the Siberian crabapples
in a class apart from the common apples. In popular usage in this
country crabapples of the size of Martha and Hyslop are called large, but
as compared with common apples they are small.

The gradations in size are expressed by the terms very large, large, above
medium, medium, below medium, small, very small.

Uniform signifies that the variety commonly makes a comparatively
uniform grade so far as size of fruit is concerned.

Form. Concerning the importance of form as a taxonomic character
Van Dieman well says,l “ Certain characteristics of fruit are more con-
stant than others. * * * To my mind, considering all classes of fruit,
there is no one character so fixed as the form. * * * It is true of the
immature as well as of the fully developed specimens. * * * A Che-
nango the size of a marble is not the shape of a Rambo. * * * Indeed
it would not be hard to tell the difference between such marked varieties
even before the petals had expanded.”

In order that the following remarks concerning the form of the apple
may be more clearly understood the reader is referred to particular varie-
ties which illustrate the points mentioned. Plates showing each variety
thus cited accompany the description of that variety in the following
pages.

In examining the form of an apple let the fruit be held opposite the
eye so that it may be observed from a point perpendicular to the axia
diameter. As seen thus it may appear round; flattened or oblate; conical;

1]Tdentification of varieties. Rep. Am. Pom. Soc., 1887: 34.

THE AppLes or NEw York. 31

somewhat egg-shaped or ovate; oblong; or it may be intermediate between
some of these forms. Then let the fruit be turned at right angles to its
former position so as to bring either the base or the apex into full view.
Irom this point the outline of the fruit may appear round, or nearly so,
when it is called regular; or its sides may be compressed, elliptical; or, if
the fruit be somewhat ribbed, angular or ribbed.

Round, globular, globose are terms which signify that the apple approaches
spherical shape. See Tompkins King, Tolman, Hyde King. In McMahon
the fruit is roundish inclined to conical; in Fallawater it is roundish
conical or a little oblate. Rhode Island Greening and French Pippin are
roundish oblate.

Oblate signifies that the apple is flattened as in Canada Reinette, Doctor,
Lady and Menagere. The meaning of such terms as oblate conic and
roundish oblate is apparent.

Conical is a term applied when the apple narrows noticeably toward
the apex. See Bullock, Red Canada, Westfield Seek-No-Further and White
Pearmain. The Black Gilliflower is oblong conic. Occident and Opalescent
are roundish conic.

vate. When the fruit is contracted toward both base and apex it may
be ovate, that is, somewhat egg-shaped. Bullock sometimes is this way
as also are Dickinson, Magog, Oel, and Stone.

Oblong. When the axial diameter appears long the form may be called
oblong. Jf it narrows toward the apex it becomes oblong conic as in
Yellow Bellflower, or oblong inclined to conic as in Gilpin.

Truncate. When the fruit appears as though it were cut squarely
across, or in other words is abruptly flattened at the end, it may be
called truncate. See Gilpin, Grimes and Jonathan.

Oblique. The form is said to be oblique when the axis slants obliquely
as in Yellow Newtown and York Imperial. This form is sometimes
called lopsided but that term is more properly applied to indicate the
form next mentioned.

Sides unequal or lopsided are terms applied when the fruit under normal
conditions has one side noticeably larger and better developed than the
other, as in Milwaukee, Reinette Pippin, Sutton and slightly in Westfield
Seek-No-Further.

Symmetrical. When the sides are equally developed the fruit is
symmetrical.

Regular. When a section through the equatorial diameter shows a
nearly circular outline the apple is called regular.

Irregular is the term used if such outline be elliptical or angular. See
Figs. 6 and 7.

Sides compressed or elliptical are terms also applied when the outline is
somewhat flattened instead of round. See Roxbury.

Angular denotes that the sides are more or less ribbed or scalloped.
See Figs. 6 and 7.

Uniform as applied to shape is a term which signifies that the different
fruits of the variety show comparatively little variation in form, as, for
example, Black Gilliflower and Wealthy. Other varieties like Canada
Reinette and Roxbury characteristically show considerable variation in
this respect.

32 THE Apples OF NEw York.

Stem. The character of the stem is of some taxonomic importance
notwithstanding that it may vary much in different fruits of the same
variety. It may be generally long and slender as in Dutch Mignonne, Rambo,
Rome and Westfield Sceek-No-Further; or short and thick as in Canada
Reinette, Fallawater, Sutton and York Imperial; or fleshy as in Peck Pleasant,
or clubbed when enlarged at the end.

In general it does not seem to be affected by the environment of the
tree as much as other fruit characters and thus it is somewhat a means
of recognition with fruit that has so changed, owing to a change of loca-
tion, that it is otherwise unrecognizable. Unfortunately there are com-
paratively few varieties which show a stem so characteristic that the
fruit may be recognized by this character alone.

Lipped is a term which signifies that the flesh forms a protuberance or
lip under which the stem is inserted as often is seen in Pewaukee and Peck
Pleasant and sometimes in Sutton and Esopus Spitzenburg.

Cavity. The depression around the stem is technically called the
cavity. See Fig. 3a. If it meets the stem at a very sharp angle as in
Clayton, McMahon and Magog it is termed acuminate; if the angle is wide
as in Rome, Doctor, Tolman and White Pearmain it is called obtuse; if
intermediate between the two it is called acute as in Green Sweet, Lady
Sweet and Red Canada. In Jonathan and Gilpin it varies from acute to
acuminate. The cavity may be wide as in Northern Spy, Tompkins King
and York Imperial, or narrow as in Black Gilliflower or medium as in
Ribston and Tolman. It may be deep as in Jonathan, Northern Spy and
York Imperial; medium in depth as in Baldwin or shallow as in Pewaukee.

Calyx. The lobes of the outer green covering of the flower bud are
called calyx lobes. These persist in the common apple and when the
fruit is ripe may still be found in what is commenly called the “ blow-
end” of the apple. See Fig. 3b. They fall away, or are deciduous, in
the pure Siberian crab species. In some of the hybrid Siberian crabs the
calyx is partly deciduous.t

The calyx in the mature fruit is open in some varieties, closed in others
and partly open in others. In some cases, as for example, in Blenheim
the segments of the calyx are noticeably separated at the base. The lobes may
be flat and convergent; when upright and the tips inclined towards the axis
they may be called connivent; when turned backwards they may be called
refexed or divergent. Very often the different fruits of a variety show con-
siderable variations with respect to the various features above mentioned.

Basin. The depression in which the calyx is set is technically called
the basin of the apple. See Fig. 3b. It may be shallow, medium in depth
or deep; narrow, medium in width or wide. A basin with sides which show
a sudden slope as in Jonathan and Gilpin is termed abrupt, but if, as in
Black Gilliflower, Fishkill and Lady, the slope is gradual it is termed
obtuse. The basin may be nearly round when it is called symmetrical or
it may have the sides compressed. If the sides are smooth it is called
regular. \Nhen depressed lines extend up the sides as in Winesap, some
call it ridged, ribbed or angular, others term it furrowed. When the furrows
are less distinct as in Baldwin, it may be called wavy. If wrinkled, plaited
or folded about the calyx lobes as in Yellow Bellflower and Black Gilli-

1 Page 3.

THe APPLES OF NEW York. 33

flower it is often called corrugated. Peculiar fleshy protuberances about
the base of the calyx lobes are sometimes technically called mammiform.
These are decidedly marked in some Siberian crabapples.

Skin. Both the color of the fruit and the character of the surface of
the skin, as to its being rough or smooth or even russeted, vary more or
less with the varying conditions under which the fruit is grown.

The surface of the skin in some varieties as McIntosh and Northern
Spy is covered with a delicate whitish bloom which is easily rubbed off.
In other cases the skin is wary or oily as in Lowell (Tallow Pippin), Titus,
and to some extent in Sutton and Tompkins King. This character which
is determined by the sense of touch must not be confused with that de-
noted by the term waren which refers only to the appearance of fruit
that looks bright, smooth and clear like wax. The surface may be some-
what rough on account of minute capillary russet netted veins as often in
Tolman and Hubbardston, or by russet dots, or by both; or it may have
more or less of an unbroken russet surface as in various russet apples.

Russet Skin. Sometimes this character is quite variable as in the case
of Roxbury which under some conditions becomes nearly or quite smooth.
Sometimes the russet is thin as in Bullock; on other varieties it may be
dense or heavy. Very often the cavity is somewhat russeted when the
surface of the rest of the apple is smooth, as in Pumpkin Sweet. The
russet in the cavity may be nearly unbroken or it may spread out in
broken rays when it is sometimes spoken of as radiating or stellate.

Dots. The dots are sometimes rough to the touch; in some varieties
they may be sunken or depressed; again they are visible under the epidermis.
In the latter case they may well be called submerged. If they approach a
star form they may be called stellate. If they are surrounded by a halo of
a paler or brighter color they may be called areolar. They are in some cases
decidedly conspicuous as in Westfield, Blue Pearmain and Red Canada or
inconspicuous in others. They may vary from large to very small even on
the same fruit; often they are scattering toward the base of the apple, and
often smaller and numerous towards its apex. In certain varieties some of
the dots are elongated. With Red Canada, Baldwin and Esopus Spitzenburg
elongated dots are often seen on the base of the fruit along lines radiating
from the cavity.

Suture. Sometimes suture lines extend from the base towards or to
the apex as is often seen in Tolman.

Pubescence. In some varieties there is a noticeable amount of fuzz or
pubescence on and about the calyx.

Color. The fruit may be striped with one or more shades of red. If
it is not striped it may be called self-colored. A fruit may have a bronzed
or blushed cheek and still be ciassed as self-colored in distinction from
striped apples. It has already been remarked that the amount of color
will vary on fruits of the same variety in different locations and in differ-
ent seasons. In some cases trees of certain varieties have been known
to bear a crop one season with no trace of red appearing on any of the
fruit and in following seasons show a noticeable blush or red stripe on
the fruit. When the overlying color is broken it may be designated by
the term mottled or by any other suitable expression. The shorter stripes
are often spoken of as splashes. The term blush in distinction from

34 Tue AppLes or NEw York.

mottled, striped or splashed, indicates that the surface is overspread with
a red tint that is not much broken.

The scarf-skin sometimes gives a characteristic appearance to the fruit.
It extends outward from the base in whitish lines or stripes readily dis-
tinguished in contrast with the green or yellow color in the Pumpkin
Sweet (Pound Sweet of Western New York), the Green Newtown and
certain other varieties; or it may give a dull or clouded appearance to a
red skin as in Sweet Winesap (called Henrick or Hendrick Sweet in
Western New York) and Black Gilliflower.

INTERNAL CHARACTERS. When the apple is cut in longitudinal section,
as shown in Fig. 3, the internal characters disclosed are very often of
great assistance in identifying the variety.

Core Lines. That part of the flesh of the apple which immediately
surrounds the seed cavities, and strictly speaking, constitutes a part of

Fic. 3. LonerruprInaL Cross SEcTION oF AN APPLE SHOWING THE CAVITY
a, Basin b, Catyx Lopes c, ContcAL Catyx Tupse d, ABAXILE OPEN CORE
WITH BroapLy ELiLipricAL MucRONATE CARPELS e, €, AND A PORTION OF THE
Core Linss f, f.

the core is delimited by visible core lines. Fig. 3f. In the native Ameri-
can species, P. coronaria and P. iowensis, the separation along the core
lines between the core and the outer main flesh of the apple is so com-
plete that by exercising proper care the core may be taken out so as to
leave a clearly defined globular cavity within the apple. See Figs. 4 to 7.
While in the case of the common apple this natural division of the core
from the outer flesh of the fruit is not so complete as it is in the native
wild apples referred to, nevertheless such division does exist, as may
often be seen in a cross-section of an apple when the flesh of the core
proper shows a somewhat different shade of color than does the outer

THE AppLes OF NEw York. 35

flesh. This difference is more clearly shown in the fresh fruit than in a
photo-engraving. It is seen in the case of Jones seedling, Fig. 8, as
well as in the sections of Ralls Genet, Westfield Seek-No-Further and other
fruits which are shown in the accompanying text.

Bundles of fibres or veins called fibrovascular bundles enter the fruit
through the stem. Some of them pass directly through the core along

WiLp CraBapp_es, P. coronaria, L. SHOWN 1N LONGITUDINAL SECTION, Fics.
4 AND 5, ANDIN TRANSVERSE SECTION, Fics.6 AND 7. THE Core LINES SHARPLY
DELIMIT THE CoRE FROM THE FLesH, Fics. 4 AND 6. WHEN THE Core, AS
OUTLINED BY THE Core LINEs, 1s ReEMovED A RATHER GLOBULAR CAVITY IS
Mabe AS SHOWN IN Fics. 5 AND 7. Fic. 5 SHows PLAINLY A LONGITUDINAL
SECTION OF THE CYLINDRICAL CALYX TUBE WHICH EXTENDS FROM THE CORE
TO THE Catyx. IN Fic. 7 THE Core Cavity Is SEEN FROM A POINT PERPEN-
DICULAR TO THE LiMsB oF THE CALYX Tuse THUS SHOWING THE STAMENS
FROM BENEATH AS THEY CLOSE THE VIEW INTO THE CALYX TUBE.

the inner edges of the seed cavities and continue on into the outer parts
of the pistils. See plates of McIntosh and Canada Baldwin. Between
the seed cavities and the base of the stem other lines of fibrovascular
bundles lead off from the stem, inclose a portion of the flesh varying in
different varieties from turbinate, as in Canada Reinette, to nearly glob-
ular in form, as in Admirable, and terminate principally in that part of

30 THE APppLes OF NEW York.

the calyx tube where the stamens are inserted, though sometimes appar-
ently below the insertion of the stamens. See plates of Ribston and
Sharpe. The fibrovascular bundles which may be most easily followed
in tracing the core lines are normally ten in number, as shown in Figs.
8 and 9g. They occur one opposite each outer angle and alternately one
opposite each inner angle of the seed cells. Consequently a longitudinal
section through either the outer or the inner angle of a seed cell brings
out the core line most clearly.

Clasping core lines is a term which indicates that the core lines appear to
join the calyx tube along the side somewhat above the base of the tube,
as shown in the plates of Admirable, Ribston and Green Sweet.

———

Fic. 8. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF Jones SHOWING A CLOSED CorE WHICH IS
AXILE AND HAS SYMMETRICAL CELLS. THE DArK Dots SHow Cross SECTIONS
OF THE PRINCIPAL FIBROVASCULAR BUNDLES OF THE Core LINES.

Core lines meeting is the term used when the core lines appear to join the
calyx tube at or near its base, as seen in the plates of Bullock and York
Imperial.

The point at which the core lines meet the calyx tube does not vary
materially in the same variety although different descriptions of it may vary
when in the same variety some of the apples show a funnel-form extension
of the calyx tube towards the core and others do not, as stated below in
discussing the calyx tube.

In some cases before the fibrovascular bundle reaches the calyx tube
it sends off a distinct branch to the calyx lobes as seen in the plates of
Fallawater, Green Sweet and Newman.

Calyx tube. The hollow just under the calyx lobes is called the calyx
tube, Fig. 3, d. This may be cone-shaped, as in Dickinson and Salome, or
when it is extended below in a nearly cylindrical narrow tube it is funnel-
form, as in English Russet. If instead of assuming either of these forms

THe AppLtes or New York. 37
it is comparatively broad and rounded toward the base it may be called
urn-shaped. When the calyx tube is funnel-form its broad upper portion is
called the limb; the narrow part extending from the limb towards the core
may be called the cylinder.

In some cases as in Northern Spy and Red Canada the tube may vary
in the same variety, being cone-shaped in some fruits and funnel-form in
others, thus making the core line appear to vary in the character of its
meeting or clasping the calyx tube. Such variation is due to the fact
that in some fruits and not in others the base of the styles below the

te
Fa

Fic. 9. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF Thompson SHOWING AN OPEN CorE WHICH
Is ABAXILE. THE CELLS ARE SYMMETRICAL, OR NEARLY SO, AND WIDE OPEN.
THe Dark Dots SHOW CRrOSS-SECTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL FIBROVASCULAR
BUNDLES OF THE Core LINEs.

limb of the calyx tube develops into a fleshy tissue which fills that part
of the tube.

Pistil Point. In some varieties the fleshy base of the styles forms a pistil
pomt which projects into the calyx tube in a way that is characteristic,
and of some taxonomic value. An example of this kind is found in Gano.

Stamens. Hogg studied critically the taxonomic value of the position
of the stamens, or the remnants of them,! in the calyx tube2 and finally
made this character the basis of the primary classes in his analytical key
of the apples of Great Britain. He recognizes thus the three following
divisions among apples.

A. Marginal Stamens. In this class the stamens are inserted near the
outer margin of the calyx tube.

1The remnants of the stamens appear in the ripe fruit as withered thread-like organs on
the side of the calyx tube.
*Fruit Manual, London, 1884: xj to xxxix,

38 THE Apples oF NEw York.

B. Median Stamens. In this class the stamens are located about the middle
of the calyx tube.

C. Basal Stamens. In this class the stamens are found near the base of
the calyx tube.

Core. In describing the core its location in the fruit is noticed, also
its size and the character of the carpels and of the seeds.

Core Sessile. The core is sometimes very close to the stem. It may then
be called sessile.

Core Median. If the core, as usually is the case, is located at about the
center of the apple, it is median.

Core Distant. When the core is comparatively ‘ar from the stem it is
called distant.

Carpels. The parchment-like walls of the seed cells are called carpels.
Fig. 3e. Since they vary in form somewhat as leaves do the terms used
in describing leaves may be well applied to them. In noting the form of
the carpels the stem of the fruit, which corresponds to the petiole of
the leaf, should be held towards the observer. The two sides of the seed
cell correspond to the two halves of a leaf, with the axis of the fruit
representing the midrib of the leaf. From this point of view it will be
noticed that the carpels of some fruits approximate a roundish form;
others a heart-shaped or cordate form; others a reversed cordate or ob-
cordate form; others are so broad as to be well termed elliptical, while
others are so narrow that they may be called oblong or elongated; or they
may be either ovale or obovate. If the outer edge at the tip is indented
it may be termed emarginate; if long and slender-pointed it may be called
mucronate. Fig. 3.

Hogg, in the classification of apples above referred to, also notes the
following characters of carpels: When the walls extend to the axis, best
seen in a cross-section of the fruit, as in Fig. 8, the cells are symmetrical
and are termed avrile, whether they are open or closed. When the walls
are distant from the axis, as in McIntosh and English Russet, and the cells
are unsymmetrical, they are called abavile. Fig. 9.

Open Core. The core is called open when the cells are open, or slit, as
shown in Figs. 3 and 9.

Closed Core. When the cells are closed the term closed core is applied.
See Jonathan, Red Canada and Fig. 8.

The inner surface of the carpels may be either smooth, or, as in Tomp-
kins King, may have a soft whitish outgrowth. In this case the carpels
may be described as tufted.?

Seeds. The number of seeds to each seed cell varies with different varieties.
Two is the usual number. Sometimes no seeds develop. In rare cases there
are three or more seeds in a cell. The number, size, shape and color of the
seeds are al! worthy of notice in a technical description of the apple. The
seeds like the carpels may be tufted. When the seed has a long sharp point
it is termed acuminate; if rather blunt, it is obtuse; if intermediate between
acuminate and obtuse, it is acute.

Flesh. In a description of the flesh its color is noticed; also the firmness
and grain of its texture; its juiciness; the acidity and aroma that are found
in its favor, and lastly its general rating on all of the above points combined.

1Fruit Manual, London, 1884: xiii.

*The ‘‘ Wollstreifen” of Soraner. See Handb. Planzenkrankheiten, zweite Auflage, 1:
295. 1886.

THe APpPLes or NEw York. 39

Color. The color of the flesh is called white in such apples as McIntosh
and Fameuse. In Jonathan, Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening it is
somewhat tinged with yellow. In Fallawater, Rambo and Green Sweet
it is greenish-white. In some varieties it may be streaked or clouded
with red, as it sometimes is in Wealthy and McIntosh. Occasionally
seedling apples are seen in which the whole flesh is remarkably tinged
with red, but such varieties have not found their way into cultivation,
at least not to any considerable extent.

The flesh of apples of the same variety is liable to show some varia-
tions under different conditions of growth. This is especially noticeable
in varieties adapted to the South when they are grown in northern lati-
tudes where the season is not long enough to bring them up to their
highest standard. Thus when Winesap and other southern varieties are
grown in Western New York they may have a decidedly greenish tinge
to the flesh, whereas if properly developed, the flesh would be tinged
with yellow: or those fruits of such a variety which have the most favor-
able locations on the tree may develop a yellowish flesh while others less
favorably located come to the close of the season with the flesh still
greenish. In passing upon the color of the flesh, therefore, it is important
to have properly developed specimens under examination. With such
specimens the color of the flesh will be found pretty constant and char-
acteristic of the variety.

Texture and Flavor. The terms commonly used in describing the tex-
ture and flavor are firm, hard, tender, tough, crisp, breaking, dry, juicy, sour,
subacid, sweet, sprightly, aromatic, astringent. Various intermediate modifi-
cations of easily recognized significance are also used.

General Rating. The gradations in the general rating on all points
combined are expressed by the terms poor or inferior, fair, good, very good,
best. One who is unaccustomed to the technical significance of these
words should observe that the word good here signifies a class of apples
of medium quality only. Above it are the higher classes very good and
best. he quality varies somewhat in a variety so that it is often necessary
to use more than one term to indicate its proper rating. Thus Baldwin
rates good to very good, and Red Canada from good to best. The quality
of the fruit corresponds in a general way with the development of the
color of both its skin and its flesh. It has already been observed in
speaking of the color of the flesh that under certain conditions it is not
normally developed. When the color of either the skin or the flesh is
not properly developed, there is a corresponding lack of development of
the quality of the fruit. This statement may be easily verified, as already
noticed, by testing highly colored Northern Spy apples in comparison
with poorly colored fruit of the same variety. It will be found that the
poorly colored fruit, even though it may have been produced on the same
tree as that which bore the highly colored fruit, is decidedly inferior in
quality.

Use. The uses for which the fruit is particularly suitable is indicated
by customary terms. Market signifies that it is suitable for general
market. Local market indicates either that it does not stand handling well
enough or is not appreciated for general market uses but is acceptable
for local trade. Dessert or table signifies that the fresh fruit is desirable

40 THE Apples OF NEW York.

for serving at the table. Culinary, cooking or kitchen are cerms used to
indicate that the fruit is suitable for either general or special culinary
uses.

Season. The term season is used to indicate the period during which
the variety is in good condition for use. This varies with the same
variety in different latitudes. Even in the same location the fruit may
ripen later and keep later in some years than in others. Unless other-
wise stated the season of winter apples as here given refers to the fruit
kept in ordinary fruit houses or in cellars. In cold storage the season
may be prolonged several weeks beyond its natural limit. The reader
should bear in mind that the manner of handling fruit before it goes into
storage has an important influence upon the length of the period during
which it will keep in good condition1

1Beach and Clark, Bull. N. Y. Exp. Sta., 248:92. 1904.

NINV

+

THE APPLes OF NEW York. 41

AKIN.

REFERENCES. I. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 2. Riehl, Am. Pom. Soc.
pis teg7elsyer so lavionw. S. Dept Agr. Vr, Bk. 1903:200: col. pl. 2
Ill. State Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890.

SynonyMs.1 Akin Red, Akin Scedling, Akin’s Seedling, Aikin’s Red, Aiken,
Aken—not “Aiken’s Winter” of Downing which is a crab of Minnesota origin.

(3). Akin’s Red. (4).

When the Akin is well developed it is a beautiful, dark red, winter
apple of pretty good quality. It appears to be specially adapted for
fancy trade and for dessert use. Although it has not been suffi-
ciently tested to determine its value for cultivation in New York,
it promises to be hardy, healthy and reliably productive. It seems
to be best suited to more southern localities, but it has usually devel-
oped well at Geneva, although in occasional seasons its fruit has not
attained good color here. With ordinary care the fruit does not
average much above medium size. In ordinary storage it keeps well
till midwinter and in cold storage till March or later. It is suffi-

ciently promising to be worthy of testing for commercial purposes.

Historical. Taylor gives an excellent account of the origin of the Akin (3)
from which it appears that the original tree was grown from seed brought
from Tennessee and planted in 1831 near Lawrenceville, Il., on the farm
now owned by W. J. Akin. It was first propagated for sale in 1868. Mr.
Akin exhibited it in December, 1890, at the Cairo meeting of the Illinois State
Horticultural Society, where it was awarded first premium both as a “ Seed-
ling” and a “ New Variety good enough to be recommended.” Taylor says
(3), “It has now been fruited in several states, and is one of the most promis-
ing of the recently introduced sorts for the apple growers who desire a variety
well adapted to the needs of the fancy trade in the larger cities. It succeeds
well in the Middle West and in the winter apple districts of the Allegheny
Mountain region, and is worthy of thorough test on rich, warm soils in the
northern apple districts from New York westward.”

TREE.

Tree upright, becoming somewhat spreading, dense, medium in size, moder-
ately vigorous. Branches long, moderately stout. wigs long, straight,
stocky, with thick tips; internodes short to medium in length. Bark olive-
green varying to dull purplish-brown, largely covered with a gray pubescence
that becomes thicker and heavier towards the tips. Lenticels numerous, con-
spicuous, oblong or roundish, raised. Buds medium size, obtuse, broad ap-
pressed, quite pubescent. Leaves large, broad.

1Numbers in parentheses designate authors or publications cited in the preceding list.
This plan is followed with all of the formal descriptions given in this report.

42 THE APPLES OF NEw York.

FRUIT.

Fruit usually medium or above, sometimes large. Form oblate to roundish
oblate, often irregular, slightly ribbed, sides sometimes unequal. Fairly uni-
form in size and shape. Stem medium to long, slender. Cavity obtuse,
broad, rather shallow to deep, often distinctly furrowed, not often russeted.
Calyx small to medium, usually closed. Basin medium in width and depth,
usually somewhat abrupt, somewhat furrowed and corrugated.

Skin tough, smooth, rather attractive yellow, blushed and striped with
bright deep red; in well colored specimens almost completely red. Dots small,
whitish or with russet point, sometimes conspicuous in contrast with the dark
red skin. Prevailing effect attractive bright red with contrasting clear yellow
or greenish-yellow.

Calyx tube conical, sometimes approaching funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core abaxile, medium, open or partly closed; core lines meeting. Carpels
elliptical or approaching roundish obcordate, slightly emarginate. Seeds
moderately dark brown, long, rather narrow, acute, numerous.

Flesh whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, rather crisp, moderately coarse,
moderately tender, very juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic, good to very good
for dessert.

Season January to June.

(I) ALLINGTON.

This is a late winter apple of medium size, yellow with a bronze blush,
subacid. It was originated by S. A. Alling of Homer, Minnesota. As a seed-
ling it was awarded first premium by the Minnesota Horticultural Society in
1901.1 We have received no reports of its being grown in New York State.

(II) ALLINGTON.

REFERENCES. I. Bunyard, Jour. Royal Hort. Soc., 21:356. 1898. 2. Jour.
Royal Hort. Soc., 27:217. 1903. fig.
SYNONYM. ALLINGTON PIPPIN (I, 2).

This is a new English variety which was awarded a first class certificate
by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1894. (1) Although it is of good size
and of good quality it is not attractive enough in color to make it a promising
commercial variety for New York. It has not been tested here sufficiently to
show how well it is adapted to New York conditions.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form spreading, rather open. Twigs long to below medium,
irregular, crooked, rather slender; internodes above medium to below medium
in length. Bark rather dull brownish-red and dull green; on older wood
rather light green. JLenticels scattering, large, roundish, sometimes raised.
Buds large, roundish, rather obtuse, appressed, pubescent. Leaves somewhat
narrow.

As grown at the Geneva Station it comes into bearing young and gives
promise of being quite productive.

1Hansen, S. D., Expt. Sta. Bul. 76:22. 1902.

THe Apples OF NEw York. 43

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large, pretty uniform in size. Form roundish, often some-
what inclined to oblong conic varying to slightly oblate, sides unequal, some-
times slightly ribbed, rather uniform in shape. Stem medium to long. Cavity
rather obtuse to acute or slightly acuminate, rather shallow to moderately
deep, moderately narrow, usually russeted, sometimes prominently lipped.
Calyx medium to large, closed or partly open; lobes very long, acuminate,
reflexed. Basin rather obtuse, moderately wide, medium to shallow, often
slightly corrugated, nearly symmetrical.

Skin thick, smooth, greenish-yellow almost entirely overspread with some-
what dull red, indistinctly striped and mottled with carmine, sprinkled with
gray dots; occasionally rather large russet dots and flecks are seen. Not
particularly attractive in color.

Calyx tube rather large, rather short and wide to sometimes long, funnel-
form with short truncate cylinder and fleshy projection of pistil point into its
base.

Core medium or below, open or partly closed, nearly axile; core lines meet-
ing or when the tube is funnel-form, clasping the cylinder of the tube.
Carpels roundish ovate to pointed ovate, deeply emarginate. Seeds below
medium, very numerous, dark, short, obtuse to acute, plump.

Flesh tinged with yellow, moderately coarse, rather crisp, tender, rather
firm, very juicy, briskly subacid to nearly acid, pleasantly aromatic, rich in
flavor, good in quality.

Season November to midwinter.

Uses. Acceptable for dessert. Particularly suitable for culinary use.

ALLISON.

REFERENCES. I. U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1895:19. 2. Watts, Tenn. Sta. Bul., 9:6.
1896. fig. 3. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1897:35.
Synonym. Jones Seedling (1, 2, 3).

This is a variety of Tennessee origin. Watts (2) calls it a valuable winter
apple for Tennessee. Although it has not been tested here sufficiently to
show its adaptability to New York conditions, so far as it has been tested it
does not promise to be as valuable as it is in more southern latitudes.

TREE.

Tree rather vigorous, productive; branches long and slender. Form up-
right spreading, rather dense. wigs long, slightly curved, medium stout;
internodes below medium to short. Bark bright reddish-brown varying to
reddish-green with light scarf-skin; pubescent. Lenticels numerous, small,
roundish. Buds medium size, broad, obtuse, pubescent. Leaves medium in
size, broad.

FRUuIT.

Fruit medium to above. Form oblate, rather strongly ribbed, sides unequal,
rather uniform. Stem short to medium. Cavity wide, rather shallow, irreg-
ular, sometimes russeted. Calyx below medium to large, closed or somewhat
open. Basin moderately deep or rather shallow, moderately wide, slightly
wrinkled. Skin rather thick, greenish, sometimes faintly blushed and splashed

44 THE Apples OF NEw York.

with rather dull unattractive red, heavily splashed with large and small russet
patches. Dots usually russet, rather large, scattering. General appearance
not attractive.

Core rather small to above medium; closed or very slightly open. Seeds
medium, rather broad.

Flesh greenish-white, firm, rather fine-grained, slightly crisp, not tender,
moderately juicy, mild subacid, or nearly sweet. As grown at this Station
it is not more than fair in flavor and quality.

Season late winter.
AMASSIA.

REFERENCES. I. Hogg, 1884:6. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 3. Beach
and Close, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 15:260. 1806.

Hogg (1) speaks of Amassia as a very beautiful and ornamental apple and
states that it is tue apple most generally grown in Asia Minor on the shores
of the Mediterranean. When fruited here under favorable conditions Amassia
is attractive in form and color, having a bright red blush. It has a pleasant,
sweet or nearly sweet flavor and is very good in quality for dessert use. Under
less favorable conditions it is not uniformly well colored and is apt to fall
below medium size. These characteristics together with the fact that the
variety would be classed among the sweet apples, make it doubtful whether
it will ever be grown in this state to any considerable extent in commercial
orchards.

TREE.

Tree is a moderately vigorous or slow grower. Form upright spreading.
Twigs vary from short to rather long, straight or nearly so; moderately stout;
internodes medium to long. Bark dull dark reddish-brown with light streaks
of seartf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels scattering, rather inconspicuous,
oblong or roundish in shape, medium size. Buds medium in size, broad,
obtuse, rather prominent, pubescent, almost free. Leaves moderately long and
narrow.

FRvuIT.

Fruit usually medium or below, sometimes nearly large. Form ovate or
roundish conic, slightly ribbed; sides sometimes compressed; fairly uniform
in shape and size. Stem medium to long, rather slender. Cavity acute to
acuminate, narrow, medium to rather deep, often compressed, smooth or
partly russeted. Calyx small to very small, usually closed. Basin small,
varying from obtuse and very shallow to moderately deep and abrupt; often
furrowed and corrugated.

Skin smooth, somewhat waxy; clear pale yellow or greenish, in well colored
specimens largely covered with a bright deep blush, and somewhat striped
with carmine. Dots whitish, small but rather conspicuous. Although the
apple is somewhat striped, the general effect when it is well colored is that of
a solid deep blush, which in contrast with the pale green or yellow gives a
decidedly attractive appearance.

Calyx tube funnel-form, moderately wide and deep, with pistil point pro-
jecting into its base. Stamens median or nearly marginal.

Core medium to small, abaxile, closed or sometimes slightly open; core
lines clasping. Carpels roundish ovate to oblong ovate, emarginate. Seeds
few, medium to small, plump, obtuse, light brown.

THe Apples oF NEw York. 45

Flesh nearly white, firm, moderately fine-grained, rather crisp, tender, juicy,
with pleasing aroma, mild subacid, becoming sweet or nearly so; good to
very good.

Season December to March or April.

AMERICAN BEAUTY.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1857:115. 2. Warder, 1867:711. 3. Downing,
1872:75. 4. Barry, 1883:341. 5. Thomas, 1903:680.
Synonyms. Beauty of America (4). Sterling Beauty (1, 3, 4, 5).

So far as we can learn the American Beauty is not now grown in New
York. It is not listed in Bailey’s inventory of apples offered by nurserymen
in North America in 1892.1 It is an old variety which originated in Sterling,
Mass. Downing describes it as a large red apple, mildly subacid, aromatic,
very good in quality. In season from December to April.

AMERICAN BLUSH.

The Hubbardston has long been known in some portion of Seneca and
Tompkins counties under the name American Blush, and has been dissemi-
nated from there under that name. It is not surprising that the Hubbardston
has been disseminated under other names because it shows such remarkable
variations with changes in environment. Whether the variations which have
appeared are all due to differences in environment or whether distinct strains
of the Hubbardston have arisen under cultivation has not been definitely de-
termined. Some fruit growers are very positive in the opinion that American
Blush is different from the Hubbardston. If this be true and if these differ-
ences are maintained under propagation it should be regarded as a distinct
strain of the Hubbardston.

AMERICAN PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Coxe, 1817:147. 2. Downing, 1845:98. 3. Thomas, 1849:
103, 4. Emmons, -Nat fist. N. Y., 3:74. 1851.- 5. Hooper, 1857:42. 6:
Elliott, 1859:184. 7. Warder, 1867:420. 8. Downing, 1872:77. 9. Lyon,
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 10. Bailey, An. Hort. 1892:234. 11. Thomas,
1903 :680.

SYNONYMS. GRINDSTONE (5). Grindstone (3, 7, 8, 9, 10). Stone (8).

The American Pippin is an old variety. Coxe gives it a very high reputa-
tion both for cider and for keeping late (1). Lyon says of it (9) “keeps a
year, cooks well, but otherwise scarcely eatable.”’

Coxe describes the tree as very open, remarkably spreading with hanging
crooked shoots.

The fruit is medium, regular, oblate, “ without any hollow at the ends’
(Coxe) ; calyx small, open; skin dull red, shaded and streaked with dull green,
the surface being rough, sometimes with slight russet markings, thickly
sprinkled with gray or coarse russet dots; core wide, irregular, closed; seeds
numerous, plump, brown; flesh white or yellowish, hard, rather coarse,
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Variously rated by pomologists from poor
to good in quality.

'An. Hort., 1892:234.

‘ ,

46 THE AppLes oF NEw York.

There is a variety grown under the name of American Pippin in Northern
New York and Canada which is valued on account of its hardiness and late
keeping qualities. Macoun! describes the fruit of this variety as large, round-
ish; greenish-yellow with pink or orange blush; dots not prominent; basin
rather deep; calyx large, open; cavity deep; flesh yellow, subacid, good.

I have not determined whether this is identical with the American Pippin
of Coxe but it does not appear to be that variety.

AMOS.

REFERENCES. I. J//l. Sta. Bul., 45:313, 326. 1896. 2. Powell and Fulton,
U.S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:36. 1903. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul; 248001:
1904.

SYNONYMS. JACKSON (1). Amos Jackson (1, 2, 3).

This variety was received for testing at the Geneva Experiment Station
from Benjamin Buckman of Farmingdale, Illinois. It is supposed to be of
southern origin. The tree is moderately productive. The fruit is of mediun
size, attractive deep yellow, subacid, fair to good. Season November to
March. It is not recommended for cultivation in New York.

FRuIT.

Fruit averages below medium. Form roundish oblate, almost truncate,
usually symmetrical; uniform in form and size. Stem long to very long,
slender, sometimes bracted, often reflexed in a characteristic way to one side.
Cavity acute, shallow to moderately deep, moderately wide, usually russeted,
often lipped. Calyx large, open; lobes long and reflexed. Basin obtuse,
shallow or moderately deep, broad, sometimes corrugated.

Skin yellow, often with blush, not striped, sprinkled with scattering russet
dots. Prevailing effect attractive yellow.

Calyx tube short, cone-shaped, with tendency to funnel-form. Stamens
median to basal.

Core sessile, turbinate, axile, small to medium, closed or slightly open.
Carpels elliptical, inclined to obcordate, emarginate, mucronate.

Flesh nearly white, hard, rather coarse, breaking, moderately juicy, sprightly
subacid, fair to good in quality.

Season November to March.

ANDREWS.

REFERENCES. 1. Beach and Close, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 15:270. 1896. 2.
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:111. 1904. 3. Not listed by Bailey in
An. Hort., 1892:234.

SynonyMs. ANDREWS WINTER (1). Andrews Winter (2).

Fruit small to medium, not very attractive in form or color and therefore
not desirable for market. It is not recommended for planting in New York
State.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form upright spreading, rather dense; branches rather
small and crooked. Twigs medium size, curved, stout; internodes medium

1Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Bul. 37:42. tIgo1.

Tue Apples oF NEw York. 47

to rather long. Bark clear brownish-red mingled with olive-green, partly
covered with streaked scarf-skin; quite pubescent. Lenticels numerous,
medium to below, oblong. Buds medium size, plump, acute, appressed,
pubescent. Leaves medium size, broad.

FRuvIT.

Fruit small. Form roundish conic to oblong conic, often unsymmetrical ;
sides often compressed. Stem short, thick, often obliquely inserted. Cavity
acute, moderately shallow to rather deep, furrowed or compressed, sometimes
lipped, usually smooth. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, medium in width
and depth, distinctly furrowed.

Skin tough, somewhat waxy, dull yellowish-green partly overlaid with a
dull, rather dark red haying narrow, indistinct, carmine stripes. Dots numer-
ous, pale, rather conspicuous.

Calyx tube narrow, elongated, cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens median
to marginal.

Core abaxile, closed or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels decidedly
concave, broadly ovate, slightly emarginate, distinctly tufted. Seeds medium
to large, rather narrow, long, acute, somewhat tufted.

Flesh greenish-white, firm, moderately fine, somewhat crisp, moderately
juicy, mild subacid, fair to good.

Season March to June.

ARKANSAS.

REFERENCES. I. Van Deman, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1891:123. 2. Babcock,
Amer. Gard., 1891:118. 3. Bailey, 4n. Hort., 1892:234, 244. 4. Babcock, Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:190. 5. Amer. Gard., 1895:419. 6. Stinson, Ark. Sta.
Bul., 43:103. 1896. 7. Amer. Gard., 1896:20, 65, 146, 152, 210, 306. 8. Watts,
Tenn. Sta. Bul., 9:24. 1806. fig. 9. U. S. Pom. Bul., 6:9. 1897. 10. Stinson,
Ark. Sta. Bui., 49:5, 7. 1808. figs. of trees and fruit. 11. Powell, Del. Sta.
Bul., 38:19. 1898. fig. 12. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 60:124. 1899. 13. N. C.
Bd. of Agr. Apple Bul., 1900:9. 14. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:127. IgoT.
15. Stinson, Mo. State Fruit Sta. Bul., 3:26. 1902. 16. Budd-Hansen, 1903:39.
fig. 17. Thomas, 1903:322, 690, 708.

SYNONYMS. ARKANSAW (4, IO, 12). Arkansaw (16). Mammotu BLack
Twice (6). Mammoth Black Twig (9, 10, II, 12, 14, 15, 16). PARAGON
(erroneously) (1). ARKANSAS BLAcK and Arkansas Black Twig (17) but
erroneously.

The Arkansas is a late keeping winter apple, rather large, of
good red color, and good quality. It is not a desirable variety for
growing in New York state because it is not sufficiently productive
and because in this northern latitude the seasons are not always
favorable to the proper development of its fruit. It keeps later
than the Baldwin but it is inferior to that variety in productiveness

and also in the color and quality of its fruit.
VoL. I— 3

48 Tue Apples oF NEw York.

During the last quarter century Arkansas has been quite exten-
sively planted in the South and Southwest, but even as grown in
these regions, the variety has not been satisfactory in commercial
orchards because it is a shy bearer.

Arkansas and Paragon resemble each other so closely that at one
time many regarded these two varieties as identical, and, in conse-
quence, the stock of the two kinds became badly mixed in nurseries
and orchards.

Arkansas Black is decidedly distinct from Arkansas both in tree
and fruit. Sometimes these two varieties have been erroneously
listed as identical (17). This mistake doubtless arose because of the
similarity of the two names, rather than from any marked resem-
blance between the varieties.

Historical. Arkansas was grown from seed (4, 10) planted about 1833
near Rhea Mills, Arkansas, where the original tree still stands. It bears a
marked resemblance to the Winesap of which it is said to be a seedling (4).
Nurserymen began to propagate it about 1868. In succeeding years it became
pretty generally disseminated in Arkansas and surrounding states.

As previously stated, this variety has been confused with the Paragon, an
apple of Tennessee origin which it much resembles. It is now conceded that
Paragon and Arkansas are two distinct varieties (4, 7, 8, 9, 10).

TREE.

Tree rather large, vigorous; branches large, crooked, stout. Form upright
spreading, rather open. Twigs medium to long, sometimes drooping, some-
what curved, thick; internodes short. Bark very dark brownish-red with
some dull olive-green, thickly mottled with thin gray scarf-skin; somewhat
pubescent toward the tips. Eventually it becomes almost black. Lenticels
scattering, rather conspicuous, mostly roundish, medium or sometimes small,
often slightly raised. Buds somewhat pubescent; towards the tip and base
of the twig they are appressed and often obtuse, but on the intermediate
portion they stand out prominently and are large, broad, plump, acute, free.
l’ohage rather dense; leaves medium to large, often broad.

The mature young twigs of Arkansas much resemble those of Paragon but
they are somewhat darker and stockier. The mature Paragon twigs have
comparatively more of a reddish-brown tinge.

ER

Fruit large to medium, pretty uniform in size. Form roundish inclined to
conic, sometimes slightly oblate, broadly ribbed, pretty uniform in shape.
Stem long to almost short, rather stout. Cavity acute, rather wide, medium
in depth, green, often much russeted, sometimes indistinctly furrowed. Calyx
small to medium, usually closed. Basin rather abrupt, rather wide, moderately
deep, broadly furrowed or wavy.

SVSNVHYV

THE Apples OF NEW York. 49

Skin nearly smooth, dull green, often becoming good deep yellow, largely
overspread with a dull deep red, obscurely striped with darker red. Dots
generally small, russet, inconspicuous; sometimes medium and whitish.

Calyx tube medium, conical, sometimes funnel-form. Stamens median to
nearly basal.

Core usually axile, usually closed; core lines slightly clasping. Carpels
broadly ovate, deeply emarginate, tufted; not always well developed. Seeds
few and variable, not always well developed; if plump they are long, rather
narrow, acute, tufted.

Flesh tinged with yellow, very firm, moderately fine-grained, rather tender,
moderately juicy, subacid, crisp. good.

Season December to May.

ARKANSAS BEAUTY.

REFERENCES. 1. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 60:124. 1899. 2. Bailey, An.
Hort., 1892:234. 3. Budd-Hansen, 1903:40. 4. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B.
EBM AS): 32051 OO3)

The Arkansas Beauty is a variety of Arkansas origin. Stinson (1) says
that it is grown to some extent in a few sections of that state but has not
proven valuable. As grown in this latitude the fruit does not always attain
good color or good quality.

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches long, stout, crooked. Form wide spreading with
a rather open top. wigs rather long, moderately stout, often crooked; inter-
nodes usually short. Bark olive-green with reddish-brown markings, dull,
mottled thickly with scarf-skin; somewhat pubescent. Lenticels rather scatter-
ing, roundish or somewhat oblong, medium size to rather small. Buds large
to medium, plump, rather obtuse, pubescent. Leaves rather long and narrow.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium. Form roundish inclined to conic. Stem long to
medium, rather slender. Cavity small, acute, deep, broad, nearly symmetrical,
slightly furrowed. Calyx medium, closed or partly open, pubescent. Basin
small, medium in depth and width, rather abrupt, somewhat furrowed.

Skin tough, smooth, rather glossy, pale green or yellow, blushed with pinkish-
red, and marked with rather faint stripes of carmine.

Calyx tube long, funnel-shaped.

Core open. Carpels much concave, broadly roundish, emarginate inclined
to obcordate, tufted. Seeds numerous, dark, medium or below, rather wide,
plump, obtuse.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, rather fine, moderately crisp, tender,
juicy, mild subacid, good.

ARKANSAS BLACK.

REFERENCES. I. Van Deman, U. S. Agr. Rpt., 1886:268. col. pl. & fig. 2.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 3. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 43:103. 1896. 4. Ib.
Bul., 49:7. 1808. 5. Ib. Bul., 60:126. 1899. 6. Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:51. 1902.
7. Budd-Hansen, 1903:40. 8. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:36.
1903. 9. Thomas, 1897:272. fig. Ib., 1903:322, 690, 708.

50 THE Apples OF NEw York.

Synonyms. Arkansas Black Twig (9). Mammoth Black Twig (9) but
erroneously.

The Arkansas Black is one of the most beautiful of apples. It is
a good keeper and commands a good price in market. The color
is a lively red deepening on the exposed side to purplish-red or
nearly black. The tree is unproductive and not desirable for
general planting.

Arkansas Black is distinct from the Arkansas or Mammn.oth

Blacktwig.

Historical. According to Stinson (4) the Arkansas Black originated in
Benton county, Arkansas, and bore its first fruit about 1870. The first descrip-
tion of it which I find, is that given by Van Deman (1) in 1886.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, slender. Form upright spreading,
rather open. Twigs short, stout; internodes short. Bark dark reddish-brown,
mottled with scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small to below
medium, round. buds large, broad, acute, appressed, pubescent. Leaves
medium in size.

FRUIT.

Fruit as grown here is medium or below, rarely large, pretty uniform in
size and shape. Form nearly round. Stem medium. Cacity acute, rather
small, sometimes lipped, not deep, partly russeted. Calyx rather small, closed.
Basin obtuse, very shallow, slightly furrowed, faintly corrugated.

Skin smooth, somewhat waxy; yellow covered with a lively red deepening
to purplish-red or almost black on the exposed side. Dots small, inconspicu-
ous. Prevailing effect bright very dark red.

Calyx tube conical, approaching funnel-form. Stamens marginal.

Core medium to small, abaxile, closed or partly open; core lines clasping.
Carpels concave, roundish, emarginate. Seeds plump, rather short, obtuse,
moderately dark brown.

Flesh decidedly tinged with yellow, very firm, rather fine-grained, crisp,
moderately juicy, sprightly subacid, good to very good.

Season December to April or later. In cold storage (7) it keeps well

through the storage season.
ARNOLD.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1876: app. 43. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234.
3. Thomas, 1897:626. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul., 17:48: 18090: 5. Tbs Bully 187-85:
tgol. 6. Ib. Bul., 194:62. 1901. 7. Ib. Bul., 205:43. 1903. 8. Budd-Hansen,
1903 :40.

Synonyms. ARNOLD’s BEAuTy (1, 3). Arnold’s Beauty (8).

The Arnold was raised from seed produced by pollinating
Northern Spy with pollen from Wagener and Esopus Spitzenberg
by Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario (1). Fulton reports (4, 5, 6)

THE APPLES OF NEw York. 51

that “it is too light in color and almost too tender for market,

promising for home use.” Tree vigorous and productive.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium in size. Form oblate, slightly ribbed. Stem medium, slender.
Cavity broad, deep, usually slightly russeted. Calyx small, closed. Basin
deep, slightly corrugated. Skin yellowish-white, netted russet, sometimes with
a little bright red. Prevailing effect light yellow. Calyx tube funnel-shape.
Core small. Flesh yellowish, firm, mild subacid, juicy, slightly aromatic, very
good.

Season November to March.

ARTHUR.

REFERENCES. 1. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:26. 1902. fig. 2. Budd-
Hansen, 1903:41.

The Arthur originated as a chance seedling in Northern Iowa where hardi-
ness of tree is a prime consideration and where it is reported to have endured
for many years better than any other variety except the Oldenburg. It is
not desirable for planting in New York.

TREE.

Tree is a moderate or rather slow grower with stocky branches and droop-
ing branchlets, forming an upright roundish head. Twigs short, stout; inter-
nodes medium. Bark dark reddish-brown covered with light scarf-skin;
somewhat pubescent. Lenticels scattering, brownish, small to medium, slightly
elongated, raised. Buds small, deeply inserted in the bark, obtuse, pubescent.
Leaves medium size, broad.

FRuIT.

Fruit usually below medium. Form oblong narrowing towards the stem,
varying to roundish obovate; hardly symmetrical; sometimes slightly ribbed.
Stem medium to long, slender, often bracted. Cavity acuminate, deep, rather
narrow, thinly russeted. Calyx small, closed or nearly so; lobes reflexed.
Basin rather abrupt, moderately deep, moderately wide, usually smooth.

Skin rather pale dull yellowish-green, thinly washed with dull red and
faintly striped with carmine splashes. Dots numerous, dull russet, incon-
spicuous. Prevailing effect striped.

Calyx tube narrow, funnel-shaped. Stamens medium to marginal.

Core medium, abaxile, slightly open to wide open, sometimes with four cells
instead of five; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish to obcordate, decidedly
concave. Seeds thick, rather short to medium.

Flesh tinged with yellow, moderately firm, somewhat coarse, not tender,
juicy, subacid, somewhat aromatic, fair to good in flavor and quality.

Season October to January. ,

Uses. Suitable for culinary purposes. It is not desirable for market be-
cause it is not particularly attractive in form, size or color, it is not a good
keeper and it is inferior to standard varieties in quality.

*Patten, C. G., Charles City, Ia., Cat. 1892,

52 THE Apples oF NEw York.

AUCUBA.

REFERENCES. I. Leroy, 1873:301. fig. 2. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:586.
1892. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 4. Thomas, 1903:689. 5. Powell and
Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:36. 1903. 6. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:11II. 1904.

SyNONYMS. ACUBA-LEAVED REINETTE (4). ACUBA-LEAF REINETTE (2).
Fru1ILtLes D’AucuBA (1). AUCUB#FOLIA (3). Reinette a feuille d’ Acuba(2).

The Aucuba is a moderately attractive apple of medium size and
pretty good quality. The tree is hardy, healthy and bears regularly
and abundantly. It is in season from October to January. The
variety is not recommended for general planting because the fruit is

second rate in size, appearance and quality.

Historical. Leroy (1) states that Aucuba was described as early as 1839
in Jardin fruitier p. 216, but that its origin is still unknown. In New York
state it has been disseminated but sparingly and is not commonly known.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches moderately long and stout. Form
rather open, upright spreading. Twigs long, slightly curved, moderately
slender; internodes below medium to short. Bark dark reddish-brown with
light scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels numerous, small, round. Buds medium,
rather long, acute, pubescent, often free. Leaves large and broad.

Aucuba begins bearing rather young and usually bears annual crops. There
is some tendency for the fruit to drop before the crop is ready to be gathered.

FRvIrvT.

Fruit medium to above, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
inclined to conic, sometimes a little oblate, sides occasionally unequal. Stem
usually long and slender. Cavity acuminate, sometimes acute, deep, moder-
ately narrow to rather broad, nearly symmetrical, seldom russeted. Calyx
small, closed or partly open; lobes long, acuminate. Basin usually narrow
and shallow, sometimes moderately wide and moderately deep, obtuse to rather
abrupt, often somewhat furrowed and corrugated.

Skin smooth, waxen yellow, rather pale but bright, often nearly covered
with bright pinkish-red indistinctly marked with narrow carmine stripes. In
well colored fruit the red rather predominates over the yellow. Dots very
inconspicuous, gray or russet. General appearance is rather attractive.

Calyx tube either rather short, narrow, cone-shaped, with core lines nearly
meeting, or narrowly funnel-form, in which case the core lines clasp the
cylinder of the calyx tube. Stamens median.

Core medium to small, axile, partly open or sometimes closed.

Carpels smooth, slightly emarginate, roundish cordate, sometimes distinctly
narrowing toward the apex. Seeds numerous, small to medium, narrow, acute
or acuminate.

Flesh whitish with yellow tinge, firm, breaking, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid, with distinct aroma, good to very good.

Season October to January; some of the fruit may keep till spring but it
is apt to deteriorate in flavor and quality after midwinter.

AUCUBA

THE Apples oF NEw York. 53

BABB.

REFERENCES. I. Gano, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1889:130. 2. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:234. 3. U. S. Agr. Rpt., 1893:286. 4. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:180.
1899. 5. Fulton, Ib., 194:62. 1901. 6. Thomas, 1903:322 7. Budd-Hansen,
1903:41.

Synonym. Western Baldwin (3, 6, 7).

Babbitt is a very handsome large apple, red and striped, of about
the same season as the Tompkins King. It is excellent for cooking
but too sour for dessert. It is hardy, healthy and very vigorous.
In Western New York, so far as tested, it appears to be productive,
comes into bearing rather young, and bears heavy biennial crops.
In fact some report that the fruit sets so abundantly that it is apt
to be rather small unless attention be given to pruning and thinning.
Further testing is required to determine its merits for this region.
It has been found very productive in Michigan (5), and is reported
as generally productive in the central states (3). In Eastern New
York, although it blooms abundantly, it has been found to be a shy
bearer. On this account and because the fruit is very acid, it is not

there considered worthy of cultivation.

Historical. Babbitt originated from seed of Baldwin about 1845 with C. W.
Babbitt of Woodford county, Illinois (3).

TREE.

Tree vigorous to very vigorous. Form roundish spreading, rather open;
branches stout, often crooked, tough, with strong joints which hold heavy
loads without splitting. wigs moderately long, rather stocky, varying from
curved to nearly straight; internodes very short. Bark bright olive-green
with dull reddish-brown markings, thickly mottled with scarf-skin; quite
pubescent. Lenticels irregularly scattering, medium to small, usually roundish
or somewhat elongated. Buds medium to large, broad, obtuse, pubescent.
Leaves medium to large, rather broad, dark green, with thick texture.

FRUvIT.

Fruit somewhat resembles Wagener in form, being large, roundish oblate,
slightly angular and somewhat irregular. Stem short. Cavity obtuse to acute,
moderately shallow, medium to broad, slightly russeted. Calyx nearly closed.
Basin somewhat abrupt, moderately deep, somewhat furrowed, slightly corru-
gated.

Skin bright pale yellow with mottled red cheek, striped with bright carmine.
When well grown the fruit has good size, bright attractive color and fine
general appearance.

Calyx tube conical approaching funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core rather small, axile, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels broad, roundish,
nearly truncate. Seeds dark brown, medium or below,

54 THE ApPLes OF NEW YorK.

Flesh whitish, tinged with yellow, moderately fine-grained, moderately
crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid or sour; too sour for dessert, excellent for
cooking.

Season. It is in season about with Tompkins King but sometimes keeps
well till late spring, and is then especially desirable for cooking because it
retains well its sprightly subacid flavor.

BAIGEY SiV2e

REFERENCES. I. Thomas, 1849:159. 2. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:50.
1851. 3. Downing, 1857:116. 4. Elliott, 1858:121. 5. Warder, 1867:633. fig.
6. Downing, 1872:84. 7. Barry, 1883:342. 8. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:288. 9. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 10. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 1901:287.
t1. Fulton, Mich. Sta. Bul., 187:85. 1901. 12. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:27.
1902. 13. Thomas, 1903:319. 14. Budd-Hansen, 1903:42. fig. 15. Beach and
Clatk, NV. Y. Sta. Bul. 248:111: 1004. 16. Cole, 123: 17. Hleopemare:

SynonyMS. BaiLey’s GOLDEN SWEET (16). BAILEY SWEET (1, 4, 5, 12, 13,
17). Bailey Sweet (8, 10). BatLey’s Sweet (2, 3, 7, 16). Bailey's Sweet
(9). Edgerly Sweet (1, 4, 13). Edgerly’s Sweet (3, 6). Howard's Sweet
(3, 6). Paterson's Sweet (3,6). Patterson Sweet (13). Patterson's Sweet
(it, 2)

This is a very beautiful red apple, distinctly sweet and of very
good quality. It is in season from October to January or sometimes
later. It is not a very good keeper. In some localities the fruit is
apt to be rather scabby and knotty, and unless it is well sprayed
the percentage of unmarketable and low-grade fruit runs rather
high. The tree is reliably productive but it does not excel either

in vigor, health or hardiness. It is not recommended for cultivation.

Historical. Bailey Sweet was introduced under this name from Perry,
Wyoming county, New York, more than 60 years ago (1). Whether it orig-
inated there or was an old variety brought in from the East is uncertain (3).
Although it has long been known and widely disseminated, there is no section
of the state where it is grown in large quantities.

TREE.

Tree upright, somewhat spreading, rather open, not dense; branches moder-
ately stout or slender. wigs rather slender, nearly straight; internodes
medium to short. Bark rather dark brownish-red marked with thin gray
scarf-skin ; sparingly pubescent. Lemnticels numerous, medium to below, usually
oblong, conspicuous, somewhat raised. Buds medium to large, broad, acute
to somewhat obtuse, appressed; somewhat pubescent. Leaves often rather
broad and large; foliage not dense.

In the nursery the development of the root system is rather light or weak.
In the orchard the tree makes a rather slow or moderately vigorous growth
and does not become large. It is a reliable cropper with a tendency to annual
bearing. The fruit hangs well to the tree.

zaams AA IIVE

THE APpPLes OF NEw York. 55

FRUIT.

Fruit sometimes as large as Baldwin or larger and averages above medium.
Form roundish to roundish conic, or somewhat oblate, ribbed obscurely if at
all, rather symmetrical, sides somewhat elliptical; pretty uniform in size and
shape. Stem short to medium, rather slender to thick. Cavity acute, usually
rather deep, somewhat furrowed, sometimes with sides compressed or lipped,
often partly covered with a thin golden-brown russet. Calyx closed or some-
times partly open, smal! to medium with short obtuse to acute lobes. Basin
somewhat shallow to very shallow, medium to narrow, obtuse to rather abrupt,
often slightly furrowed or slightly corrugated, with a tendency to develop
mammiform protuberances.

Skin rather tender, nearly smooth, clear bright yellow largely covered with
deep red, mottled or obscurely striped with darker red. Often irregularly
netted markings and dots of whitish or russet-gray contrast conspicuously
with the red surface. Whitish scarf-skin sometimes radiates from the cavity.
Prevailing effect attractive bright red.

Calyx tube funnel-shape, medium length with a rather wide limb. Stamens
median.

Core axile, medium in size, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels elliptic to
roundish cordate, emarginate. Seeds medium to rather large, long, acute.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, moderately crisp, rather
tender, moderately juicy to juicy, decidedly sweet, agreeable in flavor, very
good in quality.

Season October to January or later.

BAKER,

REFERENCES. 1. Horticulturist, 15:92. 1860. 2. Downing, 1872:84. 3.
Thomas, 1885:502. 4. Not listed by Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 5. Taylor,
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:193. 6. Budd-Hansen, 1903:43. 7. Powell and
leyeiliveyal, (Wo Ss 13a JE Il, 1B, Ckeieei7 Gyo

Synonym. Scott (2).

This is a red apple of good size, pretty uniform in size and shape and of
fairly good quality. It is not so good a keeper as Baldwin and is inferior
to it in quality and hardly equal to it in color. The tree is hardy, healthy,
vigorous and reliably productive with a tendency to biennial bearing. There
is a considerable loss from the dropping of the fruit. Although it has been
known in cultivation for more than a century (1), it appears to have practically
passed out of the lists offered by the nurserymen in North America (4) and
evidently is nearly obsolete.

Historical. It is stated that the original tree was in full bearing in its native
place, Richfield, Ct., during the Revolutionary War. Forty years ago it was
but little known outside the vicinity of its origin (1).

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous, productive; branches stout, crooked. Form upright
spreading, open. Twigs below medium to long, erect, slightly curved, stout,
blunt at the tips; internodes medium. Bark rather clear olive-green partly
covered with dark brownish-red, with light streaked scarf-skin ; quite pubescent.

56 THE AppPLes oF NEW York.

Lenticels scattering, roundish, medium sized, raised. Buds prominent, large,
broad, plump, obtuse, pubescent, free or nearly so. Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to sometimes large; pretty uniform in size and shape.
Form roundish to roundish conic, sometimes slightly oblate, generally sym-
metrical. Stem medium to short, rather thick. Cavity acuminate, rather
shallow to moderately deep, broad, often with radiating russet, sometimes
lipped. Calyx large, usually open, sometimes closed; lobes often reflexed,
acute to obtuse. Basin abrupt, moderately deep, moderately wide to wide,
somewhat furrowed.

Skin yellow or greenish-yellow, largely overlaid or mottled with red and
striped and splashed with carmine, but not conspicuously so. Dots numerous,
russet, mingled with some broken lines or flecks of russet, yet the skin is
rather smooth. Prevailing effect when highly colored is bright red, otherwise
yellowish.

Calyx tube wide, conical sometimes with short funnel tube extension.
Stamens median to basal.

Core comparatively small, axile, closed or sometimes open; core lines slightly
clasping. Carpels flat, elongated ovate approaching cordate, tufted. Sceds
medium, moderately wide, moderately long, acute, tufted, medium brown.

Flesh whitish or tinged with yellow, moderately firm, moderately coarse,
breaking, moderately tender. rather juicy, mild subacid becoming somewhat
sweet, agreeable in flavor, good or nearly good in quality.

Season October to February.

Baker’s Eastern Pippin Apple is a distinct variety of Canadian origin.1

BALDWIN.

REFERENCES. I. Thacher, 1822:121. 2. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831.
3. Kenrick, 1833:41. 4. Mag. Hort., 1:360. 1835. 5. Manning, 1838:59. 6.
Dittrich, 3:53. 7. Downing, 1845:908. fig. 1847. col. pl. 8. French, Horticul-
turist, 1:315. 1846. 9. Thomas, 1849:163. 10. Cole, 1849:128. 11. Emmons,
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:75. 1851. fig. 12. Hovey, 1:11. 1852. fg. and col ply ra:
Bivort, An. de Pom. Belge, 1855:147. 14. Hooper, 1857:14. 15. Elliott, 1858:
66. fig. 16. Flotow, Ill. Handb. Obstk., 1:427. 1859. 17. Mas, Le Verger,
5:163. col. pl. 18. Warder, 1867:42. fig. 19. Downing, 1872:85. fig. 20.
Leroy, 1873:89. fig. 21. Barry, 1883:342. 22. Hogg, 1884:13. 23. Wickson,
1891:245. 24. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 25. Woolverton, Ont. Fruit
Stas. Rpt., 1895:7. fig. 26. Taylor, U. S. Div. Pom. Bul., 7:350. 1807. 27.
Amer. Gard., 1899:546. 28. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:261. 29. Budd-Hansen,
1903:43. fig. 30. Thomas, 1903:323. fig. 31. Fr. Lucas, 187.

SynonyMs. BALDWIN ROSENAPFEL (31). BALDWIN’s ROTHER Pippin (6).
Calville Butter (18). Felch (7, 18, 19). Late Baldwin (12, 18). Pecker (1,
7, 18, 19). Red Baldwin Pippin (18). Steele’s Red Winter (7, 12, 18, 19).
Woodpecker (7, 18, 19, 21).

The Baldwin is a bright red winter apple, above medium in

size or large, and very good in quality when grown under favor-

‘Montreal Hort, Soc. Rpt., 3:20. 1877.

GROUP OF FRUIT PICKERS IN THE BALDWIN ORCHARD OF FOSTER

UDELL, BROCKPORT, MONROE COUNTY, N. Y.

WW

THE Apples OF NEW York. 57

able conditions. It stands handling well because of its firm
texture and thick skin. It is a favorite market variety because
of its desirable season, good size, attractive red color and good
quality.

The Baldwin is preeminently the leading variety in the com-
mercial orchards in New York, New England, certain regions in
Southern Canada, in the southern peninsula of Michigan and on
the clay soils of Northern Ohio. In many localities in Northern
New York it is apt to winter-kill, especially in the higher alti-
tudes. For the same reason it also fails in portions of Michigan
and west of the Great Lakes. In the South and Southwest it is
not desirable because it there becomes a fall apple and also be-
cause it does not attain as good quality as it does in the Baldwin
belt. From Colorado to Washington it is more or less grown in
many localities.

Not only is the Baldwin a standard fruit in American markets
but it is one of the leading apples used for export trade. It is
one of the principal varieties handled in cold storage. The apples
of this variety which are unsuitable for barrelling supply a large
part of the evaporator stock in New York state, and are also used
to some extent by canneries.

The tree is a strong grower, long-lived and vigorous. The
accompanying view illustrates the vigorous development of
mature Baldwin trees, as also does the frontispiece. It is some-
what slow in reaching bearing maturity, but when mature it
bears very abundantly. In fact, one of the faults of this variety
is its habit of producing an overload of fruit biennially and bear-
ing little or none on alternate years. On rather light, sandy or
gravelly soils the fruit is apt to have a better color, or at least to
color earlier in the season, than it does when grown on heavy
clay lands. Some hold that fruit from the lighter or more grav-
elly soils ripens earlier and consequently scalds earlier in storage
than do the duller colored Baldwins grown on heavier soils. The
Baldwin is grown successfully on various soils and under various
climatic conditions. Besides the other good points of the Bald-

win which have been noticed above, it has the advantage of yield-

58 Tue AppLes oF NEw York.

ing a pretty uniform grade of fruit with a low percentage of culls,
when kept free from injurious insects and fungous diseases.

The Baldwin foliage and fruit are often much injured by the
apple scab fungus. It has often been remarked that the preven-
tion of fungus diseases and of the attacks of insects, by proper
spraying, not only increases the yield of marketable fruit but
improves the quality as well. The Baldwin Spot is the name
given to brown flecks in the flesh of Baldwin apples. This is
not caused by either insects or fungi. It is a physiological defect
which is more apt to appear in overgrown than in medium-sized

fruit. No remedy is known.1

Historical. Soon after 1740 the Baldwin came up as a chance seedling on
the farm of Mr. John Ball, Wilmington, near Lowell, Mass., and for about
40 years thereafter its cultivation was confined to that immediate neighbor-
hood. The farm eventually came into the possession of a Mr. Butters, who
gave the name Woodpecker to the apple because the tree was frequented by
woodpeckers. The apple was long known locally as the Woodpecker or
Pecker. It was also called the Butters.2 Deacon Samuel Thompson, a sur-
veyor of Woburn, brought it to the attention of Col. Baldwin of the same
town, by whom it was propagated and more widely introduced in Eastern
Massachusetts as early as 1784. From Col. Baldwin’s interest in the variety
it came to be called the Baldwin.

In 1817 the original tree was still alive but it perished between 1817 and
1832.4 A monument to the Baldwin apple now marks the location.

Coxe in his work on fruits in 1817 makes no mention of the Baldwin.
Thacher’s American Orchardist, published in Boston in 1832, gives it very
brief but favorable mention. Floy in his American edition of Lindley, Guide
to the Orchard, New York, 1833, does not mention it, but in the appendix to
the 1846 edition he describes the Baldwin and states that “in the Eastern States
(New England) it is well known, highly esteemed, and extensively cultivated.”
Kenrick’s New American Orchardist, Boston, 1833, says, “No apple in the
vicinity of Boston is so popular as this, at the present day. It is raised in
large quantities for the market * * * and is recommended for extensive
cultivation.”

Hovey in 1852 published an extended description of Baldwin with colored
plate (12). He remarks, “ The Baldwin is the most popular apple of New
England, and is cultivated to a much greater extent than any other variety.
Several large and fine orchards are to be found in the vicinity of Boston, some
of which produce about one thousand barrels of fruit every bearing year. For
exportation it is much sought after; and the large number of fifteen hundred
barrels have been sent to the East Indies in one season.”

‘Jones, L. R. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 12: 159-164. 1899.

?French, B. V. Downing Hort., 1:315. 1846.

*Mass. Ploughman, cited in Mich. laloyein, gc: BS 2
*Amer. Gard. Mag. 1835:360. New Eng. Homestead, 1885:228. e+,

BALDWIN

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Tue Apptes or New York. 50

Prior to 1850 the Baldwin was but little known in New York state. After
that date, with the extension of the planting of commercial orchards, it came
rapidly into popularity and gained the supremacy among the commercial apples
of New York which it still holds.

TREE.

Tree large, very vigorous; branches large, strong. Form upright spread-
ing, eventually becoming rather round and somewhat dense. Twigs long,
straight, or somewhat crooked, moderately stout; internodes medium to
long. Bark dark brownish-red mingled with olive-green and faintly
marked with thin scarf-skin; somewhat pubescent. Lenticels numerous,
conspicuous, raised, usually oblong, sometimes large. Buds medium to
large, broad or roundish, acute, pubescent, free or nearly so. Leaves often
broad and large to very large; foliage rather dense.

FRUIT.

Fruit sometimes large to very large; usually above medium; pretty
uniform in size. Form roundish inclined to conic, varying to roundish
oblong; often faintly ribbed or somewhat irregular; symmetrical; fairly
uniform in shape. Stem usually medium, to long. Cavity acute, medium
to rather deep, rather broad, often somewhat furrowed, sometimes com-
pressed, sometimes lipped, often russeted, with outspreading rays of russet
or deep green. Calyx small to rather large; closed or somewhat open;
lobes long, acute to acuminate. Basin abrupt, narrow to moderately wide;
often distinctly furrowed; slightly corrugated.

Skin tough, smooth, light yellow or greenish, blushed and mottled with
bright red, indistinctly striped with deep carmine. Flecks of russet, or even
broken russet lines, may occasionally be seen on the base of the fruit. Dots
gray or whitish, depressed, small and numerous toward the basin, more scatter-
ing, conspicuous, large, irregular, or elongated towards the cavity. Prevailing
effect is bright red.

Calyx tube conical, rather short and wide with projection of fleshy pistil
point into its base. Stamens basal.

Core medium or below, nearly axile, closed or partly open; core lines
meeting. Carpels roundish ovate, emarginate, somewhat tufted. Seeds
variable, often abortive; when normally developed they are large, long,
acute, and dark brown.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, rather tender, juicy to
very juicy, agreeably subacid, sprightly, somewhat aromatic, good to very
good.

Season November to March or April in common storage; to May or
later in cold storage.

Uses. Well adapted for general market, dessert and culinary uses.

OTHER BALDWIN TYPES.

Besides the general type of the Baldwin apple above described, mention
should be made of the following:

Russet Baldwins. Cases have been reported where the Baldwin has
sported and developed fruit with russet skin. Since these apples appear

1 Beach and Clark. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 248:111-112. 1904.

60 THE Appies or NEw York.

to show no advantage over the smooth-skinned Baldwins, they are seldom
propagated.

Gray Baldwin, Blue Baldwin, Black Baldwin and Dark Baldwin are indefi-
nite terms sometimes applied to what appears to be a distinct type of the
Baldwin. Scattering trees of it are occasionally found mingled in
orchards with Baldwins of the ordinary type. The Dark Baldwin as com-
pared with the common type has fruit that is slower in maturing on the
tree, and keeps longer. The flesh has more of a greenish tinge and is
firmer. The skin also shows dull green where the common type is
yellow, and the red is dull and darker than the red of the common Bald-
win. So far as we know the Dark Baldwin is not being intentionally
propagated.

In speaking of the Dark Baldwin as a distinct type the fact is here
recognized that the ordinary Baldwin when grown on sandy or gravelly
soil generally gives brighter colored fruit than when grown on heavy clay
soil. But the above-mentioned occurrence of a type called Dark Baldwin,
mingled as it sometimes is in orchards with Baldwins of the common
type, does not seem to be satisfactorily accounted for by attributing its
apearance to a difference in soil. It is more probable that a distinct
strain has arisen and been disseminated unwittingly in place of the
common type.

Olympia is a sport of the Baldwin which differs from the type in having
larger and better colored fruit. It is described under “ Olympia.”

BANANA SWEET.

REFERENCES. 1. Rural N. Y., 1885:278. fig. 2. Hexamer, Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt., 1895 :60.

This is a sweet winter apple, attractive in appearance. Color greenish-yellow,
highly colored specimens are blushed. Season January to March in New
Jersey. So far as we know it has not been fruited in New York. This should
not be confused with the Winter Banana introduced by Greening Brothers of
Monroe, Michigan, in 1890, which is not a sweet apple.

Historical. Banana originated as a chance seedling with C. E. Blackwell,
Titusville, N. J., about 1867.
TREE.
Tree spreading, upright, vigorous, rather dense. Twigs rather slender;
internodes short. Bark reddish-brown. Buds not prominent.

FRUuIT.

Fruit large. Form roundish conical, sometimes one-sided. Stem medium
to large, long, slender. Cavity rather small, moderately deep, often with out-
spreading, irregularly broken, russet patches. Calyx rather small, closed.
Basin small to medium, somewhat irregularly corrugated, rather deep.

Skin greenish-yellow with a pale blush on the exposed side. Dots minute,
scattering. Prevailing effect yellow.

Calyx tube conical, approaching funnel-form.

Core medium size, axile. Carpels roundish. Seeds medium size, obtuse.

Flesh white, fine-graired, tender, juicy, sweet, good.

Season, January to March or April.

BALDWIN

Tue AppLes oF NEw York. 61

BAPTIST.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1876: app. 44. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234.
3. U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1895:20. 4. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1897:36.

As fruited at the Geneva Experiment Station, Baptist lacks distinctive char-
acter both in appearance and quality. In early winter its prevailing effect is
dull dark red overspreading a dull greenish background, but it holds its color
well until very late in the season and eventually the yellow tones become
brighter making the fruit rather attractive. It is not recommended for culti-
vation in New York.

Historical. Baptist originated at Clinton, Kentucky (1), and was received
for testing at the Geneva Experiment Station from W. M. Samuels of that
place.

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches rather stout. Form roundish, spreading, dense.
Twigs rather long to below medium, somewhat curved, moderately thick;
internodes medium to short. Bark rather dull, dark reddish-brown; some-
what pubescent. Lenticels numerous, very irregular in size, shape and dis-
tribution, generally small, slightly elongated, and very thickly set, but some
are large and narrow. Buds medium or below, often rather prominent, gen-
erally acute, very pubescent and free. Leaves moderately broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or below; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form oblate
to roundish, truncate at base, sides sometimes unequal, often obscurely ribbed.
Stem short to medium, thick. Cavity obtuse, moderately shallow to rather
deep, broad, sometimes russeted, greenish, occasionally lipped. Calyx closed
or sometimes slightly open, medium, or below, pubescent. Basin rather shallow
to moderately deep, wide, rather abrupt, somewhat furrowed and corrugated.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, green or yellowish blushed with red, deepening
to very dark red in the sun, indistinctly marked with narrow deep crimson
stripes. Dots conspicuous, small, pale yellow or russet. Prevailing effect
very dark red.

Calyx tube long, conic to funnel-shaped. Stamens median to basal.

Core medium to small, closed or partly open, axile or nearly so, very broadly
turbinate; core lines clasp the cylinder. Carpels elliptic or inclined to obcor-
date, emarginate. Seeds few, about medium size, rather wide, obtuse, some-
what tufted.

Flesh yellowish, very firm, somewhat coarse, not crisp, moderately tender,
not very juicy, mild subacid, eventually becoming nearly sweet, hardly good.

Season at Geneva, January to June, in Kentucky, December to February.

BARBEL.

REFERENCES. 1. Gibb, Ja. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883. 2. Budd, Ja. Agr. College
Bul., 1885:18. 3. Beach and Close, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 1896:275-276. fig. 4.
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:112. 1904.

Synonyms. Dept. No. 467 (2). Sugar Barbel (4). SuGAR BARBEL (3).

This is an attractive, dark red, winter apple of no special value in this region
(3). It ranks good for dessert but only fair to good for culinary uses.

62 THE AppLes OF NEW York.

Historical. It was imported from Russia by the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture under No. 467 about 1870 (2). Stock was received for testing at this
Station from Dr. T. H. Hoskins, Newport, Vt., 1888.

TREE.

Tree vigorous, spreading, rather open. Twigs long to medium, rather
slender to moderately stout: internodes short to medium. Bark dark
brownish-red mottled with light scarf-skin. Lenticels numerous, small to
medium, round or somewhat elongated; pubescent. Buds medium in size,
plump, broad, obtuse to acute, appressed; pubescent. Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form oblate to oblate conic, slightly ribbed, pretty
symmetrical. Stem short to medium, often thick. Cavity acute to acuminate,
deep, rather wide, with outspreading russet rays. Calyx rather large, broad,
open or partly closed. Basin broad, rather abrupt, moderately deep, corru-
gated.

Skin dull yellow, overspread with dark red, sparingly marked with yellowish
dots and russet flecks. Prevailing effect good, dark red.

Calyx tube funnel-form with long cylinder. Stamens median. Core axile,
closed. Seed medium size to rather large, tufted, obtuse.

Flesh tinged with yellow, rather coarse, firm, crisp, moderately juicy, moder-
ately subacid, eventually becoming sweet or nearly so, slightly aromatic, good.

Season October to February or later.

BARRINGER,

REFERENCES. I. Hexamer, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1899:89. 2. Hexamer,
Amer. Agric., 62:569. Dec. 3, 1808. figs. 3. Fancier’s Review and Fruit
Grower, Chatham, N. Y., Nov., 1899:5. 4. Johnson, Amer. Agric., 75:79.
1905. figs. 5. Beach, West. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1901:76.

SyNonyMs. PRIDE OF THE Hupson (1, 2,4). Pride of Hudson (5). Coon
(locally).

This variety has been known for many years in Clermont, Colum-
bia county, where a few trees of it were in their prime fifty years
ago. Mr. Jacob Barringer of Germantown, N. Y., was the first to
propagate it from these old trees (1, 4). Columbia county fruit
growers report that it is worthy of a place in the commercial
orchard, the tree very thrifty, long-lived and productive, the fruit
good in size, showy and of excellent quality. At the American
Institute in New York in 1898 the fruit was exhibited under the
name Pride of the Hudson, but in 1899 this name was changed to

Barringer.
TREE.
Tree vigorous; branches long and moderately stout. Form upright spread-
ing, rather open. wigs long, slightly curved, with thick tips; internodes
short. Bark reddish-brown, with light streaks of scarf-skin; pubescent.

THE AppLes or NEw York. 63

Lenticels numerous, small, roundish. Buds of medium size, broad, obtuse,
free, pubescent. Leaves medium, broad.

FRvIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form roundish conical, slightly ribbed, some-
times flattened. Stem long. Cavity acute to acuminate, moderately deep,
rather broad, somewhat furrowed and partly russeted, often lipped.

Skin bright red handsomely striped with dark red and slightly dotted, un-
usually attractive (4). Calyx tube cone-shaped. Core rather large. Core
lines clasping. Flesh white, tinged with yellow, very fine, juicy, mild subacid,
very good.

Season ordinarily early winter but it may keep till spring (1, 4).

BARKY:

REFERENCE. I. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., Catalogue, 1895.

Resembles the Greening type of apples in color and in the acidity
of the flesh.

The Barry originated about 1880, in the nurseries of Ellwanger &
Barry, Rochester, N. Y., and has been recently introduced by that
firm after having been thoroughly tested by them. It has their
recommendation as a novelty of sterling merit, and one which they

believe will prove valuable for commercial orchards (1).

TREE.

Tree a good grower; well branched with long upright branches. Form up-
right, becoming spreading and somewhat open. wigs curved and often
crooked, long, medium, stout; internodes long. Bark rather light olive-green
shading to reddish-brown and overlaid with thin gray scarf-skin; quite pubes-
cent. Lenticels scattering, usually small, round, slightly raised. Buds large,
broad, obtuse, appressed, pubescent. Leaves large or very large, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium, sometimes large. Form roundish oblate to roundish conic,
obscurely ribbed, somewhat irregular. Stem medium. Cavity acute, deep,
rather broad, usually with some thin greenish russet, broadly furrowed.
Calyx small to medium, closed; lobes acute. Basin abrupt, rather shallow to
rather deep, narrow to moderately wide, with narrow furrows and wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, clear pale yellow or greenish with faint shade of red
on the exposed cheek. Dots numerous, minute, pale, submerged, and a few
show a brown or russet point. Prevailing effect green or greenish yellow.

Calyx tube medium size, conical or funnel-shaped. Stamens marginal.

Core medium to rather large, abaxile, open; core lines clasping. Carpels
elliptical, much concave, emarginate, tufted. Seeds numerous, medium, obtuse,
medium to dark brown.

Flesh firm, moderately fine to fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly,
good.

Season. Late.

64 Tue AppLres OF NEW York.

BATULLEN.

REFERENCES. 1. Lucas, J/l. Handb. der Obstk., 4:559. 1864. 2. Leroy,
1873:92. fig. 3. Budd, Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 8:49. 1881-2. 4. Budd, Ja.
Sta. Bul., 19:542. 1892. 5. Gaucher, Pomologie, 1894. col. pl. 6. Fulton, Mich.
Sta. Bul., 187:85. 1901. 7. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:28. 1902. 8. Budd-
Hansen, 1903:44.

Synonym. Pomme de Transylvania (2).

An attractive yellow apple sometimes blushed, desirable for market and
culinary uses and acceptable for dessert. If productive enough it is doubtless
worthy of a place in the commercial orchards. As tested at the Geneva Station
it has not yet proved very productive. It has made a similar record at the
Michigan Station.

Origin, Transylvania (1, 2).

TREE.

Tree a poor grower in the nursery (4), moderately vigorous; branches
short, moderately stout. Form upright spreading or roundish, dense. Twigs
long to medium in length, nearly straight, medium stout; internodes rather
short. Bark dark reddish-brown, mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent.
Lenticels numerous, small, generally roundish, raised. Buds medium or below
medium in size, narrow, acute, appressed, rather pubescent. Leaves large,
broad.

FRUuIT.

Fruit medium or above; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
to slightly roundish conic, sometimes a little inclined to oblong, rather regular.
Stem medium to short, rather slender. Cavity acuminate, moderately broad
to rather narrow, wavy, bright green with whitish spots, sometimes russeted.
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, moderately deep, rather narrow, some-
times furrowed and wrinkled, sides sometimes compressed.

Skin smooth, clear, bright, almost waxen yellow, often with no shade of red
but sometimes having a distinct blush. Dots small and inconspicuous, usually
submerged. Prevailing effect attractive yellow.

Calyx tube long, rather narrow, conical or approaching funnel-form.
Stamens median.

Core small to medium, axile, closed or open; core lines clasping. Carpels
roundish, sometimes unsymmetrical, emarginate. Seeds small to medium,
plump, obtuse to acute, dark.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, rather tender, juicy,
subacid, aromatic, sprightly, very good.

Season November to March.

BAXTER.

REFERENCES. I. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assn., 1881:92. 2. [b., 1882:83. 3. Bridge,
Can. Hort., 1884:59. 4. Woolverton, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1889:155. 5. Nicol,
Ont. Fr. Gr..Assn., 1891:89. 6. It. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:287: 1901.

Synonyms. BaxTeEr’s RED (3). La Rue (3). Red Pound (3).

A large red apple decidedly attractive in appearance. Some see
in it a resemblance to Tompkins King, but there is more evidence

Tue Appies or New York. 65

of a relationship with the Blue Pearmain group of apples. This
is seen in the form and color of the fruit, the bloom, the areolar
dots and the character of the flesh. It does not rank high in quality.
In the St. Lawrence valley it is said to be a strong grower, hardy,
productive and not subject to the scab. It is there regarded as a
desirable apple to grow for commercial purposes. At Geneva it
has proved vigorous and productive, but because it is inferior in
quality to other varieties of its season, such as Tompkins King,
McIntosh and Hubbardston, it is doubtful whether Baxter is worthy

of a place in the commercial orchards of Western and Southern
New York.

Origin. It was known near Brockville, Canada, one hundred years or more
ago. It gradually found its way into nurseries and within the last twenty-
five years has been quite extensively propagated (3).

TREE.

Tree productive, very vigorous; branches long, medium stout: Form up-
right spreading, open. Twigs medium to long, straight, rather stout, thick at
the tips; internodes medium to long. Bark clear brownish-red streaked with
olive-green; pubescent. Lenticels rather numerous, conspicuous, small, some-
times large, round, raised. Buds moderately prominent, imbedded in the bark,
acute, appressed. Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to very large. Form roundish to conic flattened at the base or
varying to somewhat oblong, often faintly ribbed, somewhat irregular, sides
often unequal and also often compressed; axis sometimes oblique. Stem
usually short. Cavity large, deep, acute, broad, usually partly russeted, often
somewhat furrowed. Calyx small to above medium, sometimes closed or
partly open. Basin often oblique, moderately shallow to rather deep, rather
narrow to wide, obtuse to moderately abrupt, slightly furrowed, corrugated,
sometimes compressed.

Skin thick, tough, slightly roughened by russet dots; pale yellow or whitish
largely mottled and blushed with rather bright red often deepening to purplish
shades characteristic of the Blue Pearmain group, distinctly splashed and
striped with purplish-red. Dots numerous, conspicuous, areolar, whitish or
with russet point. A bluish bloom gives the skin a rather dull appearance but
when polished it is bright and glossy. Highly colored specimens show but
little of the yellow ground color. Prevailing effect attractive red or striped
red.

Calyx tube large, elongated, cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens medium
to marginal.

Core medium, usually abaxile, open; core lines meeting or slightly clasping.
Carpels roundish varying to elongated ovate, slightly emarginate, tufted.
Seeds numerous, below medium, rather wide, plump, obtuse, tufted, dark
brown.

66 THE AppLes oF NEw York.

Flesh yellowish, sometimes stained with red, firm, breaking, rather coarse,
tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic, fair to good.
Season November to January.

Baxter’s Pearmain of Downing, p. 89 and of Hogg, p.16 is distinct from

Baxter above described.
BEACH,

REFERENCES. I. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 49:9. 1808. fig. 2. Ib., 60:126.
1899. 3. 4m. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:15. 4. N. C. State Bd. Agr. Bul., 1900:9.
5. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:287. 1901. 6. Budd-Hansen, 1903:44. 7.
Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:37. 1903.

Synonyms. Apple of Commerce (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Lady Pippin (1).
Richardson’s Red (1, 2 ANON):

= te,

A red Arkansas apple, which as yet has been but little tested either in New
York or adjacent states. In New York ordinarily the season is not long
enough for the proper development of apples of the group to which the Beach
belongs. For this reason that variety can hardly be expected to prove valu-
able here. Waugh reports that, as grown in Vermont, it appears to be superior

in all respects to Ben Davis, and is really good in quality (5). It is a very
late keeper.

Historical. Stinson reports that this variety has been grown to a consider-
able extent in Benton and Washington counties, Arkansas, under the names
Lady Pippin and Richardson’s Red. It has also been introduced under the
name Apple of Commerce (1). He has found the variety productive and a
good keeper, but because it is only fair in quality he advises against the plant-
ing of it in Arkansas (2).

TREE.

Tree rather large, vigorous, productive, comes into bearing rather young,
and has a tendency to produce moderate crops annually; branches somewhat
stocky. Form round, dense. wigs moderately stout, with long internodes,
somewhat crooked. Bark nearly smooth, clear, bright light reddish-brown,
becoming dull dark brown approaching black, thinly mottled with scarf-skin,
somewhat pubescent. Lenticels rather numerous, conspicuous, usually round-
ish, above medium to very large, raised slightly or not at all. Buds small to
medium, deep set, obtuse, pubescent. Leaves large, long, often broad; petioles
red at base; foliage rather dense.

FRUIT.

Fruit as grown in this region appears not to ripen properly. It is about
medium in size and pretty uniform in size and shape. Form usually roundish,
slightly obovate, or sometimes somewhat oblate, regular, symmetrical. Stem
medium, rather slender. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep to medium depth,
moderately wide, green or with outspreading russet, symmetrical. Calyx
medium, closed. Basin rather shallow to moderately deep, obtuse to rather
abrupt, moderately wide, furrowed, corrugated, often with some mammiform
protuberances.

Skin rather thick, tough, smooth, bright yellow, shaded and mottled with
red and striped with dark carmine. Dots inconspicuous, small, gray or whitish.
Prevailing effect red or red striped, decidedly attractive.

Calyx tube rather narrow, deep, conical or funnel-form, with fleshy pro-~
jection of pistil point into its base. Stamens median to marginal.

Tue Appies oF NEw York. 67

Core axile, medium to rather large, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels
broadly ovate, emarginate. Seeds large, rather narrow, long, acute.

Flesh somewhat tinged with yellow, very firm, moderately coarse, not very
juicy, subacid, fair to nearly good in quality.

Season very late; it is one of the latest keeping varieties.

BELLE ET BONNE.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1857:118. 2. Downing, 1872:91. 3. Hogg, (?)
1884:18. 4. Thomas, 1885:242. 5. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rept., 1890:288. 6. IIl.
Sta. Bul., 45:314. 1896. 7. Thomas, 1903 :337.

Synonyms. Bellyband (?) (3). Folland (?) (3). Tenon Hills (1, 2).
Winter Belle Bonne (?) (3).

This old Connecticut variety (1, 2) is found occasionally in Southeastern
New York. The fruit is large, handsome, smooth, uniform in size and of
about the same season as Hubbardston. It is rather too mild in flavor to be
desirable for general purposes. Although an old variety it has never become
a standard kind in the markets of this state. In hardiness, health and lon-
gevity it ranks about with Baldwin. The trees are moderately productive,
usually bearing biennially. They are a little slow about coming into bearing.
It is not recommended for planting in New York.

Downing regards it as probably identical with the Belle Bonne of Hogg
(1, 2, 3) which was first described by Parkinson in 1629. It is quite distinct
from Billy Bond.

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous. Form roundish, spreading. Twigs rather long, stout,

somewhat pubescent. Bark dull reddish-brown.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to very large. Form roundish oblate. Stem short. Cavity
wide, deep, thinly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin medium in width and depth.
Skin deep yellow or greenish. Dots small. Flesh tinged with yellow, firm,
rather coarse, juicy, mild subacid, good. Season, early winter.

BELMONT.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1845:142. 2. Thomas, 1849:177. 3. Cole, 1849:
1205 4-smmons, Nat Hast, Na Yeu 3280, 185i, 2 gs. and colaspls Now 70:
5. Hooper, 1857:16. 6. Downing, 1857:74. 7. Elliott, 1858:69. fig. 8. Warder,
1867:529. fig. g. Chamberlain, Country Gentleman, 1885:1054. 10. Lyon,
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 11. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 12. Barry,
1896:342. 13. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:288. 1901. 14. Thomas, 1903:
337. fig. 15. Budd-Hansen, 1903:45.

Synonyms. BeEtMont LaTE (4). Belmont (1). Gate (1, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12).
Gait (13). Golden Pippin of some (6, 7). Kelley White (6, 7). Mamma
Beam (6, 7). Mamma Bean (8). WaAxEN APPLE (1, 4). Waxen of some
(6,7). White (6). White Apple (7).

Fruit waxen, yellow with beautiful bright blush; excellent either for dessert
or cooking. It makes a fine appearance on the tree but appears somewhat
dull in the barrel or package, It is handled satisfactorily in local markets

68 THe AppLes oF NEw YorRK.

but it is not a good shipper. Because of its tender skin and delicate color
it shows bruises readily, so that with ordinary methods of handling it is apt
to be damaged in appearance. It has not always kept well. When the trees
are overloaded, a gcod deal of the fruit is either too small for market or grades
second class in size. For these reasons and because there are other commer-
cial sorts larger in tree and in fruit, more reliable croppers and less subject
to scab, Belmont, although it is known in various parts of the state, is grown
to a limited extent only in New York commercial orchards. The tree is gen-
erally hardy except in the more elevated or more northern portions of the state.
In trying locations it is sometimes injured by sunscald or canker. It usually
bears biennially and yields good to heavy crops. The fruit hangs well to
the tree.

Historical. Downing at first regarded Belmont as identical with Waxen
of Coxe (1), but in the first revised edition this error is corrected with the
statement that the variety originated in the garden of a Mrs. Beam, near
Strasburgh, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, from whence it was taken to
Belmont county, Ohio, where it became very popular and received the name
of Belmont.

TREE.

Tree medium size, usually moderately vigorous, in some places rather
dwarfish but on rich soils and in favorable locations it becomes large. Form
upright spreading. wigs medium in length or rather short, rather slender.
Bark light reddish-brown or olive-green becoming rather dark; partly covered
with gray pubescence.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or above, sometimes large; fairly uniform in size and shape.
Form varies from rounded oblong to oblate conic but is usually roundish, some-
what broadly and indistinctly ribbed, somewhat irregular. Stem medium to
short, often slender. Cavity rather large, acute to acuminate, rather deep,
moderately broad, wavy, irregular, usually with thin brown russet, sometimes
lipped. Calyx rather small, usually closed. Basin rather shallow to deep,
moderately abrupt to abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, waxen, clear bright yellow with bright orange-
red blush. Dots whitish with minute russet point, often submerged, on the
blushed portion becoming red areolar. Prevailing color yellow, not striped.

Calyx tube long, elongated cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens marginal.

Core medium to rather large, axile, sometimes closed; core lines clasping.
Carpels roundish, pointed cordate, tufted. Seeds rather long, acute, tufted.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine, crisp, tender, moderately
juicy, mild subacid, very good.

Season October to February.

Uses. Cooking, dessert and local market.

BEN DAVIS.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1857:119. fig. 2. Elliott, 1859:124. 3. Adair,
Horticulturist, 15:226. 1860. 2 figs. 4. Downing, Horticulturist, 16:40. 1861.
5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 6. Warder, 1867:585. fig. 7. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt., 1869:40. 8. Downing, 1872:93. fig. 9. Leroy, 1873:126. fig. 10. Barry,
1883:343. 11. Thomas, 1885:230. 12. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288.

BEN DAVIS

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THE AppLes OF NEw York. 69

13. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 14. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Gr. Assn., 26:170.
1894. 15. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 3:4. 18096. fig. 16. Watts,
Tenn. Sta. Bul., 1896:7. 17. Amer. Gard., 18:746. 1897. 18. Waugh, Vt.
Sta. Bul., 61:30. 1807. 19: Taylor, U. S. Div; Pom. Bul.; 7:35. 1808: “zo.
Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 6:36. 1899. 21. Waugh, Gardening,
7:278. 1899. 22. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:130. 1901. fig. of tree. 23.
Waugh, Vt: Sta. An: Rpt, r4:288. oor. 24. Hansen, S. D! Sta. Bul., 76:20:
1902. fig. 25. Stinson, Mo. State Fruit Sta. Bul., 3:24. 1902. 26. Ont. Fr. Gr.
Assn. An. Rpt. «34-108; 1902. 27. Powell and Fulton; U.S. B. Ps I, Bull
48:38. 1903. 28. Budd-Hansen, 1903:45. fig. 29. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bul., 248:112. 1904.

Synonyms. Baltimore Pippin (8, 9). Baltimore Red (8, 9). Baltimore
Red Streak (8,9). Carolina Red Streak (8,9, 11). Funkhouser (8). Ken-
tucky Pippin (8). Kentucky Streak (11). NEw Yorx Pippin (3, 4, 5).
New York Pippin (6, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11). Pepin de New-York (9). Red Pippin
(8). Victoria Pippin (8, 9). Victoria Red (8, 11).

The Ben Davis reigns over a much greater extent of country than
does the Baldwin. It is unquestionably the leading commercial sort
and the most popular apple grown south of the Baldwin region.
Generally speaking, it is the most important variety known in the
apple districts of the vast territory which stretches from the Atlantic
to the Pacific between parallels 32 and 42. It is preeminently suc-
cessful in the Virginias, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Missouri,
Arkansas and portions of adjoining states.

In the more elevated and more northern portions of New York
it is not usually regarded with favor, but in Southeastern New York
the planting of it for commercial purposes has extended until, in
many sections, it now ranks in importance next to Baldwin and
Rhode Island Greening. It is grown to a considerable extent in
various other parts of the state, but in many cases less successfully
because too often the seasons are less favorable to the best develop-
ment of the fruit. Some find it acceptable for home use after the
Baldwin season has closed, but here it is generally regarded as not
good enough in quality for home use. It is often criticised dis-
paragingly on the point of quality. When grown in the South or
Southwest, at its best it is but of second rate quality, and
unquestionably in most portions of New York state the seasons are
usually too short to mature the variety properly. When grown in
the South, the period when it is at its best is comparatively short.
As fruited in New York, it ripens later and keeps later than when

70 THe Apples oF NEw York.

grown farther south. It often keeps here in ordinary storage till
May, and in cold storage till June, or often till July. In the Ben
Davis belt the fruit becomes large and handsomely colored, but in
many portions of New York state it does not range much above
medium in size and color. The fruit is thick-skinned, does not
show bruises easily, and presents a good appearance in the package
after being handled and shipped in the ordinary way.

Nurserymen like it because of its free-growing habit and the ease
and rapidity with which trees of marketable size can be grown. In
the orchard the tree is very hardy, healthy and vigorous. Although
it does not appear to be as long-lived as Baldwin, it comes into
bearing at an early age, and usually bears annually and abundantly.
Often it makes a good growth, even while bearing good crops. The
top is rather dense, and in pruning, particularly in the case of young
trees, especial care should be taken to keep it open and spreading
so as to give the best possible opportunity for the fruit to color well.
Its habit of blossoming late in the spring is an advantage in some
regions because the weather is then more apt to be favorable during
the pollinating period, and the result is that Ben Davis in such cases
often bears good crops, when with other varieties there is more or
less of a crop failure.

Historical. The origin of this apple will probably never be definitely known.
It has been variously credited to Tennessee (16,19), Kentucky (1), and Virginia
(7, 16. 19). It is supposed to have originated about the beginning of the last
century. This view is supported by the fact that before the Civil War it had
spread throughout the states just mentioned, and following the routes of
migration had been carried into Southern Indiana, Illinois and pretty gener-
ally disseminated throughout Missouri and Arkansas. Downing does not
mention it in his first edition, but it is described in the first revision (1) of
his book on The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. Warder (6) refers to
it as a comparatively new sort in Ohio and the Northwest but common in the
South and Southwest. During the last quarter century it has been dissemi-
nated extensively through all the apple-growing portions of the United States.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, rather rank-growing, especially when young, forming
coarse strong wood which seldom breaks under heavy crops; branches strong,
with nunierous rather short laterals and spurs, often inclined to bend or droop.
Form upright becoming roundish, and in old trees rather spreading. Twigs
long or very long, straight or slightly curved, moderately stout; internodes
long. Bark bright, rather dark brownish-red, continuously mottled with fine,
thin scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels scattering, round, sometimes oblong,

THe AppLes oF NEw York. gi

raised, of a clear straw color, moderately conspicuous. Buds medium to large
or broad, obtuse, appressed, sunken in the bark, very sparingly pubescent.

Leaves large, long, rather broad.
FRUIT.

Fruit usually above medium to large. Form roundish, varying from some-
what conic to somewhat oblong, broad, rounded at the base, often somewhat
elliptical or slightly irregular, sides sometimes unequal; pretty uniform in
shape and in size. Stem medium to long, rather slender. Cavity acute,
moderately deep to deep, of medium width, nearly symmetrical, often partly
russeted or with outspreading rays of thin greenish russet. Calyx medium,
closed or sometimes partly open; lobes rather short, of medium width, acute.
Basin abrupt. medium in width and depth, varying to shallow and narrow
and rather obtuse, sometimes furrowed, usually oblique.

Skin tough, waxy, bright, smooth, usually glossy, clear yellow or greenish,
mottled and washed with bright red, striped and splashed with bright dark
carmine. Dots inconspicuous, small, scattering, light, whitish or brown. Pre-
vailing effect bright deep red or red striped.

Calyx tube varies from short and cone-shaped to rather wide and funnel-
form with rather long cylinder and frequently with fleshy projection of pistil
point into its base. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium, axile, closed or partly open; core lines clasping when the tube
is funnel-form, meeting or slightly clasping when it is cone-shaped. Carpels
rather flat, roundish or inclined to obovate, very emarginate, mucronate. Seeds
large, long, irregular, rather wide, plump, acute, dark brown.

Flesh whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, not very
crisp, somewhat aromatic, juicy, mildly subacid, good.

Season January to June.

DIFFERENT Types oF BEN Davis.

Some assert that it is possible to recognize as many as four distinct types
or strains of Ben Davis. So far as we know none of these types, if such
exist, is being kept separate under propagation. It is certain that Ben Davis
shows great variations in fruit in different parts of the country, in some
cases so much so that those unfamiliar with it would not recognize fruit of it
from different regions as being of the same variety.

Various seedlings of Ben Davis which have been introduced into cultivation
show more or less resemblance to the parent and to each other. In the case
of Gano and Black Ben Davis a notable controversy has arisen among nursery-
men and fruit growers as to whether these are distinct varieties or identical.
The Gano is known to some extent in New York. It resembles its parent
Ben Davis very closely in the nursery, but it is unmistakably distinct from
it in fruit. So far as we have tested it, it seems to be better adapted to New
York conditions than is the Ben Davis.

Rutledge, Arkansas Belle, Etris and Eicke also belong in the Ben Davis

group.
BENTLEY.

REFERENCES. I. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:100. 1851. fig. 2. Downing,
1857:121. 3. Elliott, 1858:122. 4. Warder, 1867:558. 5. Thomas, 1885:227.
6. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 7. Budd-Hansen, 1903:47.

SYNONYMS. BENTLEY SWEET (4). BENTLEY’S SWEET (1, 2, 3, 5).

72 Tue AppLes OF NEw York.

Tree hardy, varies from moderately productive to very productive and
comes into bearing rather young. The fruit is very sweet and keeps very late
but is not attractive in color and ranks second rate in size and quality. It is
not recommended for planting.

Historical. It is supposed to have originated in Virginia. It is but little

known in New York.
TREE.

Tree medium size, spreading, a rather slow grower.

FRUIT.

Fruit variable, sometimes above medium to large, averages below medium.
Form roundish to oblong, often inclined to conic, sometimes irregular and
obscurely ribbed, sides often unequal; fairly uniform in shape. Stem short
to medium. Cavity deep, wide, often slightly furrowed or compressed, some-
times with greenish russet rays. Calyx large, closed or partly open. Basin
abrupt, often oblique, moderately wide, moderately deep, often furrowed and
somewhat wrinkled.

Skin smooth, rather clear pale yellow, mottled with red and striped with
bright carmine. Dots numerous, conspicuous, dark brown. Prevailing color
thin striped red.

Calyx tube rather large, sometimes long and funnel-shaped with core lines
clasping, but sometimes short with core lines meeting. Stamens medium to
marginal.

Core medium to small, axile, closed or partly open. Carpels roundish to
obovate, emarginate. Seeds large, rather wide, plump, obtuse, black.

Flesh whitish slightly tinged with yellow, firm, rather fine, moderately juicy,
sweet, crisp, good.

Season. December to May or June.

BERGEN,

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1876:44 of app.

But little known in New York. Originated on the farm of Jessie Griswold,
Bergen, N. Y. Fruit medium sized, partly red, mild subacid, good either for

dessert or culinary use (1).
BESS POOL.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1872:95. 2. Hogg, 1884:21.
Synonym. Best Pool (1).

An old English apple but little known in this country. Above medium size;
clear yellow, washed and striped with red; attractive in appearance. Flesh
white, juicy, subacid. Season November to March. Not a reliable cropper.
Esteemed in England both for culinary and dessert uses (2).

BETHEL.

REFERENCES. 1. Hoskins, U. S. Agr. Rpt., 1886:274. 2. Hoskins, Rural
N. Y., 47:249. 1888. figs. 3. Bailey, 4n. Hort., 1892:235. 4. An. Pom. Soc.
Cat., 1899:15. 5. Waugh, Vit. Sta. An. Rept., 14:288. 1901. 6. Munson, Me.
Sta. Bul., 82:83. 1902. 7. Budd-Hansen, 1903:48.

BERHEE

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 73

This shows its kinship to the Blue Pearmain in the quality, tex-
ture, form, conspicuous dots and color of its fruit. Sometimes it
has a rather dull appearance, but it may attain a bright and
attractive, though dark red, color. The quality is fairly good. It
will not bear rough handling, and is suitable rather for local markets
than for shipping long distances. The tree shows a rather weak
development of roots in the nursery, but in the orchard becomes
moderately vigorous and generally quite productive. It has proved
very hardy in Northern New York, and is recommended for planting
for home use and local markets in that section and in the more
elevated regions of the state, where varieties of the grade of hardi-
ness of Baldwin are apt to show winter injury. In such localities
some prefer to grow it on warm soil or sod, to favor the development
of better color. It is locally profitable. It is healthy, long-lived
and a reliable cropper, usually comes into bearing rather young and
bears annually. There is apt to be considerable loss from dropping
of the fruit. i

Some have thought that it is identical with an apple grown in
Northern New York under the name Stone. The two varieties, as
we have received them, are certainly distinct, but both belong to

the Blue Pearmain group.

Historical. It originated in Bethel, Vermont (1). During the last twenty-
five years it has become scattered throughout Northern New York, Northern
New England and portions of Canada.

TREE.

Tree medium to rather large, moderately vigorous or vigorous. Form
round, spreading. Twigs spreading, below medium in length, usually curved,
somewhat slender; internodes medium. Bark brownish-red, exceptionally
mingled with olive-green, blotched with gray; sparingly pubescent. Lenticels
not very conspicuous, moderately abundant, rather small, roundish. Buds
rather small, obtuse, appressed, pubescent.

FRuIT.

Fruit large. Form roundish, slightly conic, somewhat angular or irregularly
elliptical. Stem short, rather slender. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep,
rather broad, rather symmetrical, with red russet often outspreading. Calyx
pubescent, medium to rather large, partly open or closed; lobes rather narrow,
acute. Basin rather sliallow to moderately deep, moderately wide, slightly
furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth; good deep yellow, washed and mottled with red
and striped with purplish carmine, becoming very dark red in highly colored

74 Tue Appies or New York.

specimens. Dots numerous, conspicuous, russet or light, many small, many
large and areolar. Prevailing effect somewhat striped.

Calyx tube very large, wide, somewhat funnel-shaped with a short cylinder.
Stamens median to basal.

Core large, somewhat abaxile, open or sometimes closed; core lines some-
what clasping. Carpels broad, roundish ovate, emarginate, tufted. Seeds
large, rather wide, long, acute to acuminate, tufted, medium brown.

Flesh yellowish, firm, coarse, crisp, moderately tender, moderately juicy,
mild subacid, fair to good.

Season November to midwinter or possibly March.

Uses. Baking, dessert and local market.

BETHLEHEMITE,

REFERENCES. I. Elliott, 1858:69. fig. 2. Warder, 1867:423. fig. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871:6. 4. Downing, 1872:96. fig. 5. Thomas, 1885:231.
SYNONYM. BETHLEMITE (2, 4).

This is an apple of the Newtown Spitzenburg type but it is inferior to
that variety in size and color and is not better in quality. When well grown
it ranks good to very good for either dessert or culinary uses, but it does not
always develop good quality. It is not recommended for planting in New
York.

Origin. It was first brought to notice in Bethlehem, Ohio (1) from which
town it takes its name. Its origin is obscure. It is but little known in New
York state.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form upright spreading, somewhat open. Twigs
short, stout; internodes short. Bark olive-green, mingled with dark red,
covered with light scarf-skin, very pubescent. Lenticels numerous, large,
oblong, raised, conspicuous. Buds large, brcad, obtuse, appressed, pubescent.
Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or below, rarely above medium size. Form oblate to roundish
conic, often obscurely ribbed, sides sometimes unequal; fairly uniform in
shape and size. Stem medium to rather long, rather thick. Cavity acute to
acuminate, wide, deep, often symmetrical, sometimes appressed or lipped and
covered with thin greenish, outspreading russet. Calyx rather large, closed
or partly open; lobes often separated at the base, often erect, wide, long, acute,
conspicuous. Basin rather shallow to moderately deep, moderately wide, some-
what abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin rather smooth, pale yellow or greenish, washed, mottled and striped
with red. Color rather dull and unattractive. Dots distinct, large to very
small, gray or russet and near the basin very numerous and often submerged.

Calyx tube wide, large, cone-shaped, or approaching funnel-form. Stamens
median to basal.

Core small, somewhat abaxile; cells usually symmetrical and partly open;
core lines meeting. Carpels short, concave, sometimes slightly tufted, wide
Seeds short, plump, obtuse, dark reddish-brown, sometimes tufted, numerous.

Flesh whitish with slight green or yellow tinge, firm, fine-grained, tender,
crisp, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic, good to very good.

Seasen November to March.

THE AppLes or NEw York. 75

BILLY BOND.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1872:90. 2. Thomas, 1885:503. 3. Not listed
by Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234.
SyNonyMs. BELLE BONDE (1). BELLE BONNE (2). Billy Bond (1, 2).

Fruit rather attractive, being mottled, shaded and splashed with
red over a yellow background. It is quite uniform in size and
shape. It is desirable for cooking and evaporating, but is not much
esteemed for dessert because it ranks but second rate in quality.
In Wayne county it is regarded by many as a profitable commercial
variety. It comes into bearing young and is a reliable cropper with
a marked tendency to bear annually. The tree is a good grower,

both in orchard and nursery.

Historical. Downing mentions a report that this apple had its origin in
France in 1790, but in Wayne county where it was first brought to notice, it
is claimed by some that it originated in the town of Lyons with a man whose
name, Billy Bond, became attached to the variety. After it was disseminated
this name evidently became confused with that of Belle et Bonne or Belle
Bonne a very different apple, and so it came to be called variously Belle Bonde,
the name which Downing accepted as correct (1), Belle Bonne, which Thomas
sanctioned (2), Belle Bend, Billy Bend, etc. It has been grown to a limited
extent in Wayne county, and scattering trees of it are occasionally found in
other parts of Western New York. Bailey does not list it in his inventory
of North American Apples in 1892 (3). It has never received much attention
from nurserymen nor has it gained a prominent place in commercial orchards.

TREE.

Tree large, rather vigorous. Form upright or somewhat spreading. Twigs
medium in length, rather erect, thick. Bark reddish-brown mingled with
olive-green; internodes short, pubescent. Lenticels numerous to medium size,
usually roundish, conspicuous. Buds medium to large, broad, plump, obtuse,
slightly pubescent. Foliage moderately dense; Jeaves medium to large, often
broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit usually above medium to rather large. Form roundish inclined to
oblong, or sometimes to conic, somewhat elliptical or irregular; sides some-
times unequal, often broadly or obscurely ribbed, axis often oblique. Stem
medium to rather long, rather slender. Cavity acute, deep, moderately wide,
compressed or furrowed, often partly russeted or with outspreading rays of
thin russet, sometimes lipped. Calyx small to medium, closed or partly open.
Basin often oblique, moderately wide, rather abrupt, indistinctly furrowed,
varying from rather shallow to moderately deep.

Skin smooth, somewhat waxy, bright yellow, mottled and shaded with red,
splashed with lively deep purplish-red. Dots whitish, or russet, rather numer-
ous. Prevailing effect striped red, attractive.

Calyx tube long, rather narrow, funnel-form. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium to rather small, axile, closed or partly open; core lines clasp-

Vor. I— 4

76 THe Apples OF NEw York.

ing the cylinder of the calyx tube. Carpels roundish to roundish ovate, slightly
emarginate. Seeds rather broad, acute to obtuse, light brown, medium size,
plump.

Flesh nearly white, with slight yellow tinge, sometimes stained with red,
firm, moderately coarse-grained, rather tender, rather crisp, juicy, with a
peculiar rather pleasant but not high flavor, subacid, becoming mild subacid
when fully ripe, good.

Season October to January. The fruit is sometimes kept till March but
after midwinter it deteriorates in quality and color.

BEACK ANNET TE:

REFERENCES. I. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:30. 1902.

A variety which in 1886 was introduced under this name from Marietta,
O., into Northern lowa has proved very hardy there. Because of its hardiness
it is considered worthy of attention in the Northwest (1). Its season extends
into the spring. Possibly it is distinct from the Black Annette formerly
grown in some parts of New York, which is a late fall apple.

BLACK BEN DAVIS.

REFERENCES. I. Amer. Gard., 23:403. 1902. 2. Van Deman, Rural N. Y.,
61:717. 1902. 3. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 62:500. 1903. 4. Budd-Hansen,
1903:50. 5. Ark. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1904. 6. Nat. Nurseryman, 12:18, 19. 1904.
7. Wickson, Western Fruit Grower, 1904:124.

This is a variety of the Ben Davis type, very brilliant in color
and decidedly attractive in appearance. In size and color it is inter-
mediate between Jonathan and Ben Davis. It is sometimes obscurely
striped, but more often it shows a solid, deep red color somewhat
like that of the Jonathan. As grown in this state it is but little
better than Ben Davis in quality. It appears to be as good a keeper
as Ben Davis. It has not yet been sufficiently tested in New York
state to demonstrate whether or not it will be valuable in this region,
but it appears sufficiently promising for commercial purposes to
merit attention in those parts of the state where Ben Davis succeeds
best.

Historical. It is said to have originated about 1880 on the farm of M. Black
in Washington county, Arkansas (5, 7). It has been claimed by some that
it is identical with Gano. It certainly resembles Gano very closely, but the

preponderance of evidence seems to favor the opinion that these two varieties
are of distinct origin (7).
TREE.
Young trees are upright and vigorous, becoming somewhat spreading, rather
dense; branches moderately stout, curved. Does not resemble Ben Davis so
closely in tree as Gano does, being more upright and having less willow-like

BLACK BEN DAVIS

- OF

THE ApPLes oF NEW York. 77

lateral twigs. Twigs medium in length, straight, stout; internodes medium.
Bark dark brown, tinged with olive-green, mottled with scarf-skin; pubescent.
As grown here is darker than Gano. Lenticels scattering, large, round, raised,
conspicuous. Buds large, broad, obtuse, appressed, set deep in bark, pubescent.
Leaves medium, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to above, sometimes large, averaging marketable size. Form
roundish ovate to roundish conic, pretty regular. Stem medium to rather
long and slender. Cavity acute, moderately deep to deep, of medium width,
nearly symmetrical, usually with some greenish or orange-red russet which
often spreads beyond the cavity in broken rays. Calyx rather large, usually
open or partly so; lobes rather broad, obtuse. Basin often somewhat oblique,
rather shallow and obtuse to moderately deep and abrupt, often slightly fur-
rowed and somewhat wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, somewhat glossy, brilliant red almost completely
overspreading a clear pale yellow ground color, becoming dark purplish-red
on the exposed cheek. Dots numerous, very small, red or gray, sometimes
with russet point. Prevailing effect brilliant red, often with some contrasting
clear pale yellow.

Calyx tube varies from short cone-shape to somewhat funnel-form, with
fleshy pistil point projecting into the base. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium to rather small, axile or nearly so, closed; core lines clasping
the funnel cylinder, or when the calyx tube is cone-shaped, nearly meeting.
Carpels roundish, elongated, emarginate. Seeds rather long, obtuse to acute,
dark brown.

Flesh whitish, firm, somewhat coarse, moderately crisp, not tender, moder-
ately juicy, mild subacid, a little aromatic, good in quality.

Season January to April or May.

BLACK GILLIFLOWER,.

REFERENCES. 1. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:49. 1841. 2. Mag. Hort., 13:106.
1847. 3. Thomas, 1849:164. 4. Cole, 1849:126. 5. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 16:64,
198. 1850. fig. 6. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:61. 1851. col. pl. & fig. 7.
Downing, 1857:208. 8. Hooper, 1857:18, 76. 9g. Elliott, 1858:167. 10. Warder,
1867:662. fig. 11. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 12. Bailey, An.
Hort., 1892:235. 13. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:289. 1901. 14. Powell
and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:38. 1903. 15. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bul., 248:113. 1904.

Synonyms. Black Gilliflower (5). Black Spitz (13). Gillifower (14, 15).
Rep GILLIFLOWER (1, 5).

A dessert apple which is very distinct in color, form and flavor.
The color is yellowish or greenish, sometimes almost completely
covered with red, which in highly colored specimens becomes dull
purplish and very dark, as recognized in the name “ Black ’”’ Gilli-
flower. The color of the fruit is often much darker than it appears

in the accompanying plate. The flesh at its best is but moderately

78 THE APPLES OF NEW York.

juicy and soon becomes dry, but it has a peculiar aroma which is
pleasing to many. It is not sour enough to be very valuable for
cooking, but it is sometimes used for baking. It is fast becoming
obsolete in most parts of the state, but in some sections the planting
of it in commercial orchards is being extended because it is found
profitable to grow it in limited quantities for southern markets. On
good soil the tree is a good, vigorous grower and a reliable cropper.
The apples grow fair and smooth and there is little loss from
unmarketable fruit.

Historical. Black Gilliflower is supposed to be an American variety. It
was brought into the central and western portions of the state more than a
hundred years ago by the early settlers. It is evident that it was known in
Connecticut as early as the latter part of the eighteenth century (2).1 Manning
(1) mentions it in 1841 under the name Red Gilliflower and Hovey (5) de-
scribed it in 1850 under the same name, giving Black Gilliflower as a synonym.
It has generally been known under the simple name Gilliflower, which name
usually appears in the market quotations of this variety.

TREE.

Tree large, moderately vigorous. Form rather upright spreading with
moderately open top. Twigs long, slender, pubescent; internodes short to
medium. Bark dark olive-green and reddish-brown with thin gray scarf-skin.
Lenticels rather numerous, small to medium, roundish or elongated, raised.
Buds medium, obtuse or acute, quite pubescent, appressed. Leaves rather
long, medium to above medium in size.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large, seldom very large; very uniform in size and shape.
Form long ovate to oblong conic, somewhat ribbed; axis sometimes a little
oblique. Stem medium to long, moderately thick. Cavity usually acuminate,
rather wide, moderately deep to deep, sometimes lipped but usually symmetrical
with red russet or greenish outspreading rays. Calyx medium or below,
closed. Basin often oblique, usually very shallow and obtuse, varying some-
times to moderately deep and abrupt, furrowed and much wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, nearly smooth; yellow or greenish-yellow, striped or
mostly covered with red, deepening to dark purplish-red or almost black,
obscurely striped with darker crimson, and with streaks of bluish-gray scarf-
skin, especially toward the cavity, giving almost the effect of a dull bloom.
Dots numerous, gray, rather small, not conspicuous, somewhat rough. Pre-
vailing effect in highly colored specimens dull dark purplish.

Calyx tube large, wide, cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens median or
above.

Core large, decidedly axile. closed; core lines somewhat clasping. Carpels
very long ovate, tapering both ways, emarginate, much tufted. Seeds often

1Cited from Bateman, Ohio Cultivator, Aug. 1, 1846. Warder gives same citation,
1847 :25.

BLACK GILLIFLOWER

THe Apples OF NEw York. 79

abortive; when well developed they are above medium, acute to acuminate,
somewhat tufted.

Flesh whitish or slightly tinged with yellow, firm, rather tender, rather
coarse, moderately juicy eventually becoming dry, mild subacid, rich, peculiarly
aromatic, good for dessert and special markets.

Season October to January or February.

BEACK /ZASEY.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:139. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:121. 3. Downing,
1845:99. 4. Horticulturist, 4:470. 1849. 5. Thomas, 1851:63. 6. Hooper,
1857:18. 7. Elliott, 1858:123. 8. Warder, 1867:653. fig. 9. dm. Pom. Soc.
Cat., 1873. 10. Ill. Sta. Bul., 45:327. 1896. 11. Budd-Hansen, 1903:49.

Synonyms. Buack APPLE (1, 2, 3,5, 6,7). Black American (7). Dodge’s
Black (7). JERSEY BLAcK (4, 10). Warder (8) describes a JERSEY BLACK
which he believes is not the Black Apple of Coxe and Downing. Jersey
Black (7).

Fruit medium, dark red, almost black. A pleasant flavored, dessert apple.

Origin. There are several varieties which have been disseminated under
the name Black Apple and more or less confusion exists with regard to their
correct names. Black Jersey is generally believed to be identical with the
Black Apple described and disseminated by Coxe (1), although Warder differs
from this view (8). It is an old variety now practically obsolete.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous, productive, with slender branches eventually be-
coming drooping. Twigs rather slender to rather stout, rather pubescent,
clear olive-green mingled with red, irregularly overlaid with grayish scarf-
skin; internodes long. Lemnticels conspicuous, numerous, raised, mostly below
medium, elongated. Buds medium, not very prominent, broadly acute to
obtuse, adhering and slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium. Form roundish, somewhat irregular; sides somewhat un-
equal; pretty uniform in size and shape. Stem variable, sometimes knobbed,
often inserted under a lip. Cavity irregular, moderately deep to deep, acute.
Calyx rather small, closed or partly open. Basin rather wide, somewhat
abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled, shallow.

Skin very dark red, almost black, shading to a wine red over yellow, and
somewhat streaked in the lighter portions; sometimes it shows a whitish
bloom; attractive. Dots many, whitish or light, rather large, showing through
the red skin.

Calyx tube conical.

Core medium or above, usually axile, closed or somewhat open; core lines
clasping. Carpels elongated ovate to obcordate, concave, slightly tufted.
Seeds acute, plump, dark.

Flesh yellowish-white often tinged with red, juicy, crisp, a little coarse, sub-
acid becoming mildly sweet, aromatic, agreeable in flavor but not high in
quality.

Season November to January or February,

80 THE Apples OF NEW YorK.

BLUE PEARMAIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Kenrick, 1833:42. 2. Manning, 1838:55. 3. Manning,
Mag. Hort., 6:172. 1840. 4. Downing, 1845:122. 5. Phoenix, Horticulturist,
1:361. 1846. 6. Cole, 1849:120. 7. Thomas, 1849:164. 8. Emmons, WNat.
Hist. N. Y.,.3:69. 1851. col. pl. No. 54:. 9. Hooper, 1857219" rae aons
1858:122. 11. dm. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 12. Barry, 1883:343. 13. Lyon,
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 14. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 15. Waugh,
Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:289. 10901. 16. Can. Hort., 25:49: 10902, 17. Budd-
Hansen, 1903:52. fig. 18. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.

Synonym. Prolific Beauty (18) incorrectly.

Occasional trees are found in the oldest home orchards of the
state. It is rarely planted now. In some localities it bears well,
but more often it is not a reliable cropper. It is apt to have a pretty
high percentage of unmarketable fruit. The fruit is of mild flavor
and does not rank high in quality. The skin is thick. When well
colored it is beautiful, though not brilliant, being overcast with a
dull bluish bloom. In common storage it does not keep late, and
by January it often becomes shriveled (18). It is not a good market
fruit and is not recommended for commercial planting.

Historical. This is an old variety of uncertain origin but it is supposed
to be an American variety (13). On account of its hardiness it has often been
planted in the home orchards of the more elevated regions of New York and
New England during the last 75 years. Probably it has been in cultivation
for a century or more. Kenrick (1) mentions it as common in the vicinity
of Boston in the early part of the 19th century.

TREE.

Tree becomes moderately large to large, moderately vigorous or on rich soil
sometimes vigorous. Form spreading. In the nursery it is a slow, stiff
grower (5). Twigs below medium, rather stout, nearly straight, rather blunt
at tips, with large terminal buds; internodes medium to long. Bark very dark,
being of a dull brownish-red; scarf-skin varies from thin to rather heavy;
quite pubescent. Lenticels inconspicuous, scattering, below medium, roundish,
raised. Buds above medium, moderately projecting, roundish, slightly pubes-
cent, free. Leaves broad, coarsely serrated.

FRvIT.

Fruit above medium to very large; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish or inclined to oblate, sometimes a little inclined to conic, irregular,
often obscurely ribbed, sometimes distinctly furrowed from the cavity nearly
to the basin. Stem medium length to rather short, rather thick. Cavity
moderately deep, obscurely furrowed, usually covered with orange-russet or
greenish-russet. Calyx partly open; lobes acute. Basin medium in depth and
width, with concentric gray or russet lines, obscurely furrowed.

Skin a little rough; yellow, washed and mottled with red, often deepening
on one side to nearly solid red, splashed and striped with deep purplish-car-

BLUE PEARMAIN

_

THE APPLES OF NEw York. 8I

mine and overspread with an abundant blue bloom from which the variety
takes its name. Dots numerous, small, pale, mingled with others which are
conspicuous, very large, gray with russet center and often also mingled with
irregular lines or flecks of dull green or russet. The large dots are character-
istic of this variety as also of other varieties of the Blue Pearmain group.
Calyx tube elongated conical approaching funnel-form. Stamens basal to

median.
Core rather large, nearly axile, closed or somewhat open; core lines clasping

or, with modified calyx tube, nearly meeting. Carpels broad, elongated or
roundish, slightly tufted. Seeds medium or rather long, acuminate, rather
light brown.

Flesh yellowish, moderately firm, rather coarse, moderately juicy, mild sub-
acid, decidedly and agreeably aromatic, good.

Season. Comes into season in October. It may keep till March but often
begins to shrivel after January.

Use. Home and local market.

BOGDANOFF GLASS.

REFERENCES. I. Budd, Ja. Agr. Coll. Bul., 1885:39. 2. Lyon, U. S. Div.
Pom. Bul., 2:40. 1888. 3. Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 49:742. 1890. figs. 4. Budd,
Ta. Agr. Coll. Bul., 1892:5. 5. Budd, Ja. Sta. Bul., 19:539. 1892. 6. Ibid,
31:332. 1895. 7. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:33. 1902. 8. Budd-Hansen,
1903:53. fig. 9. Can. Hort., 26:12. 1903.

SYNONYMS. BOGDANOFF (3, 7, 8,9). BOGDANOFF’s GLAss (2). SKLANKA
(6). SKLANKA BOGDANOFF (4, 5). STEKLIANKA BOGDANOFF (1, 2).

A green or yellow apple sometimes with a faint blush, desirable
in size and attractive in appearance, but not ranking high in
quality. On account of its hardiness it may have some value in the
northern portions of the apple belt.

Professor Budd attached the name Bogdanoff to several varieties
which he obtained from the Bogdanoff estates in Russia. The
name Sklanka is used in Russia as a class name. The adoption of
either name alone is open to objection. We prefer, therefore, to
follow Lyon (2) in assigning to this variety the name Bogdanoff

Glass.

Historical. Imported from Russia for the Iowa Agricultural College by
Prof. J. L. Budd about 25 years ago and disseminated by him from that
institution.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, curved and moderately stout.
Form upright spreading and rather open. Twigs medium to long, moderately
thick ; internodes pretty long. Bark clear dark reddish-brown or nearly black,
scarcely pubescent but with noticeable scarf-skin. Lenticels numerous, medium
in size to small, elongated, raised. Buds large to medium, broad, plump,
obtuse, slightly pubescent, free. Scales often parted. Leaves large, broad.

82 THE APPLES OF NEW York.

FRUuIT.

Fruit large; uniform in size and shape. Form roundish conic sometimes
approaching roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, usually symmetrical, some-
times elliptical or irregular. Stem short, thick, often swollen at the base,
sometimes knobbed. Cazity acuminate, moderately shallow to deep, rather
broad, somewhat furrowed or compressed, often somewhat russeted, with
narrow broken outspreading russet rays. Calyx medium, usually closed; lobes
acute to acuminate. Basin variable; often abrupt, medium in width and depth,
somewhat furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, waxy, somewhat glossy, green becoming bright
pale vellow, occasionally with faint bronze blush. Dots numerous, inconspicu-
ous, mostly submerged, white or green.

Calyx tube rather large, long, cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core medium or below, axile, closed or partly open; cells often unsymmet-
rical; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels smooth, very broadly
obovate, somewhat emarginate. Sceds moderately light reddish-brown, smooth,
above medium, wide, plump, obtuse to acute.

Flesh nearly white, rather firm, moderately fine, crisp, moderately tender,
juicy, brisk subacid, fair to possibly good.

Season November to February.

BOIKEN,

REFERENCES. 1. Oberdieck, Jl]. Handb. der Obstk., 1:212. 1859. 2. Berg-
huis, 1868: col. pl. No. 80. 3. Leroy, 1873:144. 4. Lauche, 1: col. pl. No. 5.
1882. 5. Budd, Ja. Sta. Bul., 19:542. 1892. 6. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235.
7. Bredsted, 1893:205. 8. Bronson, IV’. N. Y. Hort. Soc., 1893:113. 9. Troop,
Ind. Sta. Bul., 53:124. 1894. 10. Buckman, Rural N. Y., 54:806. 1895. I1.
Willard, Rural N. Y., 55:751. 1896. 12. Thomas, 1897:288. fig. 13. Rural
N. Y., 57:285. 1808. 14..la. Sta. Bul., 41:70, 85. 1800.4 75. earl ee
60:342. 1901. 16. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:274. 17. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul.,
76:33. 1902. 18. Munson, MWe. Sta. Bul., 82:89. 1902. 19. Budd-Hansen,
1903:53. 20. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.

Synonyms. BorKEN APFEL (2, 4). BOIKENAPPLE (16).

This is a very attractive, bright yellow apple, usually with a beau-
tiful blush. It is justly regarded as one of the most valuable of the
recent introductions for growing in commercial orchards, on account
of the vigor and health of the foliage, hardiness and productiveness
of the tree, and the desirable size, attractive appearance and fairly
good quality of the fruit. Its flavor is a rather brisk subacid. It is
hardly rich enough in quality or mild enough in flavor to excel
as a dessert fruit, but it is desirable for culinary use and for market.
It appears to be better adapted than Rhode Island Greening for
storage (20). It makes very light colored evaporated stock. The

tree comes into bearing rather young and is a good, reliable cropper.

BOIKEN

*))

THE APPLES oF NEw York. 83

The foliage is remarkably healthy and the fruit is pretty resistant
to the scab.

Historical. This is a German variety which has long been known under
cultivation in Prussia (1, 2). It is said to have been named after a former
dike warden (4). It has been quite extensively disseminated in this country
within the last decade, having been introduced some years earlier (8). In
New York commercial orchards the plantings of it are now being gradually
extended.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches short, stout and crooked. Form some-
what spreading, rather dense. wigs medium in length or rather long, curved,
pretty stout, especially at the tips; internodes short to medium. Bark brown-
ish-red, streaked and conspicuously blotched with grayish scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, rather conspicuous, moderately abundant, irregular in
shape and size, often large, oblong, sometimes roundish. Buds large or above
medium size, broad, rather plump, obtuse to nearly acute, projecting, free,
pubescent. Leaves large, broad.

FRUuIT.

Fruit above medium to very large; fairly uniform in shape but rather uneven
in size. Form somewhat oblate, being broad at the base, conical, often some-
what ribbed, pretty symmetrical. Stem long to medium. Cavity obtuse to
acute, very broad, furrowed, sometimes compressed, partly colored with thin
brownish-russet. Calyx large, closed or somewhat open; lobes acute. Basin
sometimes oblique, moderately wide to rather narrow, abrupt, moderately deep,
furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, waxy, clear bright pale yellow, often with sharply con-
trasting brilliant pinkish-red blush. Dots numerous, rather small, often red
areolar, with whitish or russet center, not very conspicuous, often submerged.
Prevailing effect yellow relieved more or less by pinkish-red, not striped. The
fruit is decidedly attractive in appearance for a yellow apple.

Calyx tube large, funnel-form, or approaching cone-shape, often extending
to the core. Stamens median.

Core rather large, open or partly so, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical ;
core lines clasping. Carpels decidedly concave, very broad, elliptical, slightly
emarginate, tufted. Seeds medium, plump, obtuse to acute, dark.

Flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, fine-grained, very juicy, sprightly, brisk
subacid, not high in quality, good.

Season November to February or March. In cold storage its season extends
to May or later (20),

BORSDORF.

REFERENCES. 1. Ronalds, 1831:26. 2. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 183%. 3.
Kenrick, 1833:72. 4. Downing, 1845:99. 5. Thomas, 1849:178. 6. Emmons,
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:72. 1851. 7. Elliott, 1858:167. 8. Berghuis, 1868: col. pl.
No. 73. 9. Downing, 1872:103. 10. Leroy, 1873:150. 11. Montreal Hort.
Soc., 7:156. 1881. 12. Hogg, 1884:26. 13. Hoskins, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1886:
279. 14. Hoskins, Garden and Forest, 3:516. 1890. 15. Budd, Ja. Sta. Bul.,
19:541. 1892. 16. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 17. Bredsted, 1893:301. 18.
Til, Sta. Bul., 45:315. 1896. 19. Munson, Me. Sta. An, Rept., 12:73. 1896.

84 Tue Apples OF NEW YORK.

20. Can. Hort., 20:412. 1897. 21. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:173. 22. Munson,
Me. Sia. An. Rpt., 18:83, 86. 1902 (also Bul. 82). 23. Powell and Fulton,
U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:38. 1903. 24. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul, 248:
TI3. 1904.

Synonyms. BorsporF (6). BORSDORFER (3, 8,14, 21). BORSDORFER (12).
Borsdorff (7). Borsporrr (5). BORSDORFFER (2). BorsporFFER (1, 6, 7,
18). Borsdorffer (5). EpetzorsporFer (8). King George the Third (7).
KinG GEORGE THE THIRD (1). Queen's (7).

A German variety, which is valued in many parts of Europe as
a dessert fruit of first quality. The tree is very hardy and very
productive. Although it was introduced into this country many
years ago, it has not won recognition either in the home orchards
or in commercial orchards. It is not recommended for planting in
New York state because it is less desirable here than other well-

known varieties.

Historical. Hogg states (12) that, “It is believed to have originated either
at a village of Misnia, called Borsdorf or at a place of the same name near
Leipsic. According to Forsyth it was such a favorite with Queen Charlotte
that she had a considerable quantity of them annually imported from Germany
for her own private use. It is one of the earliest recorded varieties of the
continental authors, but does not seem to have been known in this country
before the close of the last century. It was first grown in the Brompton Park
Nursery in 1785. It is mentioned by Cordus, in 1561, as being cultivated in
Misnia, which circumstance has no doubt given rise to the synonym ‘ Reinette
de Misnie.’ ”

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, rather slender, with numerous
small laterals. Form roundish, dense. Twigs short, straight, slender; inter-
nodes short. Bark dull reddish-brown, quite pubescent. Lenticels incon-
spicuous, scattering, very small, oblong. Buds small, narrow, acute, free, quite
pubescent. Leaves medium in size, rather broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium to small. Form oblate, somewhat ribbed, sides slightly
unequal, pretty uniform in size and shape. Stem long to very long, slender,
often inclined obliquely. Cavity moderately shallow to rather deep, wide,
obtuse, often a little furrowed and somewhat russeted. Calyx rather large,
usually partly open. Basin usually rather shallow, wide, and obtuse, some-
what ridged and slightly wrinkled.

Skin yellow, partly washed with rather dull light scarlet and often marked
with streaks of russet and inconspicuous capillary netted russet lines. Dots
scattering, often large and irregular, gray or russet.

Calyx tube short, wide, cone-shape or urn-shape, with a fleshy projection
of the pistil into its base. Stamens marginal to median.

Core medium to rather small, axile, closed or nearly so; core lines meeting.
Carpels broad, narrowing sharply towards the apex, nearly truncate at base,

THe Apples OF NEw York. 85
slightly emarginate. Seeds numerous, medium to small, plump, acute, com-
pactly filling the cells.

Flesh whitish, tinged slightly with yellow, rather coarse, moderately crisp,
rather tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, becoming nearly sweet, aromatic.
Season November to February.

BOSTON RUSSET.

This name is one of the old synonyms for Roxbury Russet but in the vicinity
of Albion it has been applied to another variety which, so far as we can dis-
cover, has not been described in any publication. The fruit is roundish conic,
regular, with medium cavity and basin. Skin pale yellowish-green, irregularly
overspread with thin russet. Dots numerous, small. Flesh tinged slightiy
with yellow, moderately tender, mild subacid, not more than good in quality.
Not considered desirable for commercial purposes.

BOTTLE GREENING.

REFERENCES. I. Amer. Jour. Hort. and Florists’ Companion, 1:357. 1866-67.
2. Downing, 1872:103. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 4. Lyon, Mich. Sta.
Bul., 152:220. 1898. 5. Ibid., 169:179. 1899. 6. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
1890:2900. 7. Waugh, lt. Sta. dn. Rpt., 14:290. 10oT.

Much esteemed by a few growers because the tree is healthy,
hardy and productive, and the fruit is excellent for culinary use
and good for dessert. It is rather attractive in color for an apple
of the Greening class. Because of its tender skin and light color
it shows the least bruise plainly. For this reason it requires very
careful handling. It is even more apt to scald in storage than
Rhode Island Greening. Most growers and buyers find it unsatis-
factory as a commercial apple. It is said to succeed particularly
well on sandy or gravelly loam, usually bearing annually. The
fruit usually hangs well to the tree.

Historical. It originated as a chance seedling on a farm on the dividing
line of New York and Vermont where the original tree was still standing
about a half century ago. Its name is derived from the fact that workmen

found the hollow in this old tree a convenient place for the “bottle” (1). It
is still handled by nurserymen (3) but is not being much planted in this state.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous; branches moderately long, stout,
crooked, with yellowish bark. Form rather round and open. wigs medium
in length, straight, rather stout; internodes short to medium. Bark olive-green
mingled with reddish-brown, pubescent and covered with thin scarf-skin.
Lenticels scattering, very small to medium, round, inconspicuous. Buds large
to medium, broad, acute, appressed, heavily pubescent. Leaves medium, broad.

86 THE AppLes oF NEW YorK.

FRuvIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate to ovate, inclined to conic,
pretty regular, sometimes obscurely ribbed, fairly symmetrical, sides some-
times unequal. Stem rather short. Cavity acuminate, moderately deep, rather
broad, sometimes lipped, sometimes indistinctly furrowed or compressed.
Calyx rather large, closed or somewhat open. Basin abrupt, medium in depth,
rather narrow to moderately wide, often slightly furrowed, sometimes
wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, grass-green, or yellowish, thinly washed or often
deeply blushed with dull pinkish-crimson, not striped. Dots few, usually sub-
merged, pale and inconspicuous; a few scattering ones are russet. Prevailing
color green but more blushed than Rhode Island Greening.

Calyx tube rather large, conical. Stamens median.

Core rather small, somewhat abaxile; cells often closed towards apex and
open at base; core lines slightly clasping. Carpels broad, roundish to obcor-
date. Seeds medium, acute.

Flesh nearly white, moderately firm, very tender, very juicy, peculiarly
aromatic, pleasant subacid, good to very good.

Season October to March or later. Commercial season October to January.

BOUCKEN,

Known locally for many years in the vicinity of Buffalo. We have not seen
this variety. The following statement concerning it is furnished by C. D.
Zimmerman, Buffalo, N. Y.: “‘ Resembles Maiden Blush very much in size
and color; keeps till June; flavor good; an enormous bearer. Often a large
apple is borne at the extreme end of the branch.”

BOYS: DELIGHT,

An excellent dessert apple in season from October to midwinter. It is
not equal to either Fameuse or McIntosh in appearance and is apparently
desirable only for the home orchard. Fruit medium or below, pale greenish-
yellow, partly overlaid with a light shade of “ Fameuse” red. Flesh white,
of Fameuse character but more nearly sweet. It originated from Fameuse
seed with S. P. Morse, Lowville, Ontario.

BRISTOL.

The variety known in Western Connecticut and in Eastern New York by
this name appears to be identical with Red Canada.

BROWNLEES.,.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1872:108. 2. Mas, Le Verger, 4:93. col. pl. 3.
Hogg, 1884:33. 4. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 5. Beach and Clark, N. Y.
Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.

SYNONYMS. BrowN_ees’ RusSET (1,4). BROWNLEES’S Russet (3). Brown-
lees’ Russet (5). Brownlees’ Seedling Russet (1). REINETTE GRISE BROWN-
LEES’ (2). MReinette Grise Brownlees’ (1).

BOTTLE GREENING

THe Apples OF NEw York. 87

Fruit excellent in quality, desirable in size, and of good appear-
ance for a russet apple, but not sufficiently productive here to make

it profitable for commercial planting.

Historical. An English variety introduced by Mr. William Brownlees, a
nurseryman at Hemel, Hempsted, Herts, about the year 1848 (3). It appears
on the lists of some nurserymen but is but little known in New York and is
not being planted here to any considerable extent.

TREE.

Tree vigorous, moderately productive. Form upright. wigs numerous,
rather short or sometimes long, generally slender, straight or slightly curved
at base; internodes long. Bark smooth, clear reddish-brown somewhat shaded
with olive-green and dull brownish-red, often overlaid with heavy scarf-skin;
quite pubescent. Lenticels inconspicuous, not raised, moderately numerous,
of medium size or small, roundish or elongated. Buds medium, more or less
projecting, obtuse, somewhat pubescent.

FRUvIT.

Fruit medium to large; fairly uniform in size, rather variable in shape.
Form oblate, often oblique, sometimes ribbed, irregular often bulging or with
sides compressed, flattened at the base, rounded toward the basin. Stem
usually short and thick, often swollen. Cavity large, variable in form, usually
acute, deep, broad, furrowed, sometimes compressed or lipped. Calyx small,
closed. Basin usually rather small, shallow, abrupt to obtuse, often some-
what furrowed and finely wrinkled.

Skin rather tender, entirely covered with russet or sometimes with patches
of smooth yellow. Dots often conspicuous, scattering, pale gray or whitish.

Calyx tube small, varying from funnel-shape to conical. Stamens median
to marginal.

Core nearly axile; cells symmetrical, closed or slightly open; core lines
clasping. Carpels rather flat, rather pointed ovate, broad and almost trun-
cate at the base, mucronate, somewhat tufted.

Seeds often abortive, rather dark reddish-brown, rather small to above
medium, narrow to rather wide, plump, acute to acuminate, somewhat tufted.

Flesh more or less tinged with yellow, moderately firm, fine, moderately
crisp, juicy, sprightly, with a rich subacid aromatic flavor which is found only
in some russet apples, very good quality.

Season October to January or later (3, 5).

BROWN SWEET.

Known locally in Oswego county. The following statement concerning it
is furnished by D. D. Stone of Oswego: “ Tree healthy, and a good but not
a rampant grower. In alternate years it bears heavily, yielding smooth fruit
of large size which is excellent for baking or boiling. It withers or shrivels

quickly in a dry cellar.”
FRUIT.

Fruit large. Form ovate to oblong conic, often narrowing sharply towards
the apex, more or less ribbed and irregular. Stem medium. Cavity medium
to large, acute to acuminate, usually deep and somewhat russeted. Calyx

88 THE Apples or NEw YORK.

closed or open, medium to small; lobes acuminate. Basin often oblique,
shallow to moderately deep, rather narrow, abrupt, somewhat furrowed and
wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, green or yellow, sometimes with a red cheek,
and often much russeted.

Calyx tube small to medium, conical. Stamens median to basal.

Core large, axile to usually decidedly abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical,
open; core lines meeting to slightly clasping. Carpels roundish obovate, some-
what tufted. Seeds medium or below, medium brown, plump, obtuse to acute.

Flesh tinged with yellow, fine, rather tender becoming tough when shriveled,
juicy, very sweet, good to very good.

Season September to midwinter.

BUCKINGHAM.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:147. fig. 2. Downing, 1845:144. 3. Van Buren,
Mag. Hort., 23:256. 1857. 4. Elliott, 1858:180. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1858.
6. Mag. Hort., 27:98, 152. 1861. 7. Warder, 1867:537. fig. 8. Downing,
1872:109. 9. Leroy, 1873:87. 10. Barry, 1883:343. 11. Thomas, 1885:217.
12. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290. 13. Wickson, 1891:246. 14.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:236. 15. Massey, N. C. Sta. Bul., 92:42. 1893. 16.
Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 53:278. 1894. 17. Stinson, Ark. Sta. An. Rpt., 1894:45.
18. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:579. 1894. 19. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt., 1895:195. 20. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:38. 1903. 21.
Budd-Hansen, 1903:57. fig. 22. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113.
1904.

Synonyms. BACHELOR (9). Bachelor (8, 11). Batchellor (9). Blackburn
(8). Blackburn, erroneously (7). Buckingham (9). Byer’s (8). Byer’s
Red (7, 8). EQUINETELY (3). Equinetely (8, 10, 11, 13, 17). Fall Queen
(7, 8, 10, 15, 17, 21). Fall Queen of Kentucky (11, 16). Frankfort Queen
(8). Henshaw (7,8). Kentucky Queen (8, 9, 11, 17). King (8,9). Ladies’
Favorite of Tenn. (8). Lexington Queen (8). Merit (8,9). Ne Plus Ultra
(8, 9). Ox-Eye of some in Kentucky (8). Queen (8, 9, 17). Red Gloria
Mundi of some (8, 9). Red Horse (8, 17). Sol Carter (3, 8). WINTER
QUEEN (1, 2, 4). Winter Queen (8, 9, 17, 18). Winter Queen of Kentucky,
incorrectly (8). Winter Queening (2, 4).

This variety has long been favorably known in the southern
states. When well grown it is decidedly attractive in appearance,
but, as grown here, it is not especially attractive and not desirable.
This location is too far north for the variety to develop its best color
and quality. While it occasionally gives heavy crops, we find it an
irregular bearer and often unproductive.

Historical. Origin unknown (8), by some said to have come originally
from Louisa county, Va. (7), by others, from North Carolina (3). It has

long been known from Southern New Jersey southward through Virginia and
westward through the Ohio valley.

BUCKINGHAM

Tue Appies or New York. 89

TREE.

Tree a moderate grower. Twigs short, rather slender, rather crooked con-
sidering the length; internodes short. Sark smooth, clear light reddish-brown
mingled with olive-green, not pubescent. Lenticels rather scattering, below
medium, generally elongated, raised. Buds medium or below, rather promi-
nent, rather acute, slightly pubescent, lightly attached to the bark.

FRUIT.

Frwit large. Form oblate to roundish oblate, somewhat irregular, usually
broadly and obscurely ribbed; sides sometimes unequal. Stem rather stout,
short to medium. Cavity large, acute to acuminate, wide, deep, usually with
heavy outspreading russet. Calyx medium to large, closed or open. Basin
large, abrupt, wide, moderately deep, obscurely furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, pale yellow or pale green washed and mottled with red,
striped and blushed with bright carmine. Dots numerous, small, light or
russet, mingled with others which are large, gray and areolar. Prevailing
effect in well colored specimens, beautiful red striped.

Calyx tube medium, varying from conical to funnel-form. Stamens median
or approaching basal.

Core below medium to small, varying from decidedly abaxile to nearly
axile; cells usually symmetrical and open or sometimes closed; core lines
clasping. Carpels much concave, elliptical to roundish, emarginate, usually
smooth. Seeds rather dark, medium to rather large, plump, wide and obtuse.

Flesh tinged with yellow, moderately firm, moderately coarse, rather tender,
crisp, juicy with distinct aroma, mild subacid, fair to good.

Season November to April (20, 22).

BULLOCK.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:125. 2. Thacher, 1822:122. 3. Buel, N. Y.
State Bd. of Agr. Memoirs, 3:476. Cat. No. 34. 1826. 4. Cat. Hort. Soc.
London, 1831:35. 5. Kenrick, 1833:33. 6. Manning, 1838:54. 7. Dittrich,
Syst. Handb. der Obstk., 1:504. 1839. 8. Downing, 1845:131. 1847. col. pl.
g- Thomas, 1849:178. fig. ro. Mag. Hort., 15:250. 1849. 11. Emmons, Nat.
Hash Ni. VY. .3:04, 1851. fig: col, pl. (Nos 52) 124m, Pom: Soc, Cateas52-
13. Mag. Hort., 19:126. 1853. 14. Biedenfeld, 1854:223. 15. Mag. Hort.,
21 2800;3396. 1855... 16; Hooper, 1857:11,.20: 17. Elliott 1858-71, fe. 18.
Flotow, ll. Handb. der Obstk., 1:337. 1859. 19. Warder, 1867:521. 20. Regel,
1:440. 1868. 21. Mas, Le Verger, 4:33. col. pl. 22. Lauche, 1: col. pl. No. 73.
1882. 23. Barry, 1883:341. 24. Hogg, 1884:7. 25. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1890:288. 26. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:236. 27. Munson, Me. Sta. An.
Ix, ately eugys, § Sts), (Olin Iki Sue, eal. Iki, Sey ans Fey ING (Cy Jsiel
of Agr. Bul., 1900:6. 30. Waugh, l’t. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:286. 1901. 31. Macoun,
Can. Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:42. 1901. 32. Budd-Hansen, 1903:57. fig.

SYNONYMS. AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET (9, I6, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26,
28, 30, 31). American Golden Russet (17, 27, 29, 32). Bullock (30). But-
LOCK’S PEPPING (18, 22). Bullock’s Pippin (8). ButtocKk’s PIppin (1, 2,
Q, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21). Fall Winesap (17), erroneously. GOLDEN RuUSSET
(5, 6). Golden Russet (8, 9, 17). GOLDEN RuSSET, AMERICAN (8). Little
Pearmain (17). PrppIN BULLOK (7, 14). SHEEPNOSE (1). Sheepnose (8,
9, 17). SHEEP’s NOSE (4). SHEEP’S SNOUT (2).

go THE APPLES oF NEw York.

Early in the last century Coxe described this as one of the finest
apples in New Jersey in autumn and early winter (1). In 1826
Buel characterized it as “tender, juicy and high flavored; among
the best fruit for table’’ (3). A. J. Downing called it “ one of the
most delicious and tender apples” (8). Thomas remarks that it is
too small to become popular (9).

The fruit is below medium size, light yellow, marbled with thin
russet. Flesh yellowish, very tender, with a mild, rich, spicy,
slightly subacid flavor. It is still grown to a limited extent in some
portions of the state, particularly in the Hudson and Champlain
valleys. It may be recommended for the home orchard, but it has
not been found profitable as a commercial sort. Some have found
that it succeeds best on sandy or gravelly soil. Some nurserymen
have reported that when grown on clay soil the bark of the trees
is apt to split at the collar, and for this reason they prefer not to

grow the trees in the nursery on their own trunks.

Historical. Originated in Burlington county, New Jersey, more than a
century ago (1). It has been favorably known in the West and the South (19)
and as far north as Ontario and Quebec (31). In New England and the West
it has been known as Golden Russet (5, 6, 8). To distinguish it from the
English Golden Russet, Downing called it American Golden Russet (8). There
are so many Golden Russets we prefer to follow the Catalogue of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society (12) and Hovey (10) and retain Coxe’s name
Bullock, believing this will be less liable to lead to confusion.

TREE.

Tree not large but a fairly strong grower. Form upright or rcundish.
Twigs short to medium, moderately stout, rather blunt at tip, nearly straight;
internodes medium. Bark dull brownish-red or olive-green with a grayish
hue due to the rather heavy scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels only
moderately numerous, inconspicuous, taised, below medium, elongated. Buds
small to medium, moderately projecting, acute, sparingly pubescent, free.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium. Form roundish conic to ovate, pretty regular in out-
line, uniform. Stem long, slender. Cavity acuminate to acute, moderately
deep to deep, rather narrow, funnel-shape or compressed. Calyx rather small,
closed. Basin small, often oblique, rather shallow, narrow, wrinkled, not
ridged.

Skin attractive, pale yellow or greenish-yellow, more or less overspread and
splashed with thin russet. Dots numerous, small, obscure, russet. General
appearance attractive.

Core medium to rather large, axile, slightly open; core lines nearly meeting.
Carpels roundish. Seeds rather large, plump.

BULLOCK

Tre Apples oF NEw York. gI

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, fine, crisp, very tender, juicy with
an agreeable rich, aromatic, mild subacid flavor; very good to best.
Season October to January.

CABASHEA (IV/N TER).

The variety recognized by Downing, Lyon, Woolverton and some other
pomologists as Cabashea, so far as we can learn, is not known to New York
fruit growers and fruit dealers under that name but by them is commonly
called Twenty Ounce Pippin. It is in season with Tompkins King and a little
later. Sometimes it is called King. The variety which is generally called
Cabashea in Western New York is a large, flat apple somewhat marked with
dull red. It comes in season about with the true Twenty Ounce but is not
so good a keeper.

We prefer to follow Thomas, Warder and Emmons in retaining the name
Cabashea for the fall apple above mentioned and in recognizing Twenty Ounce
Pippin as the correct name for the later variety. The Twenty Ounce Pippin
should not be confused with the true Twenty Ounce nor with the Tompkins
King.

For more extended notice of these varieties the reader is referred to
CaABASHEA (fall) in the succeeding volume and to Twenty OUNCE PIPPIN

in this volume.
CAMPFIELD.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:149. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:122. 3. Floy-
Lindley, 1833:88. 4. Downing, 1845:144. 5. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:64.
1851. fig. 6. Downing, 1857:226. 7. Elliott, 1858:126. 8. Warder, 1867:382.
fig. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871:6. 10. Barry, 1883:336. 11. Rural N. Y.,
49:251. 1890.

SYNONYMS. CANFIELD (11). Newark Sweeting (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10).
Sweet Maiden’s Blush (6).

An old variety recommended by Coxe (1) for cider. Downing (6) calls
it good for baking and stock feeding. Warder (8), who gives a very good
description of the variety, ranks it poor in quality. The tree is very hardy,
healthy, a biennial bearer. It is apt to overbear causing the fruit to be small.
It has the merit of being a good keeper but as there is not much demand for
fruit of this character it is fast becoming obsolete.

Historical. Originated in Eastern New Jersey and named after a family

by the name of Campfield (1).
TREE.

Tree large, very vigorous. Form spreading. Twigs long, rather slender,

light colored.
FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large; uniform in size. Form roundish oblate to roundish
ovate or roundish conic. Stem below medium. Cavity acute, rather narrow,
deep, regular. Calyx closed or somewhat open. Basin somewhat abrupt,
shallow to moderately deep, narrow, slightly wrinkled.

Skin smooth, yellow, blushed and striped with red. Dots small, white or
russet.

Calyx tube long funnel-form.

g2 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

Core closed; core lines clasping. Carpels broad, emarginate, somewhat
tufted. Seeds numerous, short, plump, dark.

Flesh whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, firm, rather dry, tender, moder-
ately fine, not crisp, decidedly sweet, good.

Season November to July.

CANADA BALDWIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. An. Rpt., 2:28. 1876. 2. Ib., 4:120.
1878. 3. Amer. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1881:6. 4. Downing, 1881:79. app. 5.
Thomas, 1885:505. 6: Gan, ‘Hort, -12:337- 1880! 7. 1b) esses yoO2 as:
Rural N. Y., 52:51. 1893. 9. Munson, Me. Sta. An. Rpt., 1893:132. 10. Amer.
Gard., 15:288. 1894. 11. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:193. 12. Lyon,
Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:179. 1899. 13. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 83:90. 1900. 14.
Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:43. 1901. 15. Rural N. Y., 61:800. 1902.
16. Stone and Wellington, Rural N. Y., 62:36. 1903. 17. Budd-Hansen, 1903:
59. 18. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:114. 1904.

The name is an unfortunate selection, since this variety does not
resemble Baldwin, but belongs in the Fameuse group. It yields
moderately heavy crops, and under favorable conditions tends to
become an annual bearer. It is a better keeper than Fameuse, but
is less attractive; yet highly colored specimens are beautiful and
attractive. It is not recommended for planting, except in those
regions where a hardy variety of the Fameuse type is desired to
extend the Fameuse season.

Historical. “ Said to have originated from seed of Pomme de Fer on the
farm of Alexis Dery, St. Hilaire, Que. It was given its name by N. C. Fisk,
Abbotsford, Que., who propagated it in 1855.” (14).

TREE.

Tree in the nursery is a moderate grower, with good hard wood and strong
deep roots. In the orchard it is a moderate grower, upright, becoming rather
open and spreading with age; branches long, moderately stout. Twigs medium
to short, somewhat curved, moderately stout; internodes short to above
medium in length. Bark dull dark brown, tinged with reddish-brown, mingled
with olive-green, and lightly streaked with gray scarf-skin; slightly pubescent
near tips. Lentice/s rather numerous, medium to small, roundish or oblong,
raised. Buds of medium size, plump, acute, free, quite pubescent. Leaves

medium in size, broad.
FRUIT.

Fruit averages below medium. Form roundish inclined to conic, or some-
times slightly oblate, obscurely ribbed, usually symmetrical, regular, sides some-
times unequal; pretty uniform in size and shape. Stem pubescent, sometimes
long, moderately slender and bracted, but more often short and thick. Cavity
rather large, acute to somewhat obtuse, moderately deep to deep, moderately
broad, smooth or partly covered with thin greenish russet, often slightly
furrowed or compressed; pubescent near base of stem. Calyx closed or partly

CANADA BALDWIN

Tue Apples OF NEw York. 93

open, pubescent; lobes often long and acuminate, reflexed. Basin shallow to
moderately deep, medium in width, obtuse or somewhat abrupt, often furrowed
or compressed, irregularly wrinkled, often with a tendency to mammiform
protuberances.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, pale yellow or greenish, mottled and blushed with
bright red, splashed and striped with purplish-carmine, conspicuously marked
with areolar dots and covered with a thin whitish bloom which makes the
fruit somewhat dull in color. Dots large, numerous, whitish, areolar with
russet or gray center. Prevailing effect in highly colored specimens beautiful
and attractive, the color being a deep dark red, but as grown in Western New
York the color effect is that of pale yellow striped with red. The skin takes
a brilliant polish.

Calyx tube generally tends toward funnel-shape but is sometimes conical.
Stamens marginal to median.

Core medium or above, closed or partly open; core lines clasping; often part
of the cells are not well developed because of abortive seeds. Carpels smooth,
ovate to roundish, or obovate, slightly emarginate, mucronate. Seeds medium
to large, plump, acute, numerous, rather narrow, long, smooth or sometimes
slightly tufted, variable in color.

Flesh white, often tinged with red, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, moderately
tender, juicy, mild subacid, sometimes slightly astringent, with a Fameuse-like
aroma, pleasant, good or possibly very good in quality.

Season November to January but often some portion of the fruit may keep
_ till April.

Use similar to Fameuse, suitable for dessert. Cooks quickly but the color
and texture of the cooked fruit are not good.

CANADA REINET TE.

REFERENCES. 1. Duhamel, 2:299. 1768. 2. Andrieux, Catalogue raisonnée
des meilleures sortes d’arbres fruitiers, 1771:56. 3. Diel, 1:133. 1799. 4. Ib.,
1800:64. 5. Ib., 9:81. 1807. 6. Ib., 10:86. 1809. 7. Lindley, 1841:40. 8. Cat.
Hort. Soc. London, 1831:30. 9. Ronalds, 1831:21. fig. 10. Kenrick, 1833:73.
11. Pom. Mag. 2:77. 1841. col. pl. 12. Mag. Hort., 7:44. 1841. 13. Downing,
1845:129. 14. Cole, 1849:134. 15. Thomas, 1849:178. 16. Emmons, WNat.
Blast. NUOVO. 3782 1851. -17.. Biedenteld, 18542103. “18. Elliott 185872. fAe-
EQ.) [bi F859:00.—. 20. Lucas, 1-119. zt. Am. Pom: Soc. (Cat. 1802. 22:
Warder, 1867:479. fig. 23. Regel, 1868:470. 24. Mas, Le Verger, 4:31. 25.
Leroy, 1873:637. 26. Lauche, 1882:260. col. pl. 27. Barry, 1883:344. 28.
Hogg, 1884:191. 29. Cat. Cong. Pom. France, 1887:329. 30. Lyon, Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290. 31. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:236. 32. Can. Hort.,
16:17, 115. 1893. 33. Bredsted, 1893:86. 34. Gaucher, Pomologie, 1894: col.
pl. No. 15. 35. Taft, Mich. Sta. Bul., 105:108. 1894. 36. Eneroth-Smirnoff,
Ig01:231. 27. Budd-Hansen, 1903:59. fig. 38. Powell and ‘Fulton, U. S. B.
P. I. Bul., 48:39. 1903. 39. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:114. 1904.

SYNONYMS. CANADA Pippin (18). CANADIAN REINETTE (7, 10, II, 12, 32).
Canadian Reinette (13, 15, 18). CANADISK REINET (33). Canada Reinette
(18, 28). De Bretagne (13, 18). Die HAARLEMER REINETTE (4). Drie WEIB-
ERREINETTE (3). German Green (18). GrossE REINETTE D’ANGLETERRE (TI).
Grosse Reinette d' Angleterre (10, 13, 18). Januarea (13, 18). KaAwNaps-

94 THe AppLes oF NEw York.

RENETT (36). KANADA REINETTE (34). Mela Januera (10). PARISER RAMBOUR
REINETTE (6, 20, 26). PArIseER RAMBouR REINET (33). PARISER RAMBOUR-
RENETT (36). Pomme de Caen (13, 18). Portugal (10, 13, 18, 28). REINETTE
De Canapa (9, 28). RENETTE GrossE De ANGLETERRE (17). REINETTE
Monstreuse De Canapa (2). RetnetrE Du Canapa (8, 24, 25, 29). REINETTE
Von Canada (23). Reinette du Canada (10, 15, 18). Reinette Grosse du
Canada (10, 13, 18). Reinette du Canada Blanche (10, 13, 18). Reinette du
Canada aCortes (13, 18). Reinette Canada (27). Reinette de Caen (10).
Reinette de Canada a Cotes (10). St. Helena Russet (28). Wahr Reinette
(13, 18). WesseE ANTILLISCHE WINTERREINETTE (5). White Pippin (18).
Yellow Newtown Pippin (18), erroneously.

An irregular bearer, in some years very productive, but more
often only moderately productive or unproductive. It appears to
be much esteemed in Europe, where it has been grown under
numerous synonyms. It is not much in demand in America because
it is easily excelled by other varieties, both for home use and for
market.

Historical. Origin unknown. It was listed in France as the Canada
Reinette at least as early as 1771 (2).

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, stout, crooked. Form spreading
and drooping. wigs medium to long, straight, rather stout; internodes
medium or below. Sark dull brown, tinged with dark olive-green, irregularly
mottled with scarf-skin; very pubescent. Lenticels rather numerous, con-
spicuous, large, roundish to oblong, raised. Buds large, broad, plump, obtuse,
appressed, rather deeply set, pubescent. Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit variable in size, averages above medium and is frequently very large.
Form oblate or roundish, inclined to conic, often irregular, broadly angular,
sometimes with furrows extending from base to apex; not uniform in shape.
Stem short. Cavity rather acute, moderately broad, wavy, sometimes russeted.
Calyx medium to large, closed or partly open. Basin abrupt, usually rather
deep, moderately wide, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin yellow, sometimes with decided blush but not striped, marked more
or less with dots, flecks or irregular patches of russet.

Calyx tube medium, rather wide, cone-shaped. Stamens median or ap-
proaching basal.

Core medium or below, abaxile to nearly axile, open or partly open; core
lines meeting. Carpels roundish inclined to obovate, somewhat tufted. Seeds
few, large, long, tufted, dark.

Flesh has a decided yellow tinge and is firm, moderately tender, coarse,
breaking, not crisp, juicy, subacid, very good.

Season. Early winter till March or April or perhaps later (39). Late in
the season the fruit begins to lose in flavor although it may apparently be still
in good condition.

CANADA REINETTE

THe AppLes or New York. 95

CANNON PEARMAIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:102. 1851. fig. 2. Downing,
1857:126. 3. Elliott, 1858:126. 4. Aim. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1860. 5. Mag. Hort.,
27:99. 1861. 6. Warder, 1867:676. fig. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1871:38. 8.
Barry, 1883:344. 9. Bailey, dn. Hort., 1892:236. 10. Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:7.
1893. 11. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:39. 1003.

SYNONYM. CANNON PEARMAIN (8).

Valued in the South as a long keeping apple of fairly good quality. Not
adapted to New York conditions.

Historical. Originated in Virginia or North Carolina (2, 3, 6, 7).

TREE.
Tree healthy, vigorous, spreading.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to nearly large, ovate varying to roundish, regular, symmet-
rical; pretty uniform. Skin greenish-yellow, mottled and washed with bright
red faintly striped with carmine. Dots yellowish, often areolar with russet
point. Core medium, axile, closed; core lines somewhat clasping. Flesh
tinged with yellow, very firm, somewhat coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic, subacid,
good.

Season January to April.

CARLOUGH.

REFERENCES. 1. Fulton, Mich. Sta. Bul., 177:49. 1899. 2. Farrand, Ib.,
205:44. 1903. 3. Budd-Hansen, 1903:60. 4. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P.
I. Bul., 48:39. 1903.

Said to have originated in New York (2) but it is practically unknown in
this state. It is being grown to a limited extent in some portions of the West
and South. Its general appearance is good for a green apple.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form roundish spreading. qwigs reddish-brown.
5S

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to very large. Form roundish conic to oblong conic,
often truncate at base; axis oblique. Stem short and slender. Cavity acute
to nearly acuminate, very deep, moderately broad, russeted, often somewhat
furrowed or compressed. Calyx small to medium, closed or partly open.
Basin small to medium, medium in depth and width, abrupt, slightly furrowed.

Skin rather thick, tough, smooth, glossy, rather pale greenish-yellow, often
with faint brownish-pink blush. Dots russet or submerged and whitish.

Calyx tube medium in width and length, conical or funnel-shape.

Core axile, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels large, obovate, much tufted.
Seeds dark, large, rather narrow, long, acute, tufted.

Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, agreeable, mild subacid,
sprightly, good.

Season November to April.

96 THE Apples OF NEw York,

CARPENTIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1872:120. 2. Leroy, 1873:205. fig. 3. Hogg,
1834: 190.

Synonyms. Carnation Apple. CARPENTIN REINETTE (1). Der Carpentin
(1). Klein -Graue Reinette (1). Petite-Reinette Grise (2). REINETTE

CARPENTIN (3). FReinette Carpentin (2).

A little dessert fruit of about the size of the Lady apple, with
red-russet skin and highly aromatic flavor. The following descrip-
tion is made from fruit furnished by C. D. Zimmerman, Buffalo,
N. Y., who states that the variety has been marketed locally under

the name Carnation apple.
TREE.

Tree vigorous, with long, slender shoots (3).

FRUIT.

Fruit small to very small; uniform in size and shape. Form roundish conic
to somewhat oblate, regular and symmetrical; occasionally sides unequal.
Stem very long, slender. Cavity large, acute to acuminate, deep, broad,
symmetrical, often with concentric broken russet lines. Calyx small, closed;
lobes short, broad, nearly obtuse. Basin abrupt, shallow to moderately deep,
narrow to moderately wide, nearly smooth or sometimes very lightly furrowed,
symmetrical, marked with concentric broken lines of russet.

Skin thick, rather tough, dull yellow or with bright red blush, partly smooth
but more or less netted or covered with cinnamon-russet. Dots scattering,
gray.

Calyx tube small, short, narrow to rather wide, conical or funnel-shape.
Stamens nearly basal.

Core axile, medium, often closed; core lines meeting or slightly clasping.
Carpels elliptic to round or broadly obovate, emarginate. Seeds dark, medium
to below, moderately wide, rather short, obtuse to broadly acute.

Flesh nearly white, sometimes with reddish tinge next the skin, very firm,
fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, acid until fully ripe when it becomes subacid,
brisk, strongly aromatic, with high flavor and very good quality.

Season December to April (3).

CAY WOOD.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1857:128. 2. Thomas, 1885:506.

A long keeping, medium-sized, flat apple; color, bright yellow with tinge of
red on the cheek. Flesh firm, mild flavored. The variety originated in Ulster
county (1). It is now practically obsolete.

CEAY TON,

REFERENCES. 1. Warder, 1867:512. fig. 2. Downing, 1872:128. 3. Ib.,
1872:6 of app. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:36, 134. 5. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:236. 6. Mich. Sta. Bul., 105:108. 1894. 7. Thomas, 1897:632. 8. Lyon,
Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:180. 1899. 9. Budd-Hansen, 1903:64.

CLAYTON

Tue AppLes or NEw York. 97

Tree hardy, a good grower and fairly productive. Fruit of good
size, good quality and fairly good, red color, but not. brilliant
enough to be especially attractive. As grown at the Geneva Station
it has come into bearing young and been very productive. Accord-
ing to L. A. Goodman, it is being planted in the Ozark region of
Southwestern Missouri, especially where a late keeping fruit is

desired for export trade. It originated in Indiana (1, 4).

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches long, moderately stout. Form upright spreading,
open. Twigs medium in length, curved, generally stout; internodes short to
medium, Bark brown or reddish-brown mingled with olive-green, partly
mottled with scarf-skin; pubescent. Lenticels vary from moderately numer-
ous to scattering, medium to large, roundish or oval, raised, conspicuous.
Buds medium to large, broad, obtuse, free, somewhat pubescent. Leaves

large, broad.
FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form roundish oblate to roundish inclined
to conic. Stem medium, often obliquely set under a very prominent, fleshy
lip. Cavity acute to sometimes obtuse, rather deep, broad, sometimes symmet-
rical but often furrowed, usually with conspicuous outspreading russet.
Calyx small to medium, partly open or closed. Basin abrupt, medium in width
and depth, usually symmetrical, often wrinkled.

Skin rather thick, tough, smooth, yellow blushed and mottled with a dark,
usually rather dull red, with splashes and stripes of carmine, often marked
with grayish scarf-skin near the cavity. Well colored specimens are nearly
covered with red. Dots medium, pale or russet, scattering.

Calyx tube rather long, narrow, funnel-shape. Stamens marginal.

Core abaxile, medium; cells usually unsymmetrical, open; core lines clasp-
ing. Carpels much concave, elliptical, emarginate. Seeds numerous, dark,
medium or below, plump, roundish, obtuse. ,

Flesh tinged with greenish-yellow, firm, rather coarse, crisp, neither tender
nor very juicy, mild subacid, good for either cooking or market.

Season January to May or June.

CORRE.

REFERENCES. 1. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:236. 2. Stinson, Ark. Ste. Bul.,
60:127. 1899. 3. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:39. 1903.

Synonym. Coffelt Beauty (3).

As grown at this Station the fruit is too small to be valuable for
an apple of the Ben Davis class, to which this apparently belongs.
Like Ben Davis, it is quite liable to be roughened by spray. It is a
little superior to Ben Davis for eating. Some nursery catalogues

state that it is a seedling of Ben Davis.
VoL. I—5

98. THe Apples oF NEw York.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, slender and drooping. Form
somewhat spreading, rather dense. Jwigs medium in length, curved, slender ;
internodes long. Bark brown, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels numerous, small, oblong. Buds small, acute, deeply set in the bark,
appressed, pubescent. Leaves medium, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or above; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
oblate. Stem variable. Cavity acute, deep, rather broad, slightly furrowed,
often with outspreading russet rays. Calyx medium to large, closed or partly
open. Basin moderately shallow to rather deep, medium to rather wide, dis-
tinctly abrupt, often somewhat furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin nearly smooth, yellow overlaid with bright, dark red and with distinct
narrow stripes of carmine. Color decidedly attractive. Dots variable, small
to rather large, often russet.

Calyx tube funnel-shape. Stamens medium to nearly marginal.

Core medium to rather small, axile; cells usually symmetrical, closed; core
lines clasping. Carpels rather concave, broadly roundish, deeply emarginate
approaching broad obcordate, usually smooth. Seeds numerous, medium to
rather large, rather wide, obtuse, dark.

Flesh whitish, firm, rather fine, rather tender, moderately juicy, subacid
becoming mild subacid, rather sprightly, slightly aromatic, not high in flavor,
good.

Season January to May.

COGSWELL.

REFERENCES. 1. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 15:252. 1849. fig. 2. Hovey, 2:31.
1851. col. pl. 3. Cabot, Mag. Hort., 17:69. 1851. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1854.
5. Clift, Mag. Hort., 22:76. 1856. 6. Downing, 1857:75. fig. 7- Elliott, 1858:
469. 8. Downing, Mag. Hort., 27:59. 1861. 9. Warder, 1867:589. 10. Down-
ing, 1872:130. fig. 11. Barry, 1883:344. 12. Thomas, 1885:232. 13. Lyon,
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290. 14. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:237. 15. Lyon,
Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:179. 1899. 16. Budd-Hansen, 1903:65. fig. 17. Beach
and Clark, N..Y. Sta. Bul., 248:115. 1904.

SYNONYMS. COGGESWELL (9). COoGGSWELL (3). Cogswell Pearmain (2, 6,
10). Cogswell’s Pearmain (7). Not identical with Ohio Nonpareil (8).

Tree hardy and rather vigorous, but not reliably productive,
although sometimes it bears heavy crops. Fruit about medium size,
yellowish-green more or less overlaid with red; in well colored
specimens, nearly covered with red. It is not equal to standard
varieties of its season in quality and general appearance. Not
recommended for planting.

Historical. Introduced into cultivation in Connecticut about one hundred

years ago (5). It has been widely disseminated but in no section of the
country has it come to occupy a prominent position as a commercial variety.

COLLINS

THe ApPLes OF NEw York. 99

TREE.

Tree small, moderately vigorous. Form rather open, wide-spreading and
drooping. 7wigs short to medium in length, rather slender, a little crooked;
internodes medium to short. Bark reddish-brown tinged with olive-green,
rather heavily streaked with scarf-skin, pubescent near tips. Lenticels rather
numerous, medium to large, oblong or roundish, sometimes raised. Buds
medium in size, plump, acute, free, slightly pubescent. Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to above; rather uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
conic, occasionally slightly oblate conic, rather symmetrical. Stem short,
moderately thick. Cavity acuminate to acute, medium in width and depth,
heavily russeted, sometimes lipped. Caly1+ medium to rather small, usually
slightly open. Basin nearly obtuse, shallow to medium in depth, medium in
width to rather narrow, smooth or shghtly wrinkled.

Skin yellow mottled or covered with red, marked with narrow splashes and
stripes of carmine. Dots very numerous, russet, small, prominent. Prevail-
ing effect striped red; rather attractive.

Calyx tube medium in size, funnel-shape. Stamens medium to marginal.

Core medium, axile or nearly so, slightly open; core lines meeting or nearly
so. Carpels nearly round, emarginate. Seeds numerous, medium size, plump,
nearly obtuse.

Flesh tinged with yellow or greenish, very firm, moderately fine, moderately
tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic, fair to good.

Season December to March.

COLLINS.

REFERENCES. I. U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1895:21. 2. Thomas, 1897:468. 3. Van
Deman, Amer. Gard., 19:823. 1898. 4. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 49:10. 1898.
5. [b.,60:127. 1899. 6. Brackett, Amer. Gard., 22:190. 1901. 7. Budd-Hansen,
1903:05.

Synonyms. Champion (3, 4, 5,6, 7). Champion Red (3, 4, 5,6). Collins’
Red (3, 4, 5,6). Coss Champion (6). Coss’s Champion (4, 5).

An Arkansas variety of recent introduction. It has not yet been
sufficiently tested in New York to determine whether it is desirable
for planting in this region. As fruited here it is of good size and
form but decidedly inferior to Baldwin in color and quality, in these
respects ranking even below Rome (Beauty) and sometimes below
Ben Davis and Cooper Market. When well grown the color is
attractive, being yellow, contrasting sharply with the bright red with
which it is more or less overspread and sometimes nearly covered.
In many cases the cavity shows some resemblance to that of Rome.
The tree is a good grower, hardy, and has the reputation of being
very productive. Evidently it requires a longer season than Bald-

100 THe AppPLes OF NEW YORK.

win to bring it to perfect development, but it may prove profitable
in those sections of the state where Ben Davis does well.

Historical. Originated about 1865 near Fayetteville, Arkansas (1, 4, 6).
It has been much planted in the Southwest and is there especially valued on
account of the productiveness of the tree and the excellent keeping quality of
the fruit.

TREE.

Tree large, tall, very vigorous; branches long, moderately thick, crooked.
Form rather upright and dense, eventually becoming more open and out-
spreading. Twigs moderately long, rather slender, pubescent; fruit often
borne on the ends of the twigs; internodes medium to long. Bark very bright
dark reddish-brown, somewhat mottled with thin, gray scarf-skin. Lenticels
numerous, conspicuous, usually small but sometimes large, roundish or oblong,
not raised. Buds medium to large, rather flat, appressed, somewhat acute
or tending to obtuse, quite pubescent. Foliage rather dense; leaves medium
to large, rather long.

FRUuIT.

Fruit large or above medium. Form globular or a little oblate inclined to
conic, pretty symmetrical. Stem above medium to short. Cavity acute, some-
times acuminate, medium to rather broad, symmetrical or obscurely furrowed,
smooth or with radiating russet rays. Calyx medium to rather small, partly
open or sometimes closed; lobes slightly separated at the base, short, obtuse.
Basin round, moderately shallow to rather deep, somewhat abrupt to rather
obtuse, symmetrical or somewhat furrowed.

Skin thick, tough, slightly waxy, and partly covered with a faint bloom.
Highly colored specimens are bright dark red, sparingly and indistinctly
striped with purplish-carmine and occasionally showing contrasting clear
yellow ground color. Less highly colored specimens are yellow, more or less
washed and striped with red. Dots inconspicuous, small, russet or pale gray.
Sometimes a suture line extends from cavity to basin.

Calyx tube small, varying from long, narrow funnel-shape to short, approach-
ing conic. Stamens median or below.

Core medium to rather small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or some-
what open; core lines clasp the funnel cylinder. Carpels much concave, ellip-
tical to obcordate, somewhat tufted and deeply emarginate. Seeds dark, large,
rather narrow to moderately wide, long, rather flat, acute.

Flesh nearly white, very firm, rather coarse, crisp, moderately tender, mod-
erately juicy, rather sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic, fair to good.

Season January to June.

COOPER MARKET.

REFERENCES. I. Mease, [Waillichs Dom. Encyc., 1804. (cited by 15). 2.
M’Mahon, Amer. Gard. Cal., 1806. (cited by 13). 3. Coxe, 1817:137. fig. 4.
Horticulturist, 9:291. 1854. col. pl. 5. Downing, 1857:130. 6. Mag. Hort.,
25:53. 1859. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 8. Warder, 1867:513. 9. Barry,
1883:344. 10. Thomas, 1885:232. 11. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290.
12. Wickson, 1891:247. 13. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:237. 14. Can. Hort., 16:
33. 1893. 15. Ragan, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1901:49. 16. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An.

COOPER MARKET

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Tue AppLes oF NEW YORK. 101

Rpt., 14:291. 1901. 17. Budd-Hansen, 1903:67. 18. Thomas, 1903:325. 109.
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:115. 1904.

Synonyms. Cooper’s MARKET (4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13). Cooper’s Market (10,
18). Coorer’s Rep (10). Cooprrer’s RED incorrectly (18). COOPER’S
REDLING (6). Cooper's Redling (5, 8, 10). Etowah, incorrectly (18). REpD-
LING (1, 2, 3). Redling (9).

Attractive in color and form but not of high quality, often some-
what deficient in size. Especially esteemed for its keeping qualities
and for holding a bright color late in the season. Grown to a lim-
ited extent in commercial orchards. Desirable for supplying the
general trade after the Baldwin season has closed. It may be held
very late in common storage. It improves in color in the package
when held in common storage, but does not show as great improve-
ment of this kind in cold storage (19).

The tree is hardy, one of the most reliable croppers, and not slow
in coming into bearing. In fact, it bears such heavy crops that it
requires more than ordinary attention in pruning to make the fruit
uniformly of marketable size. The fruit hangs to the tree remark-
ably well.

Evidently the fact that Cooper’s Red is a synonym for Etowah
has led some to confuse that variety with Cooper Market (18).
The two are quite distinct.

Historical. This is now believed to be of Pennsylvania origin and identical
with the Redling of Coxe and others (1, 2, 3, 15).

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous to vigorous; lateral branches long, slender and
rather drooping. Form upright. Twigs below medium to above, rather
slender, nearly straight; internodes short to medium. Bark dull, dark brown-
ish-red with considerable olive-green in some specimens, uniformly overlaid
with a moderately heavy scarf-skin, heavily pubescent. Lenticels moderately
conspicuous, slightly raised, numerous, usually large but varying to small,
roundish or elliptical. Buds small, almost sunk in the bark, obtuse, rather
pubescent. Scales sometimes divided.

FRUuIT.

Frait medium or below, sometimes nearly large. Form roundish ovate
varying to roundish conic, flattened at the base and often narrowing sharply
towards the apex, pretty symmetrical. Stem medium to long, slender. Cavity
acute to acuminate, deep, rather narrow, sometimes slightly furrowed, often
russeted. Calyx small, closed, pubescent. Basin small, often oblique, shallow,
narrow, obtuse to abrupt, somewhat furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, glossy, greenish-yellow, mottled and blushed with red,
conspicuously splashed and striped with bright carmine and partly covered

102 THE AppPpLes OF NEW YORK.

with a light bloom. Dots whitish or with russet point, numerous and small
towards the cavity, scattering, large and often irregular towards the basin.
Ii: fall the color is rather dull but in ordinary storage it improves noticeably
as the season advances, becoming bright red with a yellowish-green back-
ground.

Calyx tube small, short, cone-shape. Stamens median to nearly marginal.

Core distant, truncate, abaxile, medium; cells closed or open; often part of
them are unsymmetrical; core lines slightly clasping. Carpels roundish,
slightly emarginate, somewhat tufted. Sceds numerous, dark, medium to
short, plump, acute.

Flesh whitish tinged with vellow, very firm, a little coarse, moderately
tender, juicy, brisk subacid. fair to good. Although not of high quality it is
fairly good when compared with other very late keeping varieties.

Season January to June.
CROTTS,

REFERENCES. I. Powell and Fulton; U. S: B. P21. Bulls 48-40 1008 ee
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:116. 19c4.

As grown here the general appearance of the fruit is not attractive. The
prevailing color at first is grass-green with faint and dull shades of red. Later
the green changes, becoming pale or whitish by spring or early summer. The
tree is a good grower and commonly bears well in alternate years. The fruit
does not appear desirable for any use and the variety is not recommended
even for testing.

Historical. Said to be a seedling of Rambo. Received here for testing from
J. J. Measner, Hutchinson, Kansas.

TREE.

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, rather dense.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form usually roundish oblong, sometimes roundish
oblate or slightly ovate, sometimes irregular, sides often unequal; uniform in
size and shape. Stem short. Cavity deep, acuminate, usually russeted; often
russet rays extend out from cavity. Calyx often large, closed. Basin shallow
to rather deep, abrupt, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin grass-green or at length becoming whitish, faintly mottled and striped
with red. Dots scattering, gray or russet, but whitish and numerous towards
the calyx.

Core small; core lines nearly meeting. Carpels roundish, tufted. Seeds
broad, obtuse, tufted, dark brown.

Flesh greenish-white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, with a peculiar aroma,
very mild subacid, fair to good.

Season variable; may extend to June in common storage but it often scalds
badly as early as March or April (1, 2).

CROWNS.

Fruit of the class of the fall Holland Pippin and Fall Pippin. Uniformly
large, green or yellowish, often a little blushed with bright red, too acid for
dessert but excellent for cooking and evaporating. It makes very white stock

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 103

when evaporated. It is not a good keeper, is apt to scald in storage, and is
not in favor with apple buyers. The tree is very vigorous and reliably pro-
ductive, bearing regularly and abundantly.

This variety appears to be distinct from the Crown which Hovey describes
as a large red apple.!

Historical. It was formerly planted to a limited extent in portions of West-
ern New York but it is now becoming obsolete. In some localities it is known
under the name Royal Crown.

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous. Form roundish spreading. It is a good grower in
the nursery.
FRvIT.

Fruit large. Form conical to roundish, sometimes obscurely ribbed, often
somewhat irregular, symmetrical; pretty uniform in size and shape. Stem
short to medium, slender. Cavity acuminate, rather deep, broad, smooth, green
with whitish dots or sometimes russeted, gently furrowed, sometimes lipped.
Calyx open or sometimes closed, medium; lobes leafy, long, acute. Basin
medium to shallow, rather narrow, moderately abrupt, a little furrowed.

Skin moderately thin, tough, smooth, bright green changing to pale yellow,
with faint blush which in highly colored specimens becomes clear, bright
pinkish-red. Dots numerous, conspicuous, russet, often red areolar on the
exposed cheek. Prevailing effect green or yellow.

Calyx tube rather long, moderately wide, truncate conical or somewhat
funnel-shape. Stamens basal to median.

Core axile, medium to rather large, closed or partly open; core lines meeting ;
cells pretty symmetrical. Carpels thin, roundish to somewhat ovate, emargi-
nate, somewhat tufted. Seeds large, long, acute, somewhat tufted, light brown.

Flesh whitish, lightly tinged with yellow, rather coarse, crisp, moderately
tender, juicy, too sprightly subacid for eating, good.

Season November to January or February.

Use, cooking, evaporating.

DANVERS SWEET.

REFERENCES. 1. Kenrick, 1833:43. 2. Mag. Hort., 1:154. 1835. 3. Man-
ning, 1838:60. 4. Downing, 1845:108. 5. Thomas, 1849:161. 6. Emmons,
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:86. 1851. 7. Am. Pom: Soc. Cat., 1852. 8. Elliott, 1858:74.
9. Mag. Hort., 26:101. 1860. 10. Warder, 1867:550. 11. Barry, 1883:344. 12.
Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290. 13. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:237. 14.
Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:132. 13- Budd-Hansen, 1903:69.

Synonyms. DANVERS SWEET (12). Danvers Winter (14). DANVERS
WINTER SWEET (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13). Eppes’ Sweet (1,2). Epse’s
Sweet (4, 8).

Tree a good grower and very productive. Fruit is of good
marketable size and very good in quality, but rather dull green and
not particularly attractive in color. It is no longer recommended

for planting.

1 Mag. Hort., rhypean 7844.

to4 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Historical. About 75 years ago this was being recommended by Kenrick
(1) and Manning (3) as a profitable market apple, very productive and
worthy of extensive cultivation. Danvers Sweet was included in the Ameri-
can Pomological Society’s first list of varieties worthy of being recommended
(6). In New York state it is now nearly obsolete. It originated at Danvers,
Mass., where the original tree was still standing in 1832 (1).

TREE.

Tree a rapid grower. wigs dark brown with grayish scarf-skin, pubescent.

FRUuIT.

Fruit medium to sometimes large; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish inclined to conic, sometimes a little oblate. Stem short to medium,
pubescent, knobby. Cavzity rather large, acute to acuminate, rather deep,
broad, sometimes partly russeted, often distinctly furrowed. Calyx small to
medium, usually closed; lobes pubescent, sometimes separated at the base.
Basin varies from large and wide to rather small and narrow, moderately
abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thin, tough, smooth, grass-green somewhat shaded with
yellow, sometimes with faint bronze blush. Dots conspicuous, many sub-
merged and whitish, others areolar with russet center.

Calyx tube funnel-shape with rather narrow limb. Stamens median or
above.

Core axile, medium; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels
rather flat, roundish to roundish obovate, slightly emarginate, mucronate,
smooth. Seeds dark, medium or below, narrow, acute to obtuse.

Flesh greenish with decided yellow tinge, breaking, moderately fine, very
tender, rather juicy, very sweet, good to very good.

Season November to April.

DEACON JONES.

REFERENCES. I. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:40. 1903. 2.
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:116. 1904.

Fruit showy and of good marketable size, averaging larger than
Baldwin. When well colored it is handsome, the yellow ground
color being mostly overlaid with good red, relieved with dots of a
contrasting color. The tree is a fine grower in the nursery and

bd

“delivers” well. In the orchard it is thrifty, comes into bearing
young, is almost an annual bearer and very productive. The fruit
hangs well to the tree. There is little waste from drops and culls.
The flesh is rather coarse; the flavor is mild and the quality is not
high, but probably it would generally be rated superior to Ben Davis
for dessert. It has a tough skin and firm texture, and stands hand-

ling well. In ordinary storage its season for home use extends from

THE AppLes OF NEw York. 105

November to March. So far as tested in cold storage, the commer-
cial limit for barrel stock appears to be March first, but the fruit
has kept free from scald and rot till May (1). It is not good
enough in quality to be recommended for home use, but it may
possibly be of value as a commercial variety.

Historical. Originated in Pennsylvania as a chance seedling. Received
here in 1892 for testing from J. S. Ford, Pittsford, N. Y., by whom it is being
introduced. The form of the fruit and the character of the core indicate that
this variety may be a seedling of the Yellow Bellflower.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branchlets willowy, long, slender, drooping.
Form dense, upright spreading. Twigs long, nearly straight, moderately stout,
with large terminal buds; internodes long to below medium. Bark clear
brownish-red, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent. Lenticels numer-
ous, generally medium in size, roundish or oval, raised, conspicuous. Buds
small to medium, projecting, obtuse to somewhat acute, appressed, quite pubes-
cent, deeply set in bark.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to very large; pretty uniform in size, somewhat variable in
shape. Form roundish conic varying to oblong conic, ribbed; axis sometimes
oblique. Stem short. Cavity obtuse to acute or sometimes slightly acuminate,
shallow to moderately deep, usually smooth, often prominently lipped. Calyx
small to above medium, closed or partly open, often leafy; lobes sometimes
separated at the base. Basin shallow to moderately deep, usually rather narrow,
distinctly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth or slightly rough, waxen yellow, mottled and
blushed with red and with irregular dashes of carmine, in highly colored
specimens being almost completely covered with an attractive deep red. It
is covered with a whitish bloom which gives the fruit a somewhat dull appear-
ance. Dots conspicuous, mingled small and large, whitish, many areolar with
russet point; numerous toward the eye.

Calyx tube variable in size, urn-shape to conic. Stamens median or below.

Core abaxile; cells symmetrical, wide open, very large; core lines nearly
meeting. Seeds numerous, medium to small, rather dark brown, plump,
obtuse, somewhat irregular. Carpels much tufted, emarginate, mucronate,
elongated and rather broadly ovate.

Flesh whitish, somewhat tinged with yellow, rather firm, coarse, somewhat
crisp, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic, not high
in quality, fair to possibly good.

Season November to March or later (1, 2).

DEMOCRAT,

REFERENCES. 1. Warder, 1867:505. 2. Downing, 1872:143, 144. fig. 3
Thomas, 1885:508.
Synonym. Varick (2).

106 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

An early winter apple of medium size, yellow, blushed and striped with red,
handsome and of very good quality, formerly grown to some extent in Western
New York (2, 3), but now practically obsolete. We have not bzen able to
determine whether the variety given by Warder under this name (1) is identi-
cal with the Democrat described by Downing and Thomas.

DICKINSON.

REFERENCES. I. Pa. Dept. Agr., Rpt. Hort. Assn., 1884:49. col. pl. 2.
Chase, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:25. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:237. 4.
Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 12:600. 1893. 5. Richman, Utah Sta. Bul., 45:15.
1896. 6. Beach, MVestern N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1896:52. 7. Powell and
Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:40. 1903. 8. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:116. 1904.

Synonym. DICKENSON (5, 7), but incorrectly.

Tree not a good grower, but very productive. Fruit resembles
Yellow Bellflawer in shape, but the color is red. It is of good size
and attractive enough in appearance to make a good market apple,
but it is not above second rate in quality.

Historical. Grown from seed of the Yellow Bellflower by Sarah Dickinson,
Westchester, Pennsylvania (1, 2).

TREE.

Tree not large, not very vigorous; branches short, stout, crooked. Form
roundish, spreading, rather dense. Twigs small to medium, crooked, moder-
ately stout; internodes short to above medium. Bark clear, light olive-green
tinged with reddish-brown, streaked with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent.
Lenticels rather inconspicuous, rather numerous, small or below medium,
usually roundish, not raised. Buds medium in size or below, broad, plump,
obtuse, free or nearly so, pubescent. Leaves medium in size, moderately
broad.

FRvIT.

Fruit medium to large, somewhat variable in size. Form oblong-conic,
sometimes compressed or broadly angular; sides sometimes unequal. Stem
medium to long. Cavity moderately broad, moderately deep, acute to acumi-
nate, symmetrical or sometimes compressed, usually smooth. Calyx medium,
closed or sometimes open. Basin shallow to moderately deep and abrupt,
often oblique, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, light yellow or green, blushed and mottled with bright red,
striped with darker red, sprinkled with inconspicuous, small, green and whitish
dots. Prevailing effect red with well-colored fruit.

Calyx tube funnel-form. Stamens median to basal.

Core large, abaxile; cells not always symmetrical, usually open; core lines
usually somewhat clasping. Carpels roundish oblong. Seeds numerous,
medium or above, plump, obtuse.

Flesh yellowish, juicy to very juicy, moderately fine-grained, slightly aro-
matic, subacid, moderately firm, tender, fair to good.

Season November to April.

DICKINSON

Tue AppLes oF NEw York. 107

DISHAROON.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1857:135. 2. Elliott, 1859:73. 3. Warder, 1867:
717. 4. Leroy, 1873:260. fig. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 6. Barry, 1883:
344. 7. Thomas, 1885:223. 8. Bailey, du. Hort., 1892 :237.

A yellowish-green apple, rather large, subacid with an aromatic flavor some-
what like that of the Green Newtown. It is a southern apple which is but
little known in this region. It is not recommended for planting in New York

DOCTOR.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:119. fig. 2. Wilson, 1828:136. 3. Cat. Hort.
Soc. London, 1831. 4. Downing, 1845:107. 5. Thomas, 1849:147. 6. Emmons,
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:62. 1851. 7. Hooper, 1857:29. 8. Elliott, 1858:130. 9.
Warder, 1867:717. 10. Livingston, Amer. Gard., 21:204. 1900. 11. Munson,
Me. Sta. An. Rpt., 18:89. 1902. 12. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul.
48:40. 1903. 13. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:115. 1904.

Synonyms. Coon (13). Coon Red (13). Dewitt APPLE (1). De Witt
(3, 4, 5, 8). Docror Dewitt (9). Newby (12). Red Doctor (4, 8).

state.

Fruit attractive because of its good color, desirable size and uni-
formity in size and shape. In texture, flavor and general quality
it is inferior to Baldwin. It is of value chiefly for market, although
acceptable for either dessert or culinary uses. The tree is vigorous,
or moderately so, and has the reputation of being generally a regular
and abundant bearer. It is not slow in coming into bearing. Not

recommended for planting in New York.

Historical. An old variety which originated at Germantown, Pa. Named
in honor of a physician who brought it into notice (1, 4). It has been grown
to a considerable extent in Pennsylvania, Ohio and other portions of the
Central West, but it has gained only slight recognition in New York. It has
been reintroduced in Indiana under the name Newby. It has also been dis-
seminated under the name Coon Red, or Coon.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form very open and spreading. Twigs long to
medium, straight, moderately stout; internodes medium or above. Bark clear
reddish-brown with some olive-green, streaked with scarf-skin, but slightly
pubescent. Lenticels scattering, medium or below medium size, roundish or
oblong, raised. Buds medium size, broad, plump, obtuse, free or nearly so,
somewhat pubescent. Leaves medium size, broad.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form oblate,
symmetrical, angular. Stem short or medium. Cavity acute, deep, wavy, not
russeted, sometimes lipped. Calyx large, somewhat open; lobes long, acute.
Basin variable, somewhat obtuse to abrupt, often wide, deep, ridged and
wrinkled.

108 THE AppiLes OF NEw York.

Skin smooth, waxen yellow, overspread with a bright light red blush, in-
distinctly marked with narrow carmine splashes. Dots green or grayish.
Prevailing effect attractive red and yellow.

Calyx tube rather large, rather short urn-shape to truncate funnel-form.
Stamens basal to above median.

Core medium to small, abaxile: cells usually symmetrical, open or some-
times closed: core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels smooth,
broadly elliptical, quite concave. Seeds medium in size, wide, obtuse.

Flesh a little tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, rather
tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic, good to nearly very good.

Season December to April or later.

DOCTOR WALKER.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1881:83. app. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:237.
3. Thomas, 1897 :633.
SynonyM. Litsey (1).

As grown here the fruit is only moderately attractive, being dull
in color and scarcely medium in size. The tree does not come into
bearing very early, but is quite productive, and the fruit keeps very
late. It is not recommended for planting in New York.

Historical. A seedling of Ralls which originated on the farm of John
Litsey near Springfield, Ky., in which locality it is said to be superior to its
parent, being hardy, productive and blooming late in the season (1).

TREE.

Tree vigorous or moderately vigorous; branches short, moderately stout.
Form upright spreading and rather open. wigs below medium or short,
straight, rather stout with large terminal buds; internodes below medium or
short. Bark clear dark olive-green somewhat tinged with reddish-brown,
little or no scarf-skin, decidedly pubescent. Lenticels numerous, medium to
small, roundish to oblong, not raised. Buds often large, broad, plump, obtuse,
free, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or below. Form roundish inclined to conic, sometimes
roundish oblate. Stem short to medium. Cavity acute to acuminate, rather
deep, moderately broad, somewhat furrowed, sometimes russeted. Calyx
medium to large, closed or partly open; lobes often leafy, long, acuminate.
Basin abrupt, medium in width and depth, somewhat furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, somewhat glossy, pale green or yellowish, deeply
blushed or mottled with purplish-red, with distinct narrow dull carmine stripes.
Dots numerous, conspicuous, pale yellow or grayish.

Calyx tube cone-shape.

Core medium to small, closed or partly open; core lines meeting or slightly
clasping. Carpels roundish inclined to obcordate, emarginate, slightly tufted.
Seeds medium or above, dark, wide, obtuse, slightly tufted.

DOCTOR

ats

UY

~,

~

THE AppLes OF NEW York. 109

Flesh whitish, firm, rather fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, becoming
nearly sweet, somewhat aromatic, good.
Season January to May.

DOMINE,

REFERENCES. I. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831. 2. Downing, 1845:107. 3.
Kirkland, Horticulturist, 2:545. 1847. 4. Thomas, 1849:165,173. 5. Humrick-
house, Mag. Hort., 15:27. 1849. fig. 6. Phoenix, Horticulturist, 4:470. 1850.
7. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:68. 1851. fig. 8. Hooper, 1857:96. g. Elliott,
1858:130, 161. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 11. Warder, 1867:430. fig. 12.
Downing, 1872:147. fig. 13. Barry, 1883:345. 14. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1890:290. 15. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:237. 16. Rural N. Y., 54:744.
1895. 17. Ill. Sta. Bul., 45:319. 1806. 18. Richman, Utah Sta. Bul., 45:16.
1896. 19. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:292. 1901. 20. Budd-Hansen, 1903:
70, fig. 21. Beach and Clark, N. VY. Sta. Bul., 248:117. 1004.

Synonyms. Cheat (12). Cling Tight (12). Domint (6). DomiInie (4,
10, 16, 17, 18, 19). English Beauty of Pa. (12). English Rambo of some
(12). English Red Streak (12, 13, 21). English Winter Red Streak of some
(9). Hogan (0, 12). Holland Pippin, incorrectly (19). Ramboulrette (3).
Striped R. I. Greening (9, 12). Well Apple (9). WELLS (4, 7, 8,9). Wells
(12, 2t). WILLIAMSON (7).

A striped apple of the Rambo class which much resembles Rambo
in appearance. While it does not rank as high in quality it is a
much better keeper, its season extending till March; commercial
limit, February. When well grown it is large and of good color, but
too often the fruit sets so abundantly that it does not average much
above medium size. In western New York, although in some
seasons it is very productive, it is not as reliable a bearer as are
some of the kinds which outrank it in the commercial orchards, and
often the color is not well developed. It has been more extensively
planted along the Hudson than in any other part of the state, but it
is not now grown so much there as it was formerly. It is chiefly
valued for dessert, being generally considered inferior for culinary
uses, except possibly for baking.

It is evidently not identical with the Domine described by Coxe.!

Historical. Origin uncertain. Supposed to be a native of this country (11,
12). Elliott states that it probably came originally from Maryland (9).

TREE.

Tree is vigorous to moderately vigorous, “with long, stout, spreading
branches which are very liable to be broken by the heavy crops of fruit” (14).

1Fruit Trees, 1817 :11s.

IIO Tue AppLes OF NEw York.

Form upright spreading “with a straggling, open head and bearing its fruit
crowded along the smaller branches” (11). Twigs above medium to long,
moderately stout; internodes long. Bark smooth, clear reddish-brown, some-
times with a slight undertone of yellowish-green uniformly overlaid with a
thin scarf-skin, rather pubescent. Lenticels rather inconspicuous, raised, mod-
erately numerous, above medium, generally roundish. Buds above medium,
roundish to acute, free or nearly so, quite pubescent. Leaves long, drooping
and characteristically twisted.

FRUIT.

Fruit usually about medium in size, sometimes large or very large. Form
usually oblate, sometimes inclined to oblong and distinctly flattened at the base,
sides often somewhat unequal, ribbed. Stem medium to long, slender at the
base. Cavity obtuse, wide, deep, often distinctly furrowed, usually with out-
spreading brown russet rays. Calyx below medium to large, closed or slightly
open; lobes long, acute. Basin pubescent, rather shallow to moderately deep,
wide or compressed, abrupt, usually distinctly furrowed.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, bright, whitish-yellow or green mottled and
splashed with deep pinkish-red, striped with bright carmine and overlaid with
thin whitish bloom. Dots pale or yellow, numerous toward the basin, but
toward the cavity they are scattering, large, often irregular and with russet
center.

Calyx tube funnel-shape with a wide limb and short truncate cylinder.
Stamens median to marginal.

Core small, somewhat abaxile; cells usually symmetrical, closed or partly
open; core lines nearly meeting or clasping. Carpels broadly elliptical, slightly
emarginate. Seeds numerous, large, plump, moderately narrow, long, acute,
dark.

Flesh whitish or tinged with light yellow, very firm, breaking, somewhat
coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid with a peculiar aromatic flavor, good to
very good.

Season November to March.

DOUBLE ROSE.

The tree is exceedingly productive and comes into bearing young. The fruit
is beautiful, being almost wholly overspread with a bright deep red but it is
too small to be valuable for ordinary market uses and it does not rank high
enough in quality to be classed with fruit suitable for fancy trade. It is not
recommended for planting in New York.

Received from Jaroslay Niemetz, Winnitza, Podolia, Russia, in 1898, for
testing at this Station.

FRUIT.

Fruit small, roundish or oblong conic. Stem long to medium, set in a deep,
rather wide, russeted cavity. Calyx closed or partly open. Basin abrupt,
moderately deep. Skin smooth yellow overspread with light red sometimes
deepening to dark red. Core medium, nearly closed. Flesh tinged with yellow,
moderately coarse, mild subacid, fair to possibly good.

Season November to February.

DOMINE

THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. III

DU BOIS.

REFERENCE. I. Heiges, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1894:19.

A red-striped winter apple described by Heiges (1) in 1894 from specimens
received from Columbia county, N. Y., as above medium size, oblate, yellow
washed with mixed red and striped with crimson; flesh yellowish-white,
stained with red, mild subacid, good. Mr. F. P. Studley, who furnished
Heiges with the fruit from which the above description was made reports
further concerning this variety that it originated as a chance seedling in the
town of Claverack, and that it is a very showy apple of the Blue Pearmain
type although the fruit is not so large as that of Blue Pearmain. It ap-
parently would stand shipping well for the skin is tough and the fruit is firm.
It is a very late keeper sometimes being kept till July. The tree is very hardy,
a good grower, forming a round compact head. It is productive in alternate

years.
DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1872:150. 2. Hogg, 1884:65. 3. Bailey, An.
Hort., 1892:237. 4. N. Y. Sta. Rpt., 1892:588, 592. 5. Bunyard, Jour. R. H.
S., 21:356. 1898. 6. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:117. 1904.

A yellow apple, partly russeted, medium in size, desirable either
for dessert or culinary use. The tree does not come into bearing
very young, but when mature is quite productive. The fruit is apt
to drop badly. It cannot be recommended as superior to other well-
known varieties of its class.

Historical. Originated in Engfind and introduced to commerce there about
1875 (5). It is there esteemed as an excellent dessert apple and a good keeper
(2). It is but little known in New York.

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous. Form spreading.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to small. Form oblate to roundish conic, sometimes obscurely
ribbed; pretty uniform in shape and size. Stem very short to medium, some-
times swollen. Cavity rather narrow to moderately broad, shallow to moder-
ately deep, acute, often nearly acuminate, often lipped, usually covered with
green russet. Calyx rather large, flat, partly open. Basin variable, usually
shallow and obtuse, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, partly smooth, dull yellow, often with a faint orange or
bronze blush, more or less covered with russet, roughened with large russet
dots. Dots gray or russet, conspicuous. Prevailing effect greenish-yellow
mingled with russet.

Calyx tube small, short, rather wide, conical or urn-shape. Stamens
marginal.

Core axile or nearly so, medium in size; cells usually symmetrical, closed;
core lines meeting or clasping. Carpels roundish to somewhat oblong, slightly

ioe THE Apples OF NEw YorK.

emarginate, mucronate, sometimes slightly tufted. Seeds rather light brown,
medium to small, wide, plump, obtuse.

Flesh yellowish or tinged with green, moderately juicy, moderately crisp,
firm, somewhat coarse, with a pleasant subacid flavor characteristic of certain
russet apples, good to very good.

Season December to April or later.

DUMELOW.

REFERENCES. 1. Lindley, 1831:81. 2. Ronalds, 1831:37. fig. 3. Cat. Hort.
Soc., London, 1831. 4. Diel, 27:55. 1832. 5. Kenrick, 1833:101. 6. Floy-Lindley,
1833:32. 7. Thomas, 1849:165. 8. Rivers, Horticulturist, 4:40. 1849. 9.
Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:85. 1851. 10. Downing, 1857:212. 11. Elliott,
1858:1cg. 12. Lucas, E., Jil. Handb. der Obstk., 1:187. 1859. 13. Warder,
1867:717. 14. Leroy, 1873:864. figs. 15. Hogg, 1884:65. 16. Bredsted, 1893:
274. 17. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:237. 18. Jil. Sta. Bul., 45:320. 1806. 10.
Eneroth-Smirnoff, tg01:480. 20. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:117.
1904.

SynonyMs. DUKE OF WELLINGTON (2, 5). Dumelow’s Crab (6, 10, 11,
14,15). Dumelow'’s Pippin (14). DUMELOW’s SEEDLING (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10,
II, 15, 16). Dumelow’s Seedling (5, 14, 17, 18). Normanton Wonder (3, 14,
15). Sutton Beauty (14), but erroneously. WELLINGTON (12, 14, 16, 19, 20).
Wellington (6, 10, 11, 15). WELLINGTON’S REINETTE (4).

Fruit of good marketable size, rather attractive for a yellow
apple, and a good keeper (15, 20). It is excellent for culinary
use, but too acid to be agreeable for dessert. The tree is a very
strong grower and quite productive i*alternate years. Possibly it
is worthy of growing to a limited extent for market, but it is inferior
to good red apples like Baldwin and Sutton both in appearance and
for dessert uses. In England it is esteemed as one of the most
valuable culinary apples (15).

Historical. Virst exhibited to the Royal Horticultural Society, London, in
1820 under the name Wellington, but prior to that it had been extensively

cultivated under the name of Dumelow’s Crab, taking its name from the
farmer with whom it originated (15).

TREE.

Tree very vigorous. Form upright becoming rather round with spreading
and somewhat drooping branches. Ywigs medium or rather long, nearly
straight, somewhat stocky, somewhat pubescent; internodes medium or above.
Bark rather clear light brownish-red over olive-green with slight scarf-skin.
Lenticels characteristically conspicuous, very numerous, medium to very large,
usually elongated, raised. Buds large to below medium, plump, rather acute,
somewhat appressed, decidedly pubescent. Leaves medium to large, long and
rather broad. Petioles red at base.

MO1AWNA

THE APPLES OF NEW YorK. 113

FRUvIT.

Fruit above medium to large; pretty uniform in size and shape. [Form
roundish, somewhat oblate, sometimes obscurely ribbed. Sten medium to
rather short. Cavity rather narrow, acute to acuminate, moderately shallow
to deep, symmetrical, sonietimes russeted. Calyx large, open; lobes separated
at the base. Basin variable, obtuse to abrupt, shallow to moderately deep,
irregularly furrowed and somewhat wrinkled.

Skin tough, rather pale bright yellow, sometimes blushed with light red
and striped with thin carmine. Dots often submerged, dark gray or with
russet point. Prevailing color yellow.

Calyx tube conical or funnel-form with broad limb and short truncate
cylinder. Stamens basal.

Core below medium to rather small, usually more or less abaxile; cells
not always symmetrical, partly closed particularly toward the apex, or open;
core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels roundish cordate, emargi-
nate. Seeds small to medium, wide, plump, acute to obtuse, dark.

Flesh whitish with slight yellow tinge, firm, crisp, moderately fine, tender,
very juicy, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic, good for cooking.

Season November to March or April.

DUNCAN.

REFERENCES. 1. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831. 2. Downing, 1872:151. 3.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238. 4. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:117.
1904.

An apple of the Newtown Spitzenburg class which closely resembles that
variety in the appearance and quality of its fruit. When well developed it is
rather attractive in color and very good in quality for dessert use. It is an
excellent keeper, but as grown at this Station it averages too small for a good
commercial apple. The tree comes into bearing young and is almost an
annual bearer, but yields heavier crops in alternate years. It is not recom-
mended for planting in New York.

Historical. Received for testing here from B. Buckman, Farmingdale, III.
It has been disseminated to some extent in portions of the Ohio valley (3).
We have not determined whether or not it is identical with the English
variety of this name (1, 2).

TREE.

Tree small, moderately vigorous; branches short, stout, crooked; laterals
willowy and small, slender. Form upright spreading to roundish, dense.
Twigs short to above medium, rather slender, straight, moderately stout;
internodes short. Bark dull reddish-brown, mingled with olive-green, with
thin coat of scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small, round,
not raised. Buds small, plump, obtuse, appressed, deeply set in bark; some-
what pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium or small, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish, pretty symmetrical, sides sometimes unequal. Stem medium. Cavity
acuminate to acute, symmetrical, moderately deep, sometimes furrowed, rarely

114 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

russeted. Calyx closed or partly open; lobes long, acute. Basim obtuse,
shallow, irregularly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin green or pale yellow, striped with carmine over a thin dull blush and
conspicuously marked with large, irregular, whitish dots. Often the color is
not well developed and not particularly attractive.

Calyx tube short to long, moderately wide, cone-shape or somewhat funnel-
form. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium, axile or somewhat abaxile; core lines meeting or clasping;
cells sometimes unsymmetrical, closed or partly open. Carpels broad, roundish,
smooth, emarginate. .Secds medium or below, broad, dark, acute to obtuse.

Flesh whitish, with yellow tinge, moderately firm, fine-grained, tender, crisp.
very juicy, agreeable mild subacid mingled with sweet, good to very good
when well grown.

Season January to May.

DUTCH MIGNONNE.

REFERENCES. I. Diel, 4:140. 1801. 2. Ronalds, 1831:51. 3. Cat. Hort.
Soc. London, 1831:30. 4. Floy-Lindley, 1833:33. 5. Dittrich, 1839:429. 6.
Lindley, Pom. Mag., 1839:84. col. pl. 7. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:72.
1851. 8. Bivort, An. de Pomol. Belge, 1853:83. 9. Elliott, 1858:74. to.
Lucas, Ed., Jil. Handb. der Obstk., 1:163. 1859. 11. Berghuis, 1868: col. pl.
No. 11. 12. Regel. 1868:466. 13. Downing, 1872:151, 331. Jb., 1876:3. app.
14. Leroy, 1873:644. 2 figs. 15. Lauche, 1:257. 1882. 16. Hogg, 1884:66. 17.
Cat. Cong. Pom. France, 1887:322. 18. Bailey, An. Hort. 1892:238, 248. 19.
Bredsted, 1893:182. 20. Beach and Close, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 15:275. 1896.
2 figs. 21. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1g01:195. 22. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bul., 248:114. 1904.

Synonyms. Caux (22). Christ's Golden Reinette (16). Copmanthorpe
Crab (13, 14, 16). DurirscH Micnonne (8). Dutca Micnome (7). Dutch
Mignonne (14). DutcH Minion (2). Gross— CASSELER REINETTE (10, 12,
15). Grosser Casselar Reinette (13). GRoss—E ODER DopPPELTE CASSELER
REINETTE (1,5). Paternoster Apple (4, 13, 14). Pomme de Laak (4, 13. 14).
REINETTE DE CAUXx (3, 14, 17, 20). Reinette de Caux (16, 22). REINETTE
D’or (11). REINETTE DorEE (2). Reinette Dorée (4, 13). Stettin Pippin
(13, 14, 16). Sror CASSELER REINET (19). STOR KASSELRENETT (21).

Tree vigorous and very productive on alternate years. Fruit
medium or above, not very attractive in color but excellent for
cooking, good for dessert and a good keeper. It is recommended
for the home orchard, but because the color of the fruit lacks decided
character it is not a good commercial variety, except for canning

or evaporating.

Historical. This apple has been known in Holland for more than a century.
It was introduced from that country into England about 1771 (4, 14).
Although it was brought into New York state many years ago and has been
imported at various times both under the name Dutch Mignonne and that of
Reinette de Caux it has not won favorable recognition among commercial

DUTCH MIGNONNE

THE Apples oF NEW York. 115

orchardists and has nowhere been planted to any considerable extent. Leroy
(14) states that Grosse Reinette de Cassel and Reinette Dorée are distinct
from this variety although they have been listed by some as identical.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form rather wide-spreading, inclined to droop,
pretty dense; branches short, stout, curved. Twigs medium in length, nearly
straight, moderately stout to rather slender; internodes medium or above.
Bark clear reddish-brown, mostly overlaid or mottled with rather heavy scarf-
skin, pubescent near tips. Lenticels moderately numerous, small to medium,
round or somewhat oblong, sometimes raised. Buds moderately prominent,
medium in size, plump, acute, free, somewhat pubescent. Leaves medium in
size, broad.

FRuIT.

Fruit above medium, pretty uniform in size. Form roundish oblate to
roundish, sometimes inclined to conic, often somewhat elliptical and broadly
ribbed. Stem often characteristically long and slender and obliquely inserted.
Cazty acute, moderately deep to deep, rather broad, often with outspreading
russet rays and faint lines and flecks of dull grayish scarf-skin, furrowed or
sometimes compressed, occasionally lipped. Calyx small to medium, closed
or open. Basin usually rather shallow, moderately narrow to rather wide,
often somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin yellow with thin orange blush, in highly colored specimens deepening
to orange-red, mottled and sparingly splashed or striped with carmine. Dots
numerous, whitish or russet, often areolar. Prevailing effect dull orange-
yellow partly covered with thin dull red; not particularly attractive.

Calyx tube rather large, long, conical or sometimes approaching urn-shape.
Stamens marginal.

Core axile, medium to small, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly
roundish, rather flat, slightly emarginate. Seeds few, often some are abortive,
rather long, irregular, flat, obtuse or somewhat acute.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, nearly fine, crisp, rather tender, juicy, sub-
acid, sprightly, good for dessert, excellent for cooking.

Season somewhat variable; often extending till May. Commercial limit

usually March (20, 22),
DUZENBURY.

REFERENCE. I. Downing, 1872:152.

A medium sized, late winter apple, described by Downing (1) as greenish
overspread with dull red, very mild subacid, almost sweet, very good in quality.
It originated at Phillipstown, Putnam county, N. Y. It appears to be but little
known outside of the locality where it originated.

EDWARDS.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1872:159. 2. Beach and Close, N. Y. Sta. Rpt.,
15:271. 1896. 3. Massey, N.C. Sta. Bul., 149:317. 1898. 4. Powell and Fulton,
U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:40. 1903. 5. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:118.
1904.

Synonym. Edwards Favorite (2).

116 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

Fruit good in quality and one of the latest keepers, but as grown here it
barely reaches medium size at its best and often is small, and the color is
usually rather dull. It is not well adapted for growing as far north as New
York state.

Historical. Edwards is said to have originated in Chatham county, N. C.,
as a seedling of the Hall.
TREE.

Tree not vigorous, small, stunted. Form flat, open, spreading and inclined
to droop. Twigs short to medium, straight, slender; internodes medium.
Bark olive-green tinged with brownish-red, mottled with scarf-skin; only
pubescent near the tips. Lenticels conspicuous, numerous, medium to large,
roundish, raised. Buds medium in size, broad, plump, acute, free, not
pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or below, uniform in size and shape. Form oblate to roundish
oblate inclined to conic, often slightly ribbed. Stem long, slender. Cavity
obtuse to acute, medium, sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed. Basin
variable, rather shallow to moderately deep, moderately narrow to rather wide,
often abrupt, nearly smooth.

Skin smooth, thick, tough, yellowish-green, blushed with dull brownish-red,
faintly striped with carmine, in highly colored specimens becoming deep,
bright red. Dots large and small, pale and russet. Prevailing effect rather
dull green, blushed with dull dark red.

Calyx tube cone-shape or somewhat funnel-form. Stamens median to
marginal.

Core below medium, abaxile; cells sometimes unsymmetrical, partly open;
core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels rather flat, roundish obovate
to roundish obcordate. Seeds few, dark, medium to large, plump, acute;
often some are abortive.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, rather coarse, tender, breaking, moderately
juicy, somewhat astringent, sprightly subacid, aromatic, good.

Season February to May or later; sometimes keeps through the summer.

EISER.

REFERENCES. I. Diel, Kernobstsorten, 5:175. 1802. (cited by 3). 2. Ober-
dieck, /Il. Handb. der Obst., 4:353. 1865. (cited by 3). 3. Leroy, 1873:285.
fig. 4. Lauche, 1: col. pl. No. 10. 1882. 5. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:170. fi.
Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:54. 1902.

Synonyms. ARSAPPLE (5). EIsErR RouGe (3). Durable Trois ans (3).
Rep Ersen (6). ROTHER EIser (2). Rother Eiser (3). RoTHer EIsrn-
APFEL (4). Rouge Rayée (1, 3).

Fruit very attractive, of good size, very beautiful color and good
quality ; suitable for general uses. It has a tough skin which does
not readily show bruises. It stands shipping well and is an excel-
lent keeper, being much superior to Baldwin in this respect. At the
Kansas Station it has not been a good cropper (6), but Leroy states

THE Apples oF NEw York. 117

that it is satisfactorily productive (3). As tested at this Station
the tree is a good grower and almost an annual bearer, but only
moderately productive. There is comparatively little loss from
drops and culls. It has not been tried here long enough to justify
an unqualified recommendation, but it shows merit enough to make

it worthy of further testing.

Historical. A German variety which has been in cultivation more than a
century (1, 2, 3). Our stock came from Prof. Budd who imported the variety
from Austria for the Iowa Agricultural college, in 1884 and 1885.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, moderately stout. Form upright
spreading, or roundish, open. Twigs long, moderately stout, nearly straight;
internodes long. Bark olive-brown, tinged with red, streaked with grayish
scarf-skin; heavily pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small, round, raised. Buds
large, broad, obtuse, free, pubescent. Foliage dense, dark green.

FRUIT.

fruit medium to nearly large. Form conical, broad at the base, often
elliptical, sides unequal, somewhat ribbed. Stem short and thick to long and
rather slender. Cavity very large to large, acute, deep, broad, sometimes
symmetrical, often compressed or furrowed, with outspreading green russet.
Calyx medium to large, closed or partly open; lobes acute to acuminate.
Basin often oblique, irregular, rather shallow to moderately deep, narrow,
abrupt, roughly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, slightly waxy, yellow mottled with orange-red
and almost covered with bright pinkish-red, sometimes deepening to purplish,
inconspicuously striped with deep carmine, covered with a thin whitish bloom.
Dots conspicuous, numerous toward the eye, larger, more irregular and more
scattering towards the cavity, grayish-white or yellow, sometimes russet
areolar. Prevailing effect attractive bright red.

Calyx tube long, funnel-shape or approaching conical. Stamens median to
basal.

Core medium or above with hollow cylinder, nearly axile; cells symmetrical,
closed or partly open; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels roundish
or elongated, not emarginate or but slightly so, tufted. Seeds medium to
above, rather wide, long, somewhat acute, tufted, often somewhat abortive.

Flesh whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, very firm, moderately fine, crisp,
breaking, moderately juicy, mild subacid, good.

Season January to June or later.

ELLSWORTH.

REFERENCE. I. Downing, 1872:160.

Described by Downing as medium in size, yellow netted with russet. Flesh
tender, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid, very good to best in quality. In season
from January to March. Origin, Columbia county.

We have not seen this variety.

118 THE Apples OF NEW YORK.

ENGLISH RUSSET,

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1845:132. fig. 2. Thomas, 1849:180, I90. fig. 3.
Phoenix, Horticulturist, 1850:470. 4. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:99. 1851.
fig. 5. Elliott, 1858:98. 6. dm. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 7. Downing, 1872:
162. fig. 8. Downing, C., Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:36. 9. Barry, 1883:345.
10. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238. 11. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:132. 12.
Budd-Hansen, 1903:75. 13. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:118. 1904.

Synonyms. English Russet (5). POUGHKEEPSIE RussET (5). Pough-
keepsie Russet (2, 7, 9, 11). Winter Russet (3, 5).

A greenish-yellow russet of medium size or rather small, pretty
uniform in size, not especially attractive in color nor high in quality,
but one of the best keeping apples known. In ordinary cellar
storage it has often been kept till the next crop has ripened. Late
in the season it is apt to shrivel some. Fruit-dealers report that the
fruit from Southern and Southwestern New York is larger and has
poorer keeping quality, while that from Northern and Western New
York is smaller and keeps better.

Within recent years it has been in good demand for export trade,
bringing relatively better prices in Europe than in America. It is
not very good for cooking, but has the reputation of making excep-
tionally good cider. It is acceptable for dessert following the season
of Esopus Spitsenburg and Baldwin. The fruit hangs well to the
tree, but there is apt to be considerable loss because a relatively large
percentage of the apples are too small for market. Where insects
are not controlled the fruit is often knotty. The trees commonly

bear biennially and only moderately, heavy crops being rare.

IXNGLISH RUSSET AND GOLDEN RuSSET COMPARED.

It may be distinguished from the Golden Russet, which is also
called by some English Golden Russet, by its straight-growing habit,
with erect shoots forming an upright or round top. The Golden
Russet trees are more vigorous, spreading, irregular and bushy.
The English Russet twigs of one season’s growth have more of a
clear reddish-brown color, and the lenticels, being comparatively dull
in color and only moderately numerous, are not very conspicuous,
although they are sometimes large, while the Golden Russet twigs
when highly colored are darker brown, varying towards olive-green
where the color is less strongly developed. They are finely mottled

LASSNY HSITDSNS

er =>

ue

Ua

THE APPLES OF NEW York. . 119

with grayish scarf-skin, and the roundish lenticels, although they are
usually small, are numerous and conspicuous, having a clear, pale
color. On the bark of the second season’s growth the lenticels are
elongated transversely, still numerous and decidedly conspicuous.

In the English Russet the tendency of the fruit to become narrow
towards the eye is more marked than in the Golden Russet, and its
calyx is more often open, with the lobes reflexed. The Golden
Russet basin is often the wider and markedly saucer-shaped, with
the calyx set in a narrow, green or yellowish circle which contrasts
sharply with the surrounding russet. The stem of the Golden
‘Russet is usually the shorter and stouter, while that of the English
Russet often has a brownish-red streak not found on the other.
The cavity of the Golden Russet is somewhat larger and wider, but
on the average is hardly as deep as that of the English Russet. It is
often marked with grayish dots, while that of the English Russet
is not. The skin of the Golden Russet varies from a dull greenish
russet to golden russet; and when grown under favorable conditions
sometimes has a bronze blush, but it does not take a polish. The
skin of the English Russet shows no sign of a blush, but it is some-
what the smoother, paler and brighter in color, and takes a good
polish. The flesh of the Golden Russet is richer in flavor, more
tender, and of higher quality than that of the English Russet; its
seeds have a more marked red tinge; its core is more distinctly
abaxile; its cells are more often unsymmetrical ; its carpels are more
concave and its seeds are broader, more irregular in form and

size, less acute and more distinctly tufted.

Historical. Although this has long been extensively grown under the name
English Russet it has not been identified with any European variety and its
origin is unknown. It is much grown in Westchester and Putnam counties
and is found in old orchards throughout the State. It is distinct from the
English Russet of Warder,! also from that described by Burrill and McCluer?
as the “ English Russet of England.”

TREE.

Tree medium in size to rather large, moderately vigorous to vigorous.
Form upright. wigs erect, medium or above medium in length, moderately
stout to rather slender, often with large terminal bud; internodes short. Bark
rather dark clear brownish-red or, on the shaded side, brownish-green, covered

14mer. Pom. 186%:625. Jil. Sta. Bul., 45:320. 1896.

120 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

sparingly with gray scarf-skin; somewhat pubescent. Lenticels moderately
abundant, not particularly conspicuous but rather dull colored, often roundish,
sometimes large. Buds often short, plump, obtuse to acute, moderately pubes-
cent, rather deeply set in the bark, free.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to rather small; pretty uniform in size and shape. Lorm
roundish, more or less inclined to conic, pretty regular and symmetrical,
sometimes faintly ribbed, occasionally sides unequal. Stem moderately thick
to rather slender, medium in length to short, often streaked on one side with
brownish-red, usually not exserted. Cavity acute to somewhat acuminate,
rather narrow to medium in width, moderately deep to deep, symmetrical or
slightly compressed, occasionally lipped, furrowed obscurely if at all. Calyx
small to medium, usually open, sometimes closed; segments often long, acute
and reflexed. Basin rather abrupt, moderately deep, moderately wide to rather
narrow, symmetrical.

Skin tough, takes a good polish, varies from pale green to yellow more
or less covered with russet, the base often being entirely russeted. Highly
colored specimens become clear golden russet but have no perceptible shade
of red. Dots inconspicuous, round or irregular, dark russet.

Calyx tube rather narrow, cone-shape, sometimes funnel-form. Stamens
basal to median.

Core rather small, abaxile; cells pretty symmetrical, open, sometimes closed ;
core lines usually meeting, but with a funnel-form calyx tube they are clasp-
ing. Carpels rather flat, roundish to broadly ovate, slightly tufted, but
slightly emarginate if at all. Seeds numerous, medium in size, plump, rather
narrow, acute to acuminate, rather light brown, sometimes slightly tufted.

Flesh yellowish-white, firm, rather crisp, moderately tender, fine-grained,
not very juicy, somewhat aromatic, pleasant, rather mild subacid, good.

Season January to May or later.

ESOPUS!57/7ZZ1/6 CRG

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:127. 2. Thacher, 1822:137. 3. N. Y. Ba. of
Agr. Mem., 1826:477. 4. Wilson, 1828:136. 5. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:
368. 6. Kenrick, 1832:40. 7. Floy-Lindley, 1833:45. 8. Downing, 1845:138.
9. Thomas, 1849:171, 172. fig. 10. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 16:62. 1850. fig. 11.
Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3: col. pl. No. 23. 1851. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,
1852. 13. Elliott, 1858:76. fig. 14. Bivort, An. Pom. de Belge, 1859:75. 15.
Flotow, J/l. Handb. der Obstk., 1:525. 1859. 16. Warder, 1867:539, fig. 17.
Mas, Le Verger, 4:141. col. pl. 18. Leroy, 3:54. 1873. 19. Barry, 1883:345.
20. Hogg, 1884:73. 21. Wickson, 1889:247. 22. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:290. 23. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238. 24. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas.
An. Rpt., 3:14. 1896. fig. 25. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:452. 26. Budd-Hansen,
1903:76. fig. 27. Massey, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:20. 1903. 28. Powell and
Fulten, U. S. B. P..T. Bul., 48:40. 19003. 29. Beach and Clark, WWEeey Sia:
Bul., 248:118. 1904.

SyNonyMs. A®sopus SPITZEMBERG (7). Asopus Spitzemberg (8, 10, 18).
7ESoPUS SPITZENBERG (6). sopus Spitzenberg (20). Esopus Spitzenburg
(8), Asopus SpitzenpurcH (18). Zsopus Spitzenburgh (10). Esopus

LASSNY HSITDSNSA

6

oes Jl

~Y

=

Mg

Ce

THE AppLes OF NEW YORK. 121

(28). Esopus SpitzEMBERG (1). Esopus SPITZENBERG (3, 10, 16, 21). Esopus
SPITZENBURG (13, 22, 23). Esopus Spitzenburg (28). Esopus SpitzENBURGH

~<, <

(11, 19, 20). Esopus Spitcenburgh (24). SPITSZENBURGH (2). SPITZENBERG
(4). Spitzenburg (29). SpiIrzENBURGH (24). SPITZENBURGH, Esopus (8, 9).
True Spitzenburgh (8, 18, 20).

The Esopus Spitzenburg, commonly known as the Spitzenburg, is
the standard of excellence for apples of the Baldwin class, to which
it naturally belongs. When well grown it is handsomely colored
and unexcelled in flavor and quality. It is a choice dessert fruit
and also one of the best apples known either for canning or for
general culinary uses. It is well adapted for handling in cold
storage, ships well, has long had a well-established reputation in
market, always sells well, is well suited for marketing in boxes or
fancy packages and often brings fancy prices. It is in season
between Rhode Island Greening and Baldwin. It is quite variable
in keeping quality in different seasons and in different localities (29).
The fruit is quite susceptible to the attacks of the scab fungus, as
also are the blossoms and the foliage. It is often injured by the
apple-canker, and therefore it is advisable to graft or bud it upon
a healthier variety. Special attention needs to be given to protecting
both the tree and the fruit from the diseases just mentioned As
one means for accomplishing this result and also for the purpose of
increasing the yield of high-grade fruit, it is wise to prune regularly
but moderately, and to give the trees enough room in the orchard
so that they do not crowd each other, thus permitting free movement
of air and access of ample light around and among all of the
branches. [special care should be taken to favor a free and vigor-
ous growth of the tree by keeping the soil highly fertile, well sup-
plied with humus, well drained and yet well supplied with moisture
throughout the growing season.

Under favorable conditions Esopus Spitzenburg bears pretty regu-
larly, but it is commonly rated as being, on the average, a rather
moderate cropper. For this reason and because of its susceptibility
to the diseases above mentioned it is not largely planted in com-
mercial orchards, being found less profitable than Baldwin, Rhode

Descriptions of these diseases and approved methods of dealing with them are set forth
in bulletins of this Station 163:1899, 170:1900, 185:1900, 248:1903, and in the Station’s
corresponding annual reports.

122 THE APpp_Les OF NEw YORK.

Island Greening and certain other standard commercial sorts. The
fruit develops good color and quality in most of the apple-growing
regions of the State but it does particularly well in favorable locali-
ties in Schoharie and Greene counties and along Lake Champlain.

Historical. Originated at Esopus, Ulster county. We find no authentic
account of the date of its origin but it is scattered throughout the State in
the oldest orchards and was well known in cultivation in this and adjoining
states more than a century ago. It is known in cultivation in Europe, and is
one of the recognized commercial varieties in certain apple-growing districts
of the Rocky Mountain region, Washington and Oregon.

TREE.

Tree in the nursery makes a rather slow root development, and in the
orchard is a moderately slow grower; the lateral branches are rather slender
and eventually somewhat drooping. Form rather open and spreading, moder-
ately upright. wigs rather long and slender. Bark dark, rather clear, red-
dish-brown, and dark green, finely mottled with thin gray scarf-skin; but
slightly pubescent if at all. Lenticels medium size or below, numerous, irreg-
ular, elongated, conspicuous. Suds medium size, appressed, obtuse, pubescent.
Leaves inclined to be narrow; foliage not dense.

FRvIT.

Frut below medium to large; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
rather broad and flat at the base, varying from oblong rounding towards the
cavity to roundish ovate or to roundish inclined to conic; somewhat irregular
and obscurely ribbed. Stem medium. Cavity acute or somewhat acuminate,
deep, wide, red or yellow or with outspreading rays of thin yellowish-russet.
Calyx medium to small, closed or somewhat open. Basin not large, often
oblique at brim, abrupt, moderately narrow, shallow to medium in depth, some-
times compressed, usually furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin tough, sometimes waxy, slightly roughened by the russet dots, deep
rich yellow often almost completely covered with bright red inconspicuously
striped with darker red, in the sun deepening to a very dark, almost purplish
blush, marked with pale yellow and russet dots which are small and numerous
toward the basin, but are apt to be larger and much elongated toward the
cavity.

Calyx tube not very large, often elongated, cone-shape. Stamens below
medium to above.

Core medium to rather large, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical and open
but sometimes closed; core lines slightly clasping. Carpels large, roundish
ovate, mucronate, tufted. Seeds large, long, wide, acute, dark shaded with
light brown.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine, crisp, rather tender, juicy,
aromatic, sprightly subacid, very good to best.

Season November to February or later. In cold storage may be held till
June.

ESOPUS SPITZENBURG

THE ApPLes OF NEW YorK. 123

BROW AL,

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1876:51. app. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1881. 3.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238. 4. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:118.
1904.

SynonyM. Cooper’s RED (3). Cooper's Red (1).

This is a variety of Georgia origin which is regarded with favor in some
parts of the South (1, 2, 3). So far as we know it is not being grown in

New York. The variety described under the name Etowah in Bulletin 248
of this Station is not true to name.

ETRIS.

REFERENCES. I. Stinson, 4rk. Sta. Bul., 49:11. 1808. 2. Ib., 60:128. 1899.
3. Budd-Hansen, 1903:77.

The variety which has been propagated under this name in Arkansas may
be a new variety but it appears to be identical with Gano (1, 2).

EVENING PARTY.

REFERENCES. I. Brinckle, Horticulturist, 10:539. 1855. col. pl. 2. Downing,
SET S77. Wie, Ss Iiihow:, ueeesusy, Zin Weidler, nile. ie. Gs alin, Jeon.
Soe. CG, eye Os Witeli, elo, SOG. Ixy, wetshesai@, 4, Woranels,, atetsij323s}
8. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238. 9. Buckman, Rural N. Y., 54:806. 1895. Io.
Budd-Hansen, 1903:78. fig.

A pleasant flavored dessert fruit which is in season at Christmas. Some
find the tree unproductive but others report that it is a biennial bearer pro-
ducing so abundantly that the fruit is small if it is not thinned and the tree
well pruned. When highly colored it is decidedly attractive but often it does
not color well and usually is below medium in size. It is not recommended
for commercial planting.

Historical. Origin, Berks county, Pa. (4). It has been known in cultiva-
tion for fifty years but it is but little grown in New York and its cultivation
is not being extended.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous. Form roundish with long
spreading branches. Twigs dark reddish-brown, slender to rather stout,
curved at base; internodes long to very long. Bark generally dull brownish-
red with a rather strong undertone of olive-green in places; scarf-skin uni
form, moderately light. Lenticels inconspicuous, raised, numerous, above
medium to rather small, roundish. Buds medium size, moderately obtuse,
quite pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to rather small. Form oblate to roundish, pretty sym-
metrical, uniform. Stem short, medium in thickness, seldom exserted.
Cavity acute to acuminate, deep, moderately broad, usually smooth, occasion-
ally with outspreading russet rays, symmetrical. Calyx medium to large.

124 THE AppLes OF NEW YorK.

open or partly closed; lobes long, acuminate, somewhat separated at the base.
Basin abrupt, moderately deep to deep, moderately wide, slightly wrinkled.

Skin moderately thin, rather tough, smooth, glossy, greenish or pale yellow
mottled and blushed with red and indistinctly and sparingly striped with
carmine becoming a dark, almost purplish, red in the sun; the deep red color
is apt to overspread the basin while the yellow ground color is conspicuous
around the cavity. Dots large, pale, mingled with many that are small, whitish
and submerged or with minute russet point.

Calyx tube short, broad, conical. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium to small, somewhat abaxile to axile; cells usually pretty sym-
metrical, partly open; core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels roundish
to elliptical, slightly tufted. Seeds medium in size, moderately wide, plump,
obtuse to acute.

Flesh tinged with yellow, moderately firm, fine, rather crisp, tender, very
juicy, mild subacid mingled with sweet, somewhat aromatic, very good to best.

Season December and January.

EWALT.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1857:141. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 3.
Warder, 1867:640. 4. Downing, 1872:166. 5. Thomas, 1885:509. 6. Pa. Hort.
Assoc. Rpt., 1885:25. 7. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238. 8. Powell and Fulton,
U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:40. 1903. 9g. Budd-Hansen, 1903:78. 10. Beach and
Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:118. 1904.

Synonym. Bullocks Pippin of some (4).

Fruit of good marketable size and attractive, having a clear yellow skin
usually somewhat blushed with bright red. It is not a first-class dessert
apple, being rather too acid and not high in quality, but it is good for culinary
use. The tree occasionally bears good crops but commonly it is a moderate
or rather shy bearer.

Historical. Origin, Bedford county, Pa. (3, 4). Although it has been
known in cultivation for many years it has not gained recognition as a com-
mercial variety.

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches long, moderately stout, curved. Form upright
spreading, round, rather dense. qwigs medium or above, straight, stout;
internodes medium to long. Bark clear dark brownish-red or tinged with
olive-green, heavily pubescent; scarf-skin rather thin or none. Lenticels con-
spicuous, rather numerous, small to medium, oblong, or roundish, not raised.
Buds small to medium, flat, obtuse, free, imbedded in the bark, pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit large. Form varies from roundish conic to roundish oblate, some-
times irregularly elliptical with sides unequal or compressed, usually pretty
symmetrical. Stem short to medium, rather slender. Cavity not large, acute
to acuminate, deep, rather narrow to broad, sometimes partly russeted with
narrow broken outspreading russet rays, often furrowed or compressed.
Calyx usually large and leafy, sometimes rather small, closed or partly open;

EWALT

THE Apples OF NEW York. 125

lobes long, acute. Basin not large, sometimes oblique, rather shallow to mod-
erately deep, rather narrow, abrupt, often somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin tough, waxy, but not glossy, clear yellow usually with a thin brownish
blush which sometimes deepens to bright red with a slight tendency to become
striped, often marked with suture lines extending from cavity toward the
basin. Dots numerous, small, inconspicuous, whitish or with minute russet
point, usually submerged.

Calya tube cone-shape to funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core abaxile, medium or below; cells often unsymmetrical, closed or open;
core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels variable, roundish to roundish
ovate or obovate. Seeds numerous, medium to large, rather long, moderately
wide, obtuse to acute.

Flesh tinged with yellow, rather firm, moderately fine, crisp, rather tender,
juicy, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic, good.

Season November to April. Commercial limit February or March (10).

FALIX,

REFERENCE. I. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:119. 1904.

Fruit of medium size with tender flesh, sprightly mild subacid, good but
not excellent in quality. In form and also in the ground color and striping
it reminds one of the St. Lawrence, being oblate conic and dull green or light
yellow mottled and striped with light and dark red. It is less attractive than
St. Lawrence. Season November to April. Received for testing here from
Benjamin Buckman, Farmingdale, Ills. It does not excel as a dessert fruit
and is not attractive enough to be a good market apple. It is not recom-
mended even for trial.

FALLAWATER.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1845:109. 2. Horticulturist, 2:482, 570. 1848.
3. Thomas, 1849:180. 4. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:44. 1851. col. pl. 5.
James, Horticulturist, 8:247. 1853. 6. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 22:556. 1856. fig.
7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1856. 8. Elliott, 1858:79. fig. 9. Norris, Horticul-
turist, 15:183. 1860. 10. Warder, 1867:495. fig. 11. Downing, 1872:167. 12.
Barry, 1883:345. 13. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290. 14. Wickson,
1891:248. 15. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238, 251. 16. Dempsey, Ont. Fr. Stas.
An. Rpt., 1:24. 1894. 17. N.C. Bd. of Agr. Bul., 1g00:10. col. pl. 18. Waugh,
Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:293. 1901. 19. Budd-Hansen, 1903:78. fig. 20. Beach
and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:119. 1904.

Synonyms. Faldwalder (6). Fallawater (2, 5, 8). Fall de Waldes (9).
FALLENWALDER (5, 8). Fallenwalder (6). Fornwalder (5). Green Moun-
tain Pippin (6,8, 11). Mountain Pippin (8, 11). Pim’s Beauty of the West
(8). Pine’s Beauty of the West (6). Pound (2, 11). Tulpahocken (6, 8).
TULPEHOCKEN (2). Tulpehocken (10, UI, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20). Winter Blush

Gan):
Fruit large or very large, globular, attractive in size and form,
but as grown in Western New York it is often rather dull in color.

The accompanying colored plate was made from a highly colored

126 THE Apples oF NEw York.

specimen grown in the Hudson valley. In favorable localities on
Long Island it colors well and develops better quality than it com-
monly does north of Orange county. The flesh is coarse and at best
but second rate in quality. It is well known in market, and is often
handled at satisfactory prices in domestic and also in export trade.

The tree is usually a good, regular bearer, producing biennially
or in some localities almost annually. Sometimes the larger branches
break under their load of fruit. The fruit being large, there is apt
to be a cousiderable loss from dropping, but considering its size it
generally hangs to the tree pretty well. It is variable in season,
ranking as a keeper sometimes with Hubbardston and sometimes
with Rhode Island Greening. Although it has long been dissemi-
nated throughout New York, it has not generally been regarded with
favor by New York orchardists, except possibly in some parts of

Long Island.

Historical. Origin Bucks county, Pennsylvania. Hovey referred to it in
1856 as having been known and cultivated for many years under the name
Fallawater (6). Warder in 1867 remarked that it was then a great favorite
in Pennsylvania and “extensively cultivated through the West.”

TREE.

Tree makes a moderately light root growth in the nursery. In the orchard
it becomes large and vigorous. Form upright to roundish. wigs medium
in length to short, moderately stout, thick at the tips, erect; internodes
medium. Bark smooth, bright brownish-red mingled with olive-green, finely
mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels moderately conspicuous,
rather abundant, medium in size, usually roundish. Buds medium or above,
roundish, obtuse, sparingly pubescent, free.

FRuvuIrT.

Fruit large to very large. Form globular, sometimes a little oblate, usually
symmetrical, sometimes slightly irregular, and faintly ribbed, but it is pretty
uniform in size and shape. Stem very short. Cavity distinctly acuminate,
deep, rather narrow to broad, usually somewhat furrowed. Calyx medium to
large, closed or partly open; lobes variable. Basin shallow to moderately
deep, moderately abrupt to abrupt, often nearly symmetrical, sometimes dis-
tinctly furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, a little waxy, often dull grass-green with dull blush,
but highly colored specimens eventually become distinctly yellow and largely
blushed with bright deep pinkish-red, often considerably streaked with thin
grayish scarf-skin. Dots conspicuous, whitish, often large areolar with russet
point,

FALLAWATER

7 7. = /
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THe AppLes oF NEw York. 127

Calyx tube wide, rather short, cone-shape or approaching funnel-form.
Stamens basal to median.

Core decidedly abaxile to nearly axile, medium to large, cells unsymmetrical,
open or closed; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels distinctly
tufted, long, narrowly ovate, mucronate, but slightly emarginate if at all.
Seeds often are very few, long, narrow, acute to acuminate, tufted.

Flesh tinged with yellow or green, firm, coarse, crisp, moderately tender,
juicy, subacid to mildly sweet, without distinct or high flavor, quality good or
nearly so.

Season November to March or April, being quite variable in different locali-
ties and in different seasons. On Long Island it is commonly in season in
October and out of season in January.

Use. Desirable only for cooking and market.

FAMILY.

REFERENCES. 1. Warder, 1867:515. 2. Downing, 1872:172. fig. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat., 1873. 4. Barry, 1883:333. 5. Thomas, 1885:509. 6. Bailey, An.
Hort., 1892:239. 7. Clayton, Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:8. 1893. 8. Budd-Hansen,
1903:83.

SynonyMs. McCroups Famiry (1). McLouds Family (2, 4).

As grown at this Station the Family does not agree closely with the descrip-
tions of this variety given by various pomologists (2, 4, 5, 8), particularly in
regard to its season of ripening. Nevertheless we believe that we have the
variety true to name. We have traced our stock back to W. M. Samuels,
Clinton, Kentucky, a careful nurseryman. In Georgia, where it originated,
Family is a summer apple and according to some nursery catalogue descrip-
tions “keeps ripening for six weeks.” In Central Illinois it is in season in
September. Here at Geneva some of the fruit may keep through the winter
although its season would best be described as extending from October to
January. It is not a desirable variety for planting in New York.

TREE.

Tree vigorous, with short, moderately stout branches; does not come into
bearing young but is an annual bearer and a moderately good cropper. There
is a considerable loss from the dropping of the fruit. Form upright spread-
ing, rather dense. Tw?gs short, straight, moderately stout; internodes below
medium to short. Bark olive-green, tinged with red, covered with a light
coat of grayish scarf-skin, quite pubescent near tips. Lenticels not clear in
color, inconspicuous, scattering, medium in size, roundish. Buds medium, flat,
obtuse, very pubescent, deeply set in bark.

Fruit.

Fruit small to medium. Form roundish ovate to roundish conic, faintly
ribbed, rather symmetrical, sides often unequal; pretty uniform in shape and
size. Stem long to medium, usually rather slender. Cavity acute to acumi-
nate, medium in depth to deep, narrow, usually symmetrical, sometimes lipped,
often smooth but sometimes overspread with russet. Calyx medium, usually

128 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

slightly open; lobes rather long and reflexed. Basin shallow to very shallow,
narrow, abrupt, narrowly furrowed.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, mottled and washed with red over a rather pale
yellow ground, shading to deep dark red in the sun, marked with many
narrow and broken stripes of dull purplish-carmine, sprinkled with rather
conspicuous pale yellowish or russet dots and overspread with whitish bloom.

Calyx tube long, rather wide, funnel-form or conical, often extending to
the core. Stamens median to nearly basal.

Core abaxile, large; cells usually symmetrical and wide open; core lines
somewhat clasping. Carpels rather concave, round to broadly elliptical.
Seeds numerous, medium to rather large, acute to obtuse, plump.

Flesh yellowish sometimes tinged with red near the skin, firm, rather crisp,
fine-grained, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid becoming mild, pleasant in flavor,
good.

FARRIS,

REFERENCES. 1. Churchill, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 8:355. 1889. 2. Beach,
N.Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:250. 1805. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:
120. 1904.

Fruit resembles Rambo somewhat. As grown at this Station its quality is
good but not as high as it is rated in Kentucky where it was first introduced
into cultivation. The tree does not come into bearing very young. It is
usually moderately productive and sometimes very productive, but it is too
unattractive in color and too small to be desirable for commercial purposes.

Historical. Farris was introduced by a Mr. Reeves of Allen county, Ken-
tucky, and afterwards brought more prominently into notice by W. M.
Samuels, Clinton, Ky. It was granted first premium as the best fall apple
at a fruit exhibition in St. Louis in 1876.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous, rather small, with short stout branches. Form
spreading, flat, open. Twigs medium in length to rather short, straight, mod-
erately stout; internodes short. Bark clear, reddish-brown, with some olive-
green and streaked with gray scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels clear
in color, scattering, small, or very small, generally round, not raised. Buds
deeply set in bark, medium in size, flat, obtuse or acute, appressed, slightly
pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit medium or below. Form roundish oblate to roundish conic, faintly
ribbed. Stem rather stout. Cavity acute, sometimes nearly obtuse, shallow to
moderately deep, narrow, sometimes lipped, sometimes slightly russeted. Calyx
often flat, small to above medium, closed or partly open. Basin shallow to
moderately deep, narrow to moderately wide, often somewhat furrowed and
wrinkled.

Skin smooth, waxy, somewhat glossy, yellow, largely overspread with rather
dull, deep red, in highly colored specimens becoming purplish, sometimes
obscurely striped with purplish-carmine Dots yellowish, sometimes with
russet point, numerous, small to large, often conspicuous.

THe Apples OF NEW York. 129

Calyx tube usually rather narrow and cone-shape, sometimes funnel-shape.
Stamens median to basal.

Core axile, medium, closed; core lines meeting or clasping. Carpels roundish
or roundish obcordate, tufted. Seeds large to below medium, narrow, long,
acuminate to acute, tufted, often some are abortive.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, rather coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant
subacid, good.

Season variable, usually extending from December to March or April, some-
times later.

FERDINAND,

REFERENCES. I. Summer, Horticulturist, 4:275. 1849. fig. 2. Elliott, 1858:
133. 3. Warder, 1867:533. 4. Downing, 1872:175. 5. Leroy, 1873:300. 6.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 7. Thomas, 1885:510. 8. Taylor, dm. Pom. Soc.
Rpt., 1895:103.

Fruit of good form and size and rather attractive in color for a yellow
apple. It is a fine dessert fruit and a good keeper. As grown at this Station
it is rather slow in coming into bearing and at best is only moderately pro-
ductive but it bears some fruit nearly every year. It is not recommended for
commercial planting. Because it is excellent in quality and a good keeper it
may be worthy of a place in the home orchards in the lower Hudson valley
and on Long Island.

Historical. Ferdinand originated with Mr. Adam Minnick near Pomaria,
S. C. It bore its first fruit in 1848. In that locality it is a late autumn
variety. In 1873 it was given a place in the American Pomological Society’s
Catalogue of recommended apples but was dropped from that list in 18g9.

TREE.

Tree a strong upright grower in the nursery. In the orchard at this Station
it is a rather slow grower with short, moderately stout branches. Form
spreading and open, flat at the top. wigs upright, small to medium, straight,
stout; internodes vary from long to short. Bark olive-green tinged with
brownish-red, in part mottled with scarf-skin, somewhat pubescent near tips.
Lenticels scattering, medium to large, oblong to roundish, raised. Buds
medium to large, broad, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to nearly large. Form flattened at the base, roundish
conic to oblate conic, often somewhat ribbed, somewhat irregular. Stem short,
often with a fleshy protuberance. Cavity acute, moderately shallow to rather
deep, rather narrow, often obscurely furrowed or compressed, often overspread
with russet, sometimes lipped. Calyx above medium to small, partly open or
closed; lobes acuminate. Basin often oblique, usually narrow and shallow but
varies to moderately wide and deep.

Skin rather thin, moderately tender, deep yellow or greenish with an orange
blush which sometimes deepens tou red, sometimes partly covered with russet.
Dots numerous, sometimes whitish, but usually rough russet, variable in size
and irregular in form. Prevailing effect greenish-yellow.

130 THE ApPLes OF NEW York.

Calyx tube wide, cone-shape or sometimes rather funnel-form. Stamens
median.

Core small to above medium, abaxile; cells fairly symmetrical, closed or
somewhat open; core lines meeting or clasping. Carpels roundish, emarginate,
slightly tufted. Seeds numerous, above medium to below, flat, obtuse, dark.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, rather fine, crisp, tender, moderately juicy,
aromatic with a rich agreeable flavor similar to that of some russet apples,
sprightly becoming mild subacid, good to very good.

Season December to May.

FERRIS.

REFERENCES. 1. Elliott, 1854:170. 2. Downing, 1857:165. 3. Warder,
1867:517. 4. Downing, 1872:175. 5. Thomas, 1885:220.

SynonyMs. Ferris (2, 5). Lonc ISLAND SEEK-No-FURTHER (2, 3, 5).
Rhode Island Seek-No-Further (5). Westchester Seek-No-Further (2, 3, 5).

A large, red striped apple, formerly grown in Westchester county, and there
considered profitable for market (4). The tree is described as vigorous and
an annual bearer, producing alternately light and heavy crops (3, 4). Its
season extends from October to December or later (1, 2, 5). The variety is
not now listed by nurserymen, but another variety of the same name which
originated in Delaware is still offered in some southern nurseries.1 Neither of
these varieties is recommended for growing in New York.

FLORENGE.

REFERENCE. I. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 60:129. 1899.

As grown at this Station from stock received from M. Butterfield, Lee
Summit, Missouri, the fruit is of the Ben Davis type, strongly resembling
Gano, very attractive in size and appearance and a good keeper. As compared
with Gano it is more angular, and more conspicuously striped with purplish-
carmine; the basin is more often oblique; and the pistils do not persist in
the form of a fleshy projection into the base of the calyx tube. As tested at
this Station it is a moderately vigorous grower, comes into bearing young,
bears annually and is only moderately productive, but it has been grown here
under rather unfavorable conditions. Stinson (1) observes that it is in season
with Jonathan, but we find it keeps much better than Jonathan. It has not
been tested here sufficiently to indicate whether or not it promises to be a
valuable variety in New York. Should it prove to be sufficiently productive
it may prove valuable in those portions of the state where Ben Davis does
well.

Historical. Originated in Benton county, Ark.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches short, rather slender. Form roundish,
upright, rather dense. Tzvigs rather short, straight, slender; internodes rather
short to medium. Bark bright, rather dark brownish-red; scarf-skin hardly
noticeable; pubescence scarce or none. Lenticels not numerous, clear and

| ee An. Hort., 1892:239. Ragan, U. S. B. P. J. Bul., 56:109. 1905. Am. Pom.
Soe. Cat., 1875:8.

THE Apples oF NEw York. 131

bright in color, small, rourdish to elongated. Buds medium, rather flat, acute
to obtuse, pubescent, free, appressed, point often deflected.

Fruit.

Fruit medium, sometimes large. Form roundish ovate to roundish conic,
flattened at the base, irregular, often broadly ribbed or angular, sides unequal,
sometimes compressed; pretty uniform in size but somewhat variable in shape.
Stem medium. Cavity acute or obtuse, deep, wide, often furrowed, sometimes
lipped, seldom symmetrical, usually with outspreading rays of yellow russet.
Calyx medium to small, partly open or sometimes closed; lobes rather narrow,
acuminate. Basin very abrupt, usually deep, moderately narrow to moderately
broad, often somewhat furrowed, sometimes compressed, usually oblique.

Skin tough, smooth, clear, pale or whitish-yellow, washed and blushed with
a bright deep pinkish-red, in well colored specimens becoming solid red,
mottled and striped with purplish-carmine, overspread with a thin bluish
bloom which gives it a slightly dull appearance, but when polished the pre-
vailing effect is glossy bright red. Dots whitish, scattering.

Calyx tube large, cone-shane.

Core rather small, closed or slightly open; core lines meeting or slightly
clasping. Carpels concave, roundish inclined to obcordate. Seeds few, below
medium to above, rather dark, irregular, obtuse or sometimes acute.

Flesh tinged with yellow, rather firm, crisp, not very tender, moderately
fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic, pleasant, good to very good.

Season December to May.
FLORY.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1872:179. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:239. 3.
Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:42. 1903. 4. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:120. 1904.

Synonyms. Frory BELLFLOWER (3). Flory’s Bellfower (1). Sheep
Shire (1).

An attractive deep yellow apple of good size and good quality. The tree
does not come into bearing very early and is but moderately productive. It
is not recommended for planting in New York.

Historical. Origin, Montgomery county, Ohio.

TREE.

Tree rather vigorous. Form upright spreading. wigs below medium to
above, rather slender, irregularly curved, very slightly pubescent; internodes
short to nearly long. Bark dull brownish-red, mostly overlaid with thick
scarf-skin. Lenticels very numerous, raised, not very conspicuous, medium,
narrow, elongated. Buds medium, slightly acute, lightly attached or partly
free from the bark.

FRuIT.

Fruit medium or above. Form ovate to roundish conic, often faintly ribbed,
pretty symmetrical. Stem medium in length, rather slender. Cavity acumi-
nate, variable in depth, rather narrow, pretty symmetrical, sometimes lipped.
Basin medium in width, moderately deep to shallow, abrupt, somewhat fur-
rowed. Calyx closed or partly open; lobes rather narrow and acute.

132 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Skin tough, beautiful clear yellow, becoming deeper yellow as the ripening
season advances, roughened with capillary netted russet lines and russet dots.

Calyx tube not large, conical to elongated funnel-form, sometimes meeting
the core. Stamens median or below.

Core medium to very large, abaxile; cells fairly symmetrical, partly open to
wide open; core lines meeting when the calyx tube is conical, clasping when it
is funnel-form. Carpels long, ovate. Seeds very numerous, often irregular
in form, small to rather large, rather wide, obtuse, dark brown.

Flesh yellowish, firm, hard, moderately coarse, juicy, agreeably subacid, good
in flavor and quality.

Season October and November in Southern Ohio (1); in Western New
York it extends to February, and often some portion of the fruit may be kept

till spring (4).

FLUSHING S7/7ZE NB ORG,

REFERENCES. I. Thacher, 1822:137. 2. Kenrick, 1832:44. 3. Downing,
1845:139. 4. Thomas, 1849:173. 5. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:71. 1851.
6. Elliott, 1858:133. fig. 7. Warder, 1867:515. 8. Downing, 1881:11. app.
index. 9. Hogg, 1884:78. 10. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:292. I1.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:239. 12. Budd-Hansen, 1903:85.

Synonyms. Black Spitzenberg (8). FLUSHING (10). FLUSHING SPiITZEN-
BERG (2, 6, 7). FLUSHING SPITZENBURGH (1, 3, 4, 5, 9).

Fruit of good color but not very good in quality. There is considerable
loss from the dropping of the fruit before it is fully mature. The tree gen-
erally has the reputation of being a shy bearer.

Historical. This variety probably originated in America. Although it has
long been known in cultivation (1, 2) it is not regarded favorably by com-
mercial orchardists and is now seldom planted.

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous. Form round-headed or spreading. Twigs stout, red-
dish-brown, quite distinct from the small yellowish gray shoots of Esopus
Spitzenburg with which, on account of the similarity of the names, this variety
has sometimes been confounded.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to nearly large. Form roundish conic or sometimes oblate
conic, obscurely ribbed, pretty symmetrical. Stem short to medium. Cavity
acuminate, moderately deep to deep, narrow to rather broad, smooth and red
or greenish, sometimes more or less overspread with greenish or red russet.
Calyx medium to rather small, closed or partly open; lobes broad, obtuse.
Basin varying from narrow and shallow to medium in width and depth, obtuse
to abrupt, sometimes somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin tough, yellow or greenish overspread with orange-red, becoming a
bright deep red on the exposed side, coated with a light bloom. Dots con-
spicuous, whitish, scattered over the base but very numerous around the basin.

Calyx tube long, funnel-form, extending to the core. Stamens median.

Core distant, abaxile with a wide hollow cylinder at the center, varying to
nearly axile; cells pretty symmeirical, partly open or closed; core lines clasping

THE Apples oF NEw York. 133

the funnel cylinder. Carpels roundish, wide, mucronate, slightly emarginate,
somewhat tufted. Seeds dark, medium to large, wide, plump, acute to obtuse,
sometimes tufted.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, sometimes streaked with red, firm, moder-
ately coarse, crisp, not very tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, not high
in flavor, good in quality.

Season October to February.

FOREST.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1872:180. 2. Goff, Wis. Sta. Rpt., 1896:212.
Synonym. Red Codlin (1).

Fruit above medium, yellow mostly overspread with faint crimson; aromatic,
mild subacid, toward the last becoming sweet or nearly so. Tree an upright
grower, an annual bearer, very hardy and very productive. In season from
December to March (1, 2).

Historical. This is supposed to be a chance seedling from Oneida county,
N. Y., which originated about a half century ago. We do not find that it has
been grown in New York to any considerable extent, but it appears to have
gained a favorable record in Southeastern Wisconsin (2).

FRAKER,

REFERENCES. I. Brackett, dm. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:157. 2. Kansas Hort.
Soc. Rpt., 1886:70.

SYNONYM. FRAKER’S SEEDLING (2).

As grown at this Station the fruit is medium to large and when well colored
has an attractive deep red blush, but too often it does not develop proper
color in this climate. The tree has not come into bearing very early and thus
far has been but moderately productive. The fruit is of mild, pleasant flavor
and keeps well into the spring. It does not equal the standard commercial
varieties of this region either in general appearance or in quality and is not
recommended for planting in New York.

Historical. Originated near Garnet, Anderson county, Kansas. Described
in the report of the Kansas Horticultural Society for 1886 as promising for
commercial purposes (2).

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches rather short and moderately stout.
Form upright spreading with open top. wigs medium in length, stout, blunt
at the tips; internodes medium or below. Bark bright brownish-red tinged
with olive-green, streaked with gray scarf-skin; heavily pubescent. Lenticels
numerous, medium, oblong, raised, conspicuous. Buds medium, plump, broad,
obtuse, free, pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit above medium to large; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish conic or sometimes roundish oblate, nearly truncate at the base,
often obscurely ribbed, rather symmetrical. Stem medium to rather short.
Cavity acute, deep, rather broad, often distinctly furrowed. Calyx medium to
large, somewhat open or closed. Basin often oblique, shallow, narrow to
rather wide, obtuse to rather abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled.

134 THe Apples OF New York.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow with orange-red blush, in highly colored
specimens deepening to a bright deep red mottled and striped with dull
carmine. Dots pale or russet, not conspicuous.

Calyx tube long, narrow, funnel-form, often extending to the core. Stamens
median.

Core somewhat abaxile, medium or below; cells often unsymmetrical, closed
or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly roundish to obcordate,
somewhat emarginate, mucronate. Seeds numerous, medium or above, plump,
obtuse, rather light brown.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately coarse, rather crisp, rather tender, juicy,
mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, slightly aromatic, good.

Season December to April.

FRENCH PIPPIN.

The name French Pippin has been applied to several varieties of the Fall
Pippin group. These vary in season from autumn till late spring or early
summer and are characterized by rather large, roundish or oblong fruit which
at first is green but later assumes more or less of a yellowish tone. It is some-
times slightly blushed and has yellowish subacid flesh.

An apple of this class is described on a following page as the Lehigh Green-
ing, the name under which it has been disseminated within recent years from
Allentown, Pennsylvania. Some believe that the Lehigh Greening is identical
with an old variety grown in portions of Southeastern Pennsylvania under
the name French Pippin.

An apple which is grown in some parts of New York under the name
Irrench Pippin is described below. It is a very late keeper being in season
from January to May or June. The fruit is large, brightly colored and at-
tractive for a yellow apple. It bears a very close resemblance to Lehigh
Greening and possibly is identical with it. Comparisons of the fruit from
various localities have been made but as yet we have been unable to decide
whether or not these two are identical. We have not determined definitely
whether the variety described below is the French Pippin of Southeastern
Pennsylvania above mentioned, nor whether it is the variety referred to by
Warderl and Downing? as the French Pippin of Pennsylvania.

TREE.

Tree medium in size to rather large, moderately vigorous, a biennial or
in some cases an annual bearer, a reliable cropper and productive. Form up-
right, somewhat spreading. wigs medium in length; erect, moderately
stout; bark rather dark.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to very large, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
to roundish oblate, faintly ribbed, pretty regular, sides sometimes slightly
unequal. Stem short, moderately thick. Cavity acute to acuminate, moder-
ately deep to deep, narrow to rather wide, thinly russeted, sometimes com-
pressed or lipped. Caly1 medium in size, somewhat open; lobes acuminate.

—<———y

1 Warder, 1867:719.
2 Downing, 1857:144.

GANO

FRENCH PIPPIN

ar

> | —~ a. eo 7 : : 7 nil

THE AppLes OF NEW YorK. 135

Basin abrupt, shallow to moderately deep, medium in width to rather wide,
smooth or gently furrowed and slightly wrinkled.

Skin tough, thin, smooth, bright pale yellow or greenish-yellow with numer-
ous, conspicuous russet or green dots, often with thin brownish blush.

Calyx tube long, funnel-form, sometimes approaching cone-shape, with very
wide limb. .Stamens median.

Core rather small, slightly abaxile; cells fairly symmetrical, closed or partly
open; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish, slightly emarginate. Seeds
broad, obtuse.

Flesh nearly as yellow as that of Fall Pippin, firm, rather fine-grained,
tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly with an agreeable subacid flavor, good to very
good in quality.

Season January to May or June.

GANO.

REFERENCES. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:156. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,
1889:6. 3. Stayman, 4m. Gard., 11:272. 1890. 4. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:239.
5. Van Deman, 4m. Gard., 20:81. 1899. 6. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 43:187, 270,
271. 1900. 7. Caston, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 8:40. to9o1. 8. Va. Sta. Bul.,
130:132. 1901. fig. of tree. 9. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:43, 44. 1901.
10. Stinson, Mo. Fr. Sta. Bul., 3:24. 1902. 11. Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:53. 1902.
12. Budd-Hansen, 1903:86. fig. 13. Thomas, 1903:326. 14. Powell and
Ieibihiormn, WL S. 2. JB Ik levi, Hei, ioe ies, IReen ail Olarde ie 3%, Sy.
Bul., 248:121. 1904. 16. Wickson, Western Fruit Grower, 1904:124. 17.
IRawena, Wh S. 18. IP. Ile Brill. FOewuS, UES,

Synonyms. Black Ben Davis (17). Jacks Red (5). Ozark (13). Payton
(17). Reagan (13). Red Ben Davis (17).

This is a variety of the Ben Davis type. In the nursery the tree
resembles Ben Davis very closely. As grown in Western New
York the fruit is more highly colored but on the average is some-
what smaller than that of Ben Davis. It is less striped in appear-
ance and more of a solid, deep red color, often with a contrasting
spot of clear yellow where it has been closely covered by a leaf or
twig. In this respect and in its deep, abrupt basin it suggests
Jonathan, as at times it also does by its brilliant, deep red or purplish
color. It is very attractive in appearance, stands handling well and
is a good keeper. In quality it is perhaps a little superior to Ben
Davis. The tree comes into bearing young and is an excellent
cropper, bearing regularly and abundantly. It has not been tested
very many years in New York, but it appears to be adapted to about
the same region as Ben Davis.

Historical. Origin obscure. Brought to notice in Missouri about twenty-

five years ago and disseminated under the name Gano (1, 5, 6). It is sup-
posed by some that the original stock came from Kentucky (5). Some

130 THE Apples OF NEw York.

believe that Gano is the same as Black Ben Davis. It certainly resembles
Black Ben Davis very closely but the preponderance of evidence at present
seems to favor the opinion that it is of distinct origin (16).

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, moderately stout and inclined to
droop; laterals willowy, short, slender. Form like that of Ben Davis, upright
spreading becoming somewhat drooping, rather dense. Twigs short to rather
long, slightly curved, markedly geniculate, moderately stout; internodes short
to rather long. bark bright brownish-red mingled with olive-green, lightly
overcast with mottled and streaked gray scarf-skin; pubescent. Lenticels not
conspicuous, scattering, medium, round to ovate or often elongated, slightly
raised. Buds small to medium with prominent shoulder, plump, obtuse, ap-
pressed, decidedly pubescent, deeply set in bark.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to sometimes large. Form roundish conic, usually regular,
symmetrical; uniform in size and shape. Stem medium to long and slender.
Cavity acute, deep, rather broad, symmetrical, sometimes slightly furrowed
or compressed, usually with radiating green russet or red russet. Calyx
medium or above, closed or partly open; pubescent; lobes rather broad, acute
to acuminate. Basin abrupt, moderately narrow to rather wide, often deep.

Skin smooth, waxy, clear light yellow, mottled and blushed with bright
light pinkish-red often deepening to a purplish-red, more or less obscurely
striped. Dots numerous, small, inconspicuous. Prevailing color fine red.

Calyx tube short, cone-shape with fleshy pistil point projecting into its
base, or sometimes elongated funnel-form. Stamens median to marginal.

Core below medium to large, somewhat abaxile with a comparatively rather
wide hollow cylinder at the axis; cells closed, or partly open, usually sym-
metrical but often not uniformly developed; core lines meeting when the calyx
tube is cone-shape but clasping the funnel cylinder when it is funnel-form.
Carpels broadly roundish or elongated, slightly tufted, emarginate. Sceds
numerous, broad, obtuse. large, dark, sometimes tufted.

Flesh whitish slightly tinged with yellow, firm, moderately tender, rather
coarse, moderately crisp, juicy, mild subacid, good or nearly good in quality.

Season about the same as that of Ben Davis, extending from December to
May in Western New York. Commercial limit in common storage March,

in cold storage April.
GENEVA PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1857:111. 2. Ib., 1872:180. fig. 3. Thomas,
1885 :250.
SYNONYM. WINTER PipPIN OF GENEVA (1, 3). Winter Pippin of Geneva

(2)

Resembles Fall Pippin in tree and fruit but a much better keeper, being in
season from January to May. Found growing in the garden of Mrs. Crit-
tenden, Geneva, many years ago (1). Evidently it is no longer listed by
nurserymen! and so far as we can discover has become obsolete.

1Not listed by Bailey in An. Hort., 1892:239.

LAAMS NOACIS

THE APPLES OF NEW York. 137

GIDEON SWEET.

REFERENCES. 1. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:42. 1903. 2. Beach and
Clark, NV. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:121. 1904.

Received for testing at this Station in 1888 from Peter M. Gideon,
Excelsior, Minn. It is clearly of the Blue Pearmain class. This is
shown by the form and colors of the fruit, the characteristic large
dots, the blue bloom, the color, texture and quality of the flesh, and
the tendency of the fruit to shrivel when held too long in storage.

It has been fruited at the Geneva Station for several years, and
appears to be worthy of planting for trial where a sweet apple of
the Blue Pearmain type is desired. It colors well, is quite attractive
in appearance, desirable in size, good in quality, and a good keeper.
The flesh is yellowish, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid mingled with
sweet, eventually becoming sweet; good to very good. It is in
season from November to April. The tree is vigorous, wide-
spreading or roundish, almost an annual bearer, alternating lighter
with heavier crops. On the average it is satisfactorily productive.

The fruit resembles that of Bethel very closely, but we have not
yet been able to determine definitely whether or not the two are
identical, not having had the privilege of comparing them when
grown under similar conditions. Bethel from Northern New York
and Northern New England, as compared with fruit of Gideon
Sweet from the orchard at this Station, shows no constant differ-
ences from Gideon Sweet in the form of the fruit or in the charac-
teristics of either the cavity or the basin, but the skin is redder and
the flesh is sometimes tinged with red while the Gideon Sweet has a
yellower skin, its flesh is not tinged with red, is sweeter and better in
quality and the core is more widely abaxile. In both the Gideon

Sweet and the Bethel the stem is characteristically curved to one side.

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches short, moderately stout, crooked. Form roundish
to wide-spreading, rather dense. wigs short to below medium length,
straight, rather slender to moderately stout; quite pubescent towards the tips;
internodes short to medium. Bark clear reddish-brown over olive-green, very
lightly coated with gray scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels moderately
numerous, scattering, small, roundish or elongated; the elongated ones are
raised. Buds small to medium, broad, obtuse, appressed, quite pubescent,
deeply set in bark,

138 THE Apples oF NEW York.

FRUvIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form roundish sometimes inclined to conic,
often slightly oblate, elliptical or broadly and obscurely ribbed; sides some-
times unequal, uniform in size and shape. Stem medium to rather long,
curved towards one side. Cavity moderately broad to broad, acuminate or
acute, deep, indistinctly furrowed, often with greenish or red russet spreading
out upon the base of the fruit. Calyx small or medium, closed or slightly
open; lobes long, acuminate or acute. Basin shallow to moderately deep,
broad, obtuse to somewhat abrupt, slightly furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin tough, nearly smooth at base except where the russet spreads out
from the cavity but somewhat rough towards the apex, attractive deep yellow
or greenish mottled and blushed with orange-red sometimes deepening to a
purplish hue, irregularly splashed and striped with deep carmine and over-
spread with a thin bloom which produces a rather dull effect. When polished
the colors become clear yellow and bright dark red and carmine. Dots con-
spicuous, yellow or russet, small and very numerous toward the calyx, more
scattering, larger, irregular and more often grayish areolar toward the base.

Calyx tube rather large, broad, conical or sometimes inclined to funnel-
form. Stamens median to basal.

Core irregular, abaxile, medium to large; cells often unsymmetrical, open
or partly closed; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels roundish
or inclined to cordate, slightly tufted. Seeds below medium to large, light
brown, rather narrow, acute, tufted.

Flesh yellowish, moderately firm, crisp, somewhat coarse, juicy, aromatic,
mild subacid mingled with sweet eventually becoming sweet, good to very
good.

Season November to April.

GILLIFLOWER.

The old variety which is correctly known among pomologists as the Black
Gilliflower is commonly known to fruit growers by the simple name Gilli-
flower. For an account of this variety the reader is referred to Black Gilli-
flower.

The Cornish Gilliflower is a very old English variety quite distinct from
the Black Gilliflower. It was formerly somewhat grown but it is now practi-
cally obsolete in New York.

GILPIN.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:155. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:122. 3. Wilson,
1828:136. 4. Kenrick, 1832:42. 5. Downing, 1845:144. 6. Thomas, 1849:164,
180, wg. 7. Cole, 1849:135. “8: Emmons, Nat. Hast, No V3 3:00ssrSSiemo:
Hooper, 1857:39. 10. Elliott, 1858:135. 11. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 12.
Warder, 1867:559. fig. 13. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:292. 14. Bailey,
An. Hort., 1892:239. 15. Budd-Hansen, 1903:89. 16. Powell and Fulton,
U.S. B.P. J. Bul., 48:42. 1903. 17. Beach and Clark, NV. Y> Stasbaleeas:
T2T. 1904.

SYNONYMS. CARTHOUSE (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8). Carthouse (5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13,
15, 16). Gilpin (6). Little Red Romanite (12, 15, 17). Red Romanite of
Ohio (6). Romanite (7). Romanite of the West (9, 10).

GILPIN

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THE APPLES oF NEW YORK. I
39

As grown in New York Gilpin is not a good commercial variety
because it is rather small and does not rank high in quality. Its color
is rather dark red over a clear yellow background. In ordinary
cellar storage it usually keeps till June or later and is then accept-
able for dessert and very good for certain culinary uses, particularly
for boiling. It makes excellent cider. The tree is hardy, healthy,
moderately productive and a biennial bearer. The fruit hangs firmly

to the tree till loosened by the frost.

Historical. “This apple is said to have been brought from Virginia. It
obtained its name from a family in the Delaware state” (1). “It was culti-
vated and distributed by Coxe and has found its way into the orchards and
into favor all over the country on account of its productiveness and early
bearing” (12).

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous or slow growing. Form round, open, spreading
with rather short and somewhat drooping laterals. Twigs short, slender,
straight; internodes medium. Bark rather dull reddish-brown overlaid with
thin to rather thick scarf-skin; somewhat pubescent. Lenticels moderately
numerous, small, elongated, raised, of clear color, conspicuous. Buds rather
small, prominent, heavily pubescent, adhering. Foliage not very dense, some-
what curled.

Fruit.

Fruit above medium to rather small; uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish to ovate truncate, sometimes nearly cylindrical, often obscurely
ribbed, symmetrical or sides slightly unequal, sometimes oblique. Stem short.
Cavity acute to acuminate, sometimes shallow but usually deep, rather broad,
obscurely furrowed or compressed, sometimes lipped, often partly russeted.
Calyx large, open, rarely closed; lobes leafy, reflexed, long, acute or acuminate,
sometimes separated at base. Basin often oblique, usually deep, wide, abrupt
and prominently furrowed but sometimes rather shallow and moderately
narrow or compressed, often distinctly wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, rather glossy, greenish-yellow becoming clear deep
yellow, with brownish-red cheek often deepening to an attractive clear dark
red. Prevailing effect dark red mingled with good yellow.

Calyx tube wide varying from short truncate funnel-shape to urn-shape.
Stamens basal.

Core axile, below medium to above; cells pretty symmetrical, usually closed
or sometimes partly open; core lines meeting or sometimes slightly clasping.
Carpels round to ovate, narrowing towards apex, mucronate, slightly emargi-
nate. Seeds numerous, dark brown, large to medium or below, plump, acute,
slightly tufted.

Flesh yellowish, very firm, rather coarse, at first hard but becoming some-
what crisp and tender as the season advances, moderately juicy, nearly sweet
or mild subacid, pleasant, good.

Season February to June.

140 THe Apples OF NEW YorK.

GIVENS.

REFERENCES. I. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 49:12. 1808. fig. 2. Ib., 60:129.
1899.

Synonym. Arkansas Baptist (2).

A late keeping red winter apple fully equal to Ben Davis in quality. At
the Geneva Station it has come into bearing very young and so far as tested
has been quite productive. The tree is a moderate grower. In the nursery
it is a poor grower being “crooked and willowy something after the style
of the Willow Twig.”! It may be worthy of testing for commercial purposes
in regions where Ben Davis succeeds.

Historical. Originated on the farm of Mr. Givens, Benton county, Ark.
Noticed by Professor Stinson in 1898 as one of the promising new Arkansas
seedlings (1).

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches rather long, moderately stout. Form
upright spreading, rather open. Twigs long, straight, stout; internodes
medium. Bark dark reddish-brown, streaked lightly with grayish scarf-skin;
pubescent. Lenticels scattering, large, oval, raised. Buds medium, broad,
obtuse, appressed, pubescent, deeply set in bark.

Fruit.

Fruit above medium to rather small. Form oblate or truncate to roundish
conic, ribbed broadly and faintly if at all, sides often slightly unequal. Stem
long to very long. Cavity somewhat furrowed, wide, deep, acute, with green
or thin russet outspreading rays. Calyx large to very large, closed or partly
open; lobes leafy, long, wide, acute. Basin moderately deep to deep, medium
in width to wide, somewhat obtuse to very abrupt, wrinkled, symmetrical.

Skin tough, smooth, yellow or greenish nearly covered with dark red
inconspicuously mottled and striped with deeper red. Sometimes a suture
extends from cavity to basin. Dots small, whitish or with russet points, in-
conspicuous. Prevailing effect red.

Calyx tube funnel-form, often meeting the cylinder of the core. Stamens
median or below.

Core medium to large, slightly abaxile with a rather wide hollow cylinder
in the axis; cells somewhat unsymmetrical, closed or slightly open; core lines
clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels broadly roundish. Seeds numerous,
medium to large, wide, dark, obtuse.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, rather fine-grained, not very crisp
nor very tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, good.

Season January to May or June.

GLENLOCH.

REFERENCE. I. Watts, Tenn. Sta. Bul., 1:12. 1896. fig.

Fruit large, closely resembling York Imperial. Tree very productive. A
variety of Tennessee origin which probably is not well adapted for growing
in New York except possibly in the southeastern part of the state (1).

1Letter Stark Bros., Louisiana, Mo.

TIWOSW N3q07109

THE AppLes OF NEw York. 141

GOLDEN MEDAL.

REFERENCES. 1. Goff, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:90. 1888. 2. Beach, N. Y.
Sta. An. Rpt., 15:280. 1896. 3. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:42.
1903. 4. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:121. 1904. 5. Ragan, U. S. B.
Tze Stl 5 OSL 2A eT OOS.

SynonyM. GoLp MEDAL (3, 5).

Fruit attractive for a green or vellow apple and a remarkably good keeper.
The tree comes into bearing moderately early, is an annual bearer, bears
regularly and is satisfactorily productive. It is worthy of planting for trial
where a late keeping sweet apple is desired (4).

Historical. Received here for testing from J. R. and A. Murdock, Pitts-
burg, Pa., 1888.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form upright. Twigs short to medium, of average thick-
ness, bowed and irregular; rather pubescent. Bark brownish-red overlaid
with rather thin scarf-skin; internodes medium. Lenticels inconspicuous,
rather scattering, small, round. Buds medium, roundish, pubescent, adhering
to bark.

FRuIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form roundish to roundish oblate, somewhat
ribbed. Stem rather short. Cazity acute, deep, rather broad, usually dis-
tinctly furrowed, sometimes compressed, sometimes slightly russeted. Culyx
small, sometimes medium, usually closed. Basin often somewhat oblique,
round, shallow and narrow varying to rather wide and moderately deep,
usually rather abrupt, obscurely furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, attractive pale yellow marbled with green, or
greenish, sometimes faintly blushed. Dots numerous, conspicuous, whitish or
sometimes with russet point.

Calyx tube funnel-shape.

Core rather large; cells open or partly closed; core lines clasping. Carpels
roundish obcordate, somewhat tufted. Seeds numerous, large to very large,
wide, obtuse, somewhat tufted, dark.

Flesh tinged with yellow, slightly astringent, firm, moderately fine, some-
what crisp, tender, moderately juicy, sweet, fair to good.

Season December to May or June.

GOLDEN PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Forsyth, 1803:52. 2. Coxe, 1817:138. fig. 3. Thacher,
1822:125. 4. N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:477. 5. Floy-Lindley, 1833:12. 6.
Mag. Hort., 1:265. 1835. 7. Downing, 1845:112. fig. 8. Thomas, 1849:181,
189. fig. g. Cole, 1849:128. 10. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:82. 1851. 11.
Hooper, 1857:41. 12. Elliott, 1858:171. 13. Warder, 1867:720. 14. Leroy,
1873:510. 15. Hogg, 1884:91. 16. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:240.

SynonyMs. D’Or p’ANGLETERRE (14). ENGLISH GOLDEN PIPPIN (8). Eng-
lish Golden Pippin (7, 12, 14). Old Golden Pippin (7, 12, 14). Pepin d’Or
(Geeae

A rather small, smooth, white or yellowish apple with a shade of red
towards the base. In season from November to March. In England it has

142 Tue AppLes oF NEW York.

long been esteemed as a very valuable dessert and culinary apple (7, 14, 15).
lt does not succeed well here (7). There are many varieties of the English
Golden Pippin, the fruit of which differs but little from that of the old
variety but the trees are more vigorous (7). None of these appear to have
gained favorable recognition in this country. Floy says, “ The English Golden
Pippin grows with delicate small shoots and is not calculated for an orchard;
but 1f properly managed it makes a beautiful espalier tree and is an abundant
bearer. * * * The apple is not much known in this country; the kind
called here Golden Pippin is a very different fruit” (5).

The Golden Pippins of New York and New England are fall apples. For
an account of them the reader is referred to the succeeding volume.

GOLDEN RED.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1872:195. 2. Conn. Bd. Agr., 1889:356.

A variety formerly grown on Long Island but now apparently obsolete.
Downing describes it as medium or below, yellow nearly overspread with red,
subacid. Season December and January. Fruit liable to rot on the tree (1).

GOLDEN REINET TE:

REFERENCES. 1. Forsyth, 1803:51. 2. Coxe, 1817:152. fig. 3. Thacher,
1822:125. 4. Floy-Lindley, 1833:37. 5. Pom. Mag., 2:69. 1841. col, pl. 6.
Downing, 1845:129. 7. Thomas, 1849:167. 8. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
3:63) 1851. 9. Warder, 1867:720. ro, Weroy, 1873-501 eee elocon
1884 :02.

Synonyms. English Pippin (4, 5, 6, 10, 11). GOLDEN REINETTE, of all Eng-
lish writers on Gardening. Hort. Soc. Fruit Cat. No. 905 (5). GOLDEN
RENNET (1, 2, 3). Kuirke’s Golden Reinette (6, 11). PRINCESSE NOBLE (10).
Yellow German Reinette (4, 5, 6, 10, IT).

An excellent dessert apple but rather small. In season from October to
midwinter. It has long been highly esteemed in England (4, 5, II) but is
little known in New York.

The Russian varieties which have been imported under the name Golden
Reinette ripen in autumn. They will be considered in Volume II.

TREE.

Tree rather slow growing, below medium in size, spreading, bears annually
and is productive. The fruit hangs well to the tree.

FRuitT.

Fruit small. Form roundish, somewhat oblate; pretty uniform in size and
shape. Stem medium in length, moderately thick. Cavity regular, deep
Calyx large, open. Basin broad, shallow.

Skin usually smooth with a few minute, triangular, russet spots; greenish-
yellow on the shaded side but golden-yellow in the sun, with a dull blush
lightly streaked with brighter red.

Calyx tube funnel-shape. Stamens marginal.

Core axile. Carpels obovate.

Plesh yellow, juicy, crisp, brisk, rich, subacid, excellent (5, 6, 11).

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 143

GOLDEN RUSSET.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1845:132. 2. Thomas, 1849:179. 3. Emmons,
Nat. Hast. N.Y. 3:06. 1651. “42 Elliott; 1858-135. 5. Am. Poms Soc. Cat.,
1862. 6. Warder, 1867:624. 7. Thompson, Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1871:30-34.
8. Waring, Jb., 1871:41. 9. Downing, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:36. to.
Downing, 1876:196, 54 app. 11. Barry, 1883:346. 12. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1890:292. 13. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238, 240. 14. Budd-Hansen,
1903:90. 15. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:42. 1903. 16. Beach
and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:122. 1904.

SynonyMs. ENGLISH GOLDEN (6). English Golden (10). ENGLISH
GOLDEN RUSSET (1, 2, 4, 13). English Golden Russet (10, 14). GOLDEN
Russet oF N. Y. (3, 5, 10). Golden Russet of N. Y. (2, 4). GOLDEN
RussET OF WESTERN N. Y. (10, 11). Russet Golden (6, 10).

Among the russets which are grown in Central and Western New
York the Golden Russet ranks second only to Roxbury in com-
mercial importance. In,other portions of the state it has been less
extensively planted. In recent years the season of good red winter
apples has been extended by means of cold storage with the result
that long keeping russet apples are less profitable than they were
formerly. This is undoubtedly one reason why Golden Russet is
now grown less extensively than it formerly was. It is an excellent
storage variety, sells well in the general market and is particularly
in demand for shipment to Northwestern and Southern markets and
for export. The fruit is not large but is pretty smooth and uniform.
When grown in favorable locations and properly treated for the
control of injurious insects and diseases there is comparatively little
loss from culls. The fruit hangs well to the tree till loosened by
frost. It is borne on the ends of the branches making it hard to pick.
This habit and the smallness of the fruit make the picking and pack-
ing comparatively expensive.

The fruit is particularly desirable for home use during the spring
months before small fruits ripen, being then excellent for dessert and
culinary uses. It makes good evaporated stock and is excellent for
cider and stock food. The tree is hardy. In favorable locations it
is a reliable cropper, bearing regularly after it reaches maturity. It
is usually classed as a biennial bearer, but in some cases it is nearly
an annual bearer.

The notable points of distinction between this variety and the

English Russet are set forth in the description of English Russet.
Vor, l——7

144 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Thompson compares these two varieties with each other and with
the Roxbury Russet in an excellent article presented to the Michigan
Horticultural Society in 1870 (7).

Historical. Downing calls this identical with the old English variety
described by Ronalds and Lindley as Golden Russet (9). It has sometimes
been catalogued under the name English Golden Russet and has been con-
fused with the English Russet, a distinct variety. It has also been called
Golden Russet of New York or of Western New York in distinction from
the Golden Russet of Massachusetts, or Hunt Russet, and from the various
other apples which have been disseminated under the name Golden Russet.

TREE.

Tree varies from medium to large and from moderately vigorous to vigor-
ous; branches long, moderately stout, with rather long, slender laterals which
after bearing heavily become rather drooping, but the young growth is more
upright. Form upright roundish becoming rather spreading, rather dense.

wigs erect, rather slender to moderately stout, often with large, blunt terminal
bud; internodes short. Bark on the younger branches smooth, yellowish or
olive; on the new growth olive-green or rather dull reddish-brown lightly
mottled with grayish scarf-skin; pubescent toward the tips. Lenticels con-
spicuous, becoming more so on the two-year-old wood, of a clear pale color,
quite numerous, seldom large, usually below medium, roundish, sometimes
raised. “It is distinguished among other russets by its peculiar, light colored,
speckled shoots” (10). Buds medium in size or below, deeply set, free,
obtuse, pubescent.

It develops but a moderately strong root system in the nursery.

Fruit.

Fruit below medium to above. Form roundish, varying from a little oblate
to somewhat conic, sometimes rather elliptical, sometimes obscurely angular,
usually smooth; uniform in shape and size. Stem short to very short, rather
stout, not often exserted. Cavity wide to medium, medium in depth to rather
deep, somewhat acuminate to acute, usually not furrowed, often deep green
with numerous paler green or grayish dots. Calyx usually rather large to
medium, closed or sometimes partly open; lobes long, rather acute, often
reflexed, sometimes separated at the base. Basin sometimes oblique or irreg-
ular, often saucer-shaped, round, rather abrupt, rather shallow to moderately
deep, sometimes plaited or slightly ribbed.

Skin thick, moderately tender, sometimes only partly covered with patches
and flecks of russet but more often almost entirely covered with green or
yellowish russet, in highly colored specimens becoming golden russet with
bronze cheek. Dots grayish or russet, rather inconspicuous on the smooth skin
but on the russet skin often clear pale gray and conspicuously scattered over
the base. Often decidedly attractive for a russet apple.

Calyx tube rather short, wide, conical or sometimes funnel-form. Stamens
basal or nearly so.

Core medium to below, distinctly abaxile, or, at least, having a rather wide
hollow cylinder for the axis; cells often unsymmetrical, usually open; core

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lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels broadly ovate, elongated, sometimes
tufted, but slightly emarginate if at all. Seeds rather light brown with
decided red tone, medium to small, plump, obtuse to acute, sometimes tufted.
Flesh yellowish, rather fine-grained, moderately crisp, tender, juicy, rich,
agreeably subacid, aromatic, very good.
Season December to April or later.

GRANITE BEAUTY.

REFERENCES. I. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 26:65, 149. 1860. fig. 2. Mead, Horts-
culturist, 18:83. 1863. fig. 3. Lothrop, Mag. Hort., 32:362. 1866. 4. Warder,
1867:720. 5. Downing, 1872:199. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 7. Barry,
1883:346. 8. Thomas, 1885:233. 9. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:132. 10.
Hoskins, Amer. Gard., 15:299. 1894.

SynonyMs. Aunt Dorcas (5). Clothes-yard Apple (5). Grandmother’s
Apple (5).

Fruit about the size of Baldwin, yellow mostly overspread with red, mild
subacid, good to very good in quality. In season from November to Feb-
ruary. Tree hardy and a good bearer.

Historical. A local variety brought to notice in 1860 by Z. Breed, Weare,
N. H. (1). In some portions of New England it is still much esteemed, both
for home use and for market (9), but it is little known in New York.

GREAT BARBE,

Fruit uniform, symmetrical, red and yellow, of good size, attractive, but
ranking only fair to good in quality. Season midwinter. The tree comes into
bearing early, is vigorous and apparently productive. So far as tested at this
Station it does not appear to be worthy of introduction into New York.

Historical. A Russian variety received here for testing in 1808 from
J. Niemetz, Podolia, Russia.

GREENING.

The apple commonly known by the name Greening among New York fruit
growers and fruit dealers is the Rhode Island Greening to which the reader
is referred for an account of this variety. The name Greening has also been
used to some extent as a class name for certain types of green or yellowish-
green winter apples and it enters into the names of several well recognized
pomological varieties prominent among which are Bottle Greening, North-
western Greening and Patten, or Patten Greening.

GREEN NEWTOWN AND YELLOW NEWTOWN.

REFERENCES. 1. Forsyth, 1803:53. 2. Coxe, 1817:142, 143. figs. 3. Thacher,
1822:125. 4. N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:477. 5. Wilson, 1828:136. 6.
Ronalds, 1831:33. 7. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:22. 8. Kenrick, 1832:45,
55. 9. Floy-Lindley, 1833:37, 40. 10. Downing, 1845:118, I19. fig. 11. Bar-
rett, Horticulturist, 3:240. 1848. 12. Cole, 1849:133. fig. 13. Thomas, 1849:
172) i77doe, 187. hg, x4. !mmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:83. 1851. col. pls.

146 THE AppLes OF NEW YoRK.

Nos. 23 and 53. 15. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 16. Mag. Hort., 19:171. 1853.
17. Hooper, 1857:64, 102. 18. Elliott, 1858:93, 118, 120. figs. 1g. Oberdieck,
Ill. Handb. der Obstk., 4:99. 20. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 21. Warder,
1867:637, 649, 711, 720. fig. 22. Regel, 1868:463, 464. 23. Downing, 1872:
201. fig. 24. Leroy, 1873:486, 871. figs. 25. Barry, 1883:350, 358. 26. Hogg,
1884:155, 252. 27. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:292, 300. 28. Wickson,
1891:249. 29. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:240, 253. 30. Massey, Rural N. Y.,
51:402. 1892. 31. Hicks; 0; 53:205: 1804): 32.: Taylor, US. ome ae
358. 1898. 33. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:126, 140. 1901. figs. of trees. 34.
Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:392. 35. Budd-Hansen, 1903:94, 211. figs. 36. Powell
and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:43, 62. 1903. 37. Beach and Clark, N. Y.
Sta. Bul., 248:123, 152. 1904: 38: Ragan, U. S. B. “PW Buliyg6-237755. 26)
Z10, 346. 1905.

NOMENCLATURE. ALBEMARLE (21, 38). Albemarle (36, 38). ALBEMARLE
PipPIn (13, 18, 33). Albemarle Pippin (30, 32, 35, 37, 38). American New-
town Pippin (9, 10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Back Creek (38). BROOKE PIPPIN
(38). Brooke Pippin (20). BROOKES Pippin (16, 21). Brooke's Pippin
(? 23, 38). GREEN NEwrTon Pippin (2, 3, 4). GREEN NEWTOWN (27, 35,
36, 37). GREEN NEWTOWN Pippin (8, 14, 17, 21, 23, 28, 29, probably incor-
rectly 9). Green Newtown Pippin (10, 13, 18, 24, 25, 26, 37, 38). Green
Winter Pippin (10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Hunt’s Fine Green Pippin (23, 38).
Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin (? 23, 38). Large Newtown Pippin (24, 38).
LarRGE YELLOW NEWTON Pippin (2). Large Yellow Newton Pippin (26).
Large Yellow Newtown Pippin (8, 26, 38). Mountain Pippin (38). NeEuv-
STADT’S GELBER PEPPING (19). NEWTON’s PIPPIN (22). NEWTON YELLOW
PIPPIN (34). NEwTOWN Prprin (1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, II, 12, 13, 15, 18, 23, 24;
25, 26, 30, 31). Newtown Pippin (36, 37, 38). New York Greening (38).
New York Pippin (38). Petersburgh Pippin (10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Pippin
(13). Retnette de New-York (24). Virginia Pippin (38). YELLOW NEw-
TONS PIPPIN (22). YELLOW NEWTOWN (21, 27, 32, 35, 36, 37). YELLOW
NEWTOWN Pippin (4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29). Yellow
Newtown Pippin (24, 36, 38). Yorr’s Favorite (24), but incorrectly.

The Green Newtown and the Yellow Newtown are here discussed
together because they are so much alike that it is highly probable that
one is but a sport or strain of the other. At this time it is impossible
to determine which of the two was the original Newtown Pippin.
It is now believed that Albemarle is Yellow Newtown and Brooke
Pippin is possibly identical with Green Newtown. In pomological
literature the name Newtown Pippin has often been used in such a
way that it is uncertain whether the writer had in mind the Yellow
Newtown or the Green Newtown, and the correct synonymy cannot
be accurately determined in all cases. On this account, the names
as given by the different writers are stated in the above nomen-
clatural list without indicating whether or not they are used cor-
rectly except in the case of Leroy (24). Both the Green Newtown

GREEN NEWTOWN

eo

‘

THE APPLES OF NEW York. 147

and the Yellow Newtown differ markedly in size, color and quality
in different locations and their successful cultivation is probably
more limited by local conditions than is the case with any other
standard commercial variety grown in this state. They are success-
fully and extensively grown in certain localities in the Hudson valley
and along the north shore of Long Island, but usually neither of
them is regarded as desirable for commercial planting west of the
Hudson valley.

Under favorable conditions the trees come into bearing young and
are reliable croppers yielding good crops biennially or sometimes
oftener. The fruit hangs well to the tree. It is quite susceptible to
the scab and requires thorough treatment to hold this disease in check
particularly when grown on heavy clay soils. Unless grown on fer-
tile soils and under good cultivation with insect pests and fungous
diseases kept well under control there is often a comparatively high
percentage of ill-shaped, uneven and low-grade fruit. Under favor-
able conditions the fruit grows large or sometimes very large and
is fairly uniform in size although somewhat variable in form and
coloring. It has a long established reputation in Europe and com-
mands the best prices paid there for American apples. It is firm,
keeps very late and ships well. The crop is largely exported. In
ordinary storage its commercial season is February to March; in cold
storage March to May. The fruit is of the highest quality for des-
sert and excellent for culinary uses. Cider made from it is very
clear and of high quality, and in the early days large quantities of
the fruit were used for this purpose.

Historical. The excellent historical account of the Yellow
Newtown and the Green Newtown given by Taylor (32) is
reproduced here:

The “ Newtown Pippin” was the first American apple which attracted atten-
tion in Europe. After the receipt of specimens by Franklin while in London
in 1759, and the subsequent sending of grafts to Collinson by John Bartram,
numerous attempts were made to grow the variety in England. As early as
1768 it was cultivated in the Brompton Park nursery under the name “ New-
town Pippin of New York.”!

It is probable that the large apple exports of 1773 included considerable
quantities of the Newtown, for it was at that time quite generally distributed
through the apple-growing districts of the Atlantic slope. Thomas Jefferson
recorded in his “Garden Book” that in March, 1772, grafts of “ Newtown

1Hogg, The Apple and Its Varieties, 1859:143.

148 THE AppPLes OF NEW York.

Pippin,” received from Mordecai Debnam, at Sandy Point, were “ ingrafted
by P. Morton,’ and in March, 1778, he noted that the grafted trees were
planted out at Monticello.

Prior to 1803 Forsyth said of the variety in England! “ The New-Town
Pippin is a fine apple in good season, but seldom ripens with us. It is held
in great esteem in America.” McMahon,? in 1806 included Newtown Pippin
in his select list of “Long-keeping apples” and also in a list of “ Cyder
apples.”

Previous to 1817 we have no record that more than one type of the New-
town was recognized, but Coxe,? whose work appeared in that year, described
as distinct varieties the “Large Yellow Newtown Pippin” and the “Green
Newtown Pippin,” characterizing the latter as “a variety of the preceding
kind.” Since the time of Coxe the two types have been recognized as distinct
by our leading American pomologists, though fruit growers are by no means
unanimous on this point.

The original seedling tree of Newtown Pippin is alleged to have stood
near a swamp on the estate of Gershom Moore, in Newtown, Long Island,
until about 1805, when it died from excessive cutting of cions and exhaustion.
Its origin is credited to the early part of the eighteenth century. It is not
clear at this time whether the original tree was of the “green” or the “yellow”
type, nor has any record of a distinct origin of the two been discovered.

The Yellow Newtown has for many years been considered the better apple
for exportation, however, and in commercial orchards has almost superseded
the Green Newtown on account of its larger size, brighter color, and better
keeping quality.

Both sorts are exceedingly variable and susceptible to the influence of soil,
climate, elevation above sea level, etc. They are successfully grown in but
few portions of the apple-producing area of the United States at the present
time, the principal localities being the lower portion of the Hudson River
valley in New York, the Piedmont and mountain regions of Virginia and
North Carolina, and portions of California, Oregon and Washington.

Though first grown in commercial orchards in New York, New Jersey
and Pennsylvania, the excellent quality of the fruit from “some of the Patow-
mack counties of Virginia” was noted as early as the time of Coxe.4

In Albemarle county, Va., where it reached a high degree of perfection, it
became known as the “Albemarle Pippin” at an early day, and was for many
years considered a distinct variety, of local origin, and was so propagated.

An export trade in the fruit from Albemarle county was inaugurated under
favorable auspices by a happy circumstance which occurred in the first year
of the reign of Queen Victoria. The account below® is kindly furnished by
Mr. Samuel B. Woods, president of the Virginia Horticultural Society.

1Cobbett, A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees, Edition with
American Notes, 1803:58.

2McMahon, B., The American Gardener's Calendar, 1806:58s5.

3 Coxe, 1817:142, 143.

4Coxe, 1817:143.

5Letter April 30, 1898. The true history of the matter is that in the first year of
Queen Victoria’s reign Andrew Stevenson, whose home was on a mountain side in
Albemarle, was minister to the Court of St. James. He had Albemarle Pippins sent
over for his own use and presented the Queen with several barrels. She was delighted
with the perfect flavor and excellence of the fruit, and, as a graceful acknowledgment of
the courtesy of Mr. Stevenson, removed from Albemarle Pippins a small tax which then

YELLOW NEWTOWN .

YELLOW NEWTOWN

GREEN NEWTOWN

——E——— a.

THE APPLES OF NEW York. 149

The identity of Albemarle and Yellow Newtown seems to have been re-
corded first by the late Franklin Davis in a letter from Staunton, Va., which
was published in the Horticulturist in 1857.1 Since that time most pomolo-
gists have accepted their identity, ascribing the slight variations which are
observable to local soil or climatic conditions. But in the absence of an
authentic record of the introduction of Yellow Newtown to Albemarle county,
many orchardists in the Piedmont and mountain regions have continued to
believe the Albemarle a distinct variety of local origin. Recent investigation
by Messrs. H. L. Lyman and Samuel B. Woods,? prominent citizens and fruit
growers of Charlottesville, Va., have resulted in an apparent clearing up of
the historical uncertainty and establishing a clear connection between the
supposed original Albemarle tree and the older variety.

GREEN NEWTOWN.

TREE.

Tree a rather slow grower or moderately vigorous, of medium size or some-
times becoming large. Laterals shorter, twisted, spreading and drooping
more than those of the Yellow Newtown. Form spreading or roundish,
rather dense. wigs medium in length and thickness, pubescent near tips;
internodes medium to rather long. Bark clear dark brownish-red, lightly
streaked with scarf-skin. Lenticels quite numerous. medium or below, some-
what elongated, raised, rather conspicuous. Buds medium, broad, plump,
obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to very large, pretty uniform in size but rather variable in
form and coloring. Form usually roundish oblate and more or less angular.
As grown in Southeastern New York it often has an oblique axis and is some-
times decidedly elliptical, but in Western New York the tendency of the fruit

existed for the benefit of the Crown on all imported apples. From this time the Albe-
marle Pippin has grown steadily in favor in the English markets. It is not unusual to
see them selling in the wholesale markets at Liverpool for two or three times the price
other American apples are bringing. A neighbor last fall sold his entire crop for $10 per
barrel, and Mr. Whately, an English gentleman who recently returned from abroad, told
me that he saw Albemarle Pippins retailing at 36 cents a pound.

1 Horticulturist, 7:288. 1857.

?Letter of April 30, 1898. As far back as 1765 there was a tree noted for its fine fruit
standing in a mountain hollow on what is now Mr. William Sutherland’s land, in the
North Garden neighborhood. How this tree came here no one knows, but tradition has
it that it was a seedling, and from its stock came all Albemarle Pippins.

The other account, and the most authentic one, is that which fixes the earliest intro-
duction at the time of Braddock’s defeat. Dr. Thomas Walker, of Castle Hill, Albemarle
county, was the commissary officer of the Virginia troops with Braddock, and after the
disastrous defeat, when the remnant of the troops went into winter quarters in Phila-
delphia, he returned home, carrying in his saddle-bags cuttings of apple trees. These were
grafted at Castle Hill and became the famous Albemarle Pippin.

These two accounts I find connected in this rather curious way. The land on which
_ the tree in the North Garden neighborhood stood was entered in the land office in 1741 in
the name of Mildred Meriwether, in whose lifetime parts of the tract were improved.
Mildred Meriwether was the stepdaughter of Dr. Thomas Walker. and what is more
natural than that the old tree on her land, supposed to be a seedling, was one of the
Walker grafts? There is little doubt that the first appearance of the Albemarle Pippin
was at Castle Hill from the grafts brought home from Pennsylvania by Dr. Walker after
Braddock’s defeat in 1755.

150 THE APPLES OF NEW York.

to grow with an oblique axis is less marked and the fruit is less often ellip-
tical and more nearly symmetrical. Stem medium or short. Cavity deep,
acuminate to acute, broad or compressed, often sending out rays of russet.
Calyx rather small to medium, closed or nearly so; lobes rather small, acute.
Basin medium in width and depth, furrowed and often somewhat wrinkled.

Skin rather tough, smooth or slightly roughened with brownish-russet dots,
grass-green at fruit harvest but sometimes pretty yellow later, and often
showing some brownish or brownish-pink color, especially near the base.
White submerged dots are especially numerous toward the eye and whitish
scarf-skin stripes extend over the base.

Calyx tube long, funnel-shape to nearly conical. Stamens median to basal.

Core small to medium, somewhat abaxile; cells fairly symmetrical, closed
or nearly so; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly roundish or roundish
obcordate, emarginate, tufted. Seeds tufted, medium or above, dark, narrow,
acuminate.

Flesh yellowish or tinged with green according to the color of the fruit,
firm, crisp, tender, moderately fine-grained, juicy, sprightly, with a fine aro-
matic subacid flavor, best.

Season February to May.

YELLOW NEWTOWN.
TREE.

Tree more vigorous and more erect than that of Green Newtown the
branches growing more freely, the laterals showing less tendency to droop
and the twigs averaging somewhat longer than is the case with the Green
Newtown, otherwise we find that the two varieties, as Downing says (10)
“ grow alike.”

FRUIT.

The technical description of the fruit of the Green Newtown applies well
to the Yellow Newtown in all points excepting the color of the fruit and
the color and flavor of the flesh. At fruit harvest the Yellow Newtown is
distinguishable from the Green Newtown because both the yellow and the
pink tones are more highly developed. When they are fully mature the more
highly colored apples are bright yellow often with distinct pinkish blush,
especially about the base. Less highly colored fruit is greenish-yellow shaded
more or less with duller brownish-pink through which narrow streaks of the
ground color often appear, combining with the streaks of whitish scarf-skin
to give a somewhat striped effect. In general appearance it is decidedly more
attractive than the Green Newtown, and its flesh is apt to be more distinctly
tinged with yellow, milder, less sprightly and more highly aromatic.

GREEN SWEET.

REFERENCES. 1. Manning, 1838:63. 2. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:45. 1841.
3. Thomas, 1849:162. 4. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:90. 1851. 5. Horti-
culturist, 9:192. 1854. 6. Hooper, 1857:45. 7. Downing, 1857:81. 8. Elliott,
1858:83. fig. 9. Mag. Hort., 27:152. 1861. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862.
11. Warder, 1867:385. 12. Barry, 1883:347. 13. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:240.
14. Budd-Hansen, 1903:95. 15. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:
42. 1903.

LASMS N3IAYD

THE AppLes OF NEw YORK. 151

Synonyms. Green Sweet (6). GREEN SWEETING (5). Green Sweeting
(4). HonrEy GREENING (6). Honey Greening (7, 8, II, 12).

A desirable late keeping apple excellent for either dessert or
culinary use. It holds its flavor and remains crisp, brittle and juicy
till spring. Often it is kept in common cellar storage till April or
May. It is undoubtedly one of the best late keeping sweet apples in
cultivation in this state. It is grown with profit for selling in local
markets wherever it is well known, but it does not sell so readily in
the general market because it is not large and not well known and
because the trade demands chiefly red, subacid apples. The tree is
a good reliable cropper, bears biennially and yields so abundantly
that the fruit commonly averages below medium or rather small, but
it is perfect, smooth, bright, regular and uniform in size and shape
with little loss from drops and culls. The apples are easily picked
because the habit of the tree is upright and rather compact and it
usually bears its fruit close to the branches or on short laterals or
spurs. Green Sweet may be set more closely in the orchard than
either Baldwin or Rhode Island Greening because it does not grow
so large as either of these varieties and is decidedly more upright in
habit.

The Sweet Greening of Thacher! or Green Sweeting of Kenrick?
is said to be distinct from this variety.

A fall apple has been introduced from Russia under the name
Green Sweet. This will be noticed in the succeeding volume.

Historical. An old variety of uncertain origin. It was already well known
and much cultivated in Northeastern Massachusetts in the first half of the
last century (1). It has long been highly esteemed in Central and Western

New York (3, 4, 5, 9).
TREE.

Tree medium or sometimes large, vigorous or moderately vigorous; branches
moderately stout; young branches dark green. Form erect or roundish, rather
compact. wigs short, straight, stout; internodes short. Bark very dark
brown, mingled with reddish-brown, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; pubes-
cent near tips. Lenticels numerous, medium, oblong, slightly raised, rather
conspicuous. Buds large, plump, broad, obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.
Fruit medium or often below medium, sometimes large. Form ovate to
roundish inclined to conic, sometimes obscurely ribbed; pretty regular and

1Thacher, 1822:138.
? Kenrick, 1832:46.

152 Tue AppLes OF NEw York.

uniform in size. Steim medium to rather long, slender to moderately thick.
Cavity somewhat furrowed, deep, acuminate, moderately broad, smooth or
with some radiating russet rays. Calyx medium to rather large, closed or
somewhat open; lobes rather leafy, long, acute. Basin variable, usually
medium in width and depth, abrupt, slightly wrinkled and more or less
obscurely furrowed.

Skin grass-green eventually becoming pretty yellow with a thin brownish-
red blush in highly colored specimens. Dots green or with fine russet point,
often submerged and whitish. Prevailing color green.

Calyx tube wide, cone-shape. Stamens median.

Core rather large, abaxile, open; core lines somewhat clasping or nearly
meeting. Carpels roundish ovate. Seeds numerous, medium or below, rather
narrow, acute.

Flesh greenish-white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, very sweet, good.

Season December to April or May.

GREENVILLE.

REFERENCES. 1. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:587. 1804. 2. Buechly,
E. M., Greenville, Ohio, Cat., 1895. fig. 3. Amer. Gard., 17:162. 1896. fig. 4.
Can. Hort., 19:86. 1896. fig. 5. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 15:280. 1896. 6.
Ib., Western N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:35. 7. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B.
P. I. Bul., 48:43. 1903. 8. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:42. 1903. 9. Beach
and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:123. 1904.

Synonym. DowninGc WINTER MAIDEN BLUSH (1, 2, 3, 4). Downimg
Winter Maiden Blush (5. 6, 7, 9).

Fruit attractive on account of its desirable size and clear bright
color. The skin is tough and withstands rough handling pretty well
for a yellow apple. Suitable for general market and culinary pur-
poses but it does not excel in quality. The tree is satisfactorily pro-
ductive, being usually an annual bearer alternating light with heavier
crops.

Historical. Originated from seed of Maiden Blush in 1874 by Jason Down-
ing, Darke county, Ohio. E. M. Buechly, Greenville, Ohio, introduced it
under the name Downing’s Winter Maiden Blush but afterwards changed the
name to Greenville. It has not yet become generally disseminated in New
York.

TREE.

Tree vigorous, upright becoming rather spreading. Twigs below medium,
rather slender to moderately stout, nearly straight; internodes medium or
below. Bark clear reddish-brown or olive-green, somewhat pubescent. Lentt-
cels rather conspicuous, moderately numerous, small to medium, usually elon-
gated, raised. Buds below medium, generally roundish, slightly pubescent,
acute, appressed.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to medium. Form roundish oblate to roundish oblong, usually
symmetrical but sometimes slightly irregular or obscurely ribbed, uniform
in shape. Stem short. Cavity acute to acuminate, rather deep, moderately

GREENVILLE

THe Apples oF NEW York. 153

wide, symmetrical or nearly so, sometimes slightly furrowed, sometimes lipped,
often a little russeted. Calyx medium, closed or somewhat open; lobes often
long, acuminate. Basin shallow, to moderately deep, usually furrowed and
wrinkled.

Skin tough, waxen, clear pale yellow with handsome red or pinkish blush,
in appearance somewhat resembling the Maiden Blush.

Calyx tube rather narrow, funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core medium, abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core lines clasping.
Carpels broadly roundish. Seeds medium or above, rather light brown, rather
narrow, acute.

Flesh whitish slightly tinged with yellow, firm, crisp, moderately fine,
moderately tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, sometimes a little astringent,
good.

Season November to February, sometimes extending into April. Com-
mercial limit January or, in cold storage, February.

GREYHOUSE.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:154. fig. 2. Elliott, 1854:174. 3. Downing,
1857:214. 4. Warder, 1867:720, 722. 5. Downing, 1872:204, 270. 6. Down-
ing, dm. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:68. 7. Downing, 1876:57 app. 8. Lyon, Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:2904. 9. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:241. 10. Burrill and
McCluer, Jll. Sta. Bul., 45:323, 326. 1896. 11. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bil, ALSSI Bi, USO, Ww, Ie, UL S. I. IPL I, Weill, asus, WOO.

Synonyms. Big Romanite (incorrectly 6, 7, 11, of some 12). Black Jack
(6, 7, 12). Black Pennock (6, 7, 12). Black Vandervere (7, 12). Black
Vandevere (6). Filliken (6). German Spitzenberg (6, 7, 12). Grayhouse
(12). Gray Romanite (6, 12). Hard Red (7, 12). Hoop (12). Hoopes
(4, 9). Hoopes (5, 6, 7, 12). Hoopes’ Pearmain (6, 7, 12). Hoops (10).
Hoops (12). Hopsey (5, 6, 7, 12). Hopson (6, 7, 12). House (1). Key-
stone (6, 7,12). Lopside (6, 7, 12). Lop-sided Pearmain (5, 12). Lopside
Pearmain (6). May, erroneously (5, 6, 12). May Apple (2). May SEExk-
No-FARTHER (7, 11). May Setex-No-FurtTHER (2, 6). May Seek-No-
Further (12). May Seek-No-Further (8). Pilliken (5, 12). Red Everlast-
ing (6, 7, 12). Romanite (8, incorrectly 6 and 12).

Fruit medium in size, dull colored, green and red; skin thick; flesh dry,
coarse, subacid; not suitable for dessert and valued only as a long keeper (1,
2, 5, 8). Season February to May (5, 11). Tree vigorous, spreading; not
a reliable bearer.

Historical. Greyhouse probably originated either in New Jersey (5) or
Pennsylvania (4). It has been grown under various names in different parts
of the country and there has been much uncertainty with regard to its
synonymy. May Seek-No-Farther and Hoops are now considered identical
with Grayhouse (12). It is still offered by some nurserymen (9), but it is
not now generally cultivated (11).

GRIMES.

REFERENCES. I. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 22:131. 1856. 2. Downing, 1857:140.
3. Hooper, 1857:42. 4. Hanford, Horticulturist, 18:206. 1863. fig. 5. Warder,
1867:670. fig. 6. Grimes, Horticulturist, 24:51. 1869. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,

154 THE Apples OF NEw YorK.

1869. 8. Barry, 1883:347. 9. Thomas, 1885:245. 10. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1890:292. 11. Wickson, 1891:247. 12. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:240. 13.
Amer. Gard., 19:131. 1898. fig. 14. Brackett, /b., 22:191. I901. 15. Alwood,
Va. Sta. Bul., 130:133. 1901. 16. Stinson, Mo. Fr. Sta. Bul., 3:25. 1902. 17.
Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:55. 1902. fig. 18. Budd-Hansen, 1903:95. fig.
19. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:43. 1903. 20. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:123. 1904.

SYNONYMS. GRIMES’ GOLDEN (5, 6, 7, 8, I0, I2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18).
Grimes Golden (19, 20). GRIMES GOLDEN PIPPIN (1, 2, 3, 4, 9, II, 12).

Fruit beautiful rich golden-yellow, attractive in form and excellent
either for dessert or culinary use. It can hardly be called a standard
market variety but in some markets it sells well. It is not a good
keeper and is apt to scald in storage. It is in season about with
Hubbardston. The tree is a biennial or sometimes an annual bearer
and a good cropper. Favorable reports on it have been received
from certain localities in New York but generally as grown in this
state it does not develop in size, color or quality as well as it does
in more southern latitudes, and there is a high percentage of loss
from drops and culls. Some few New York fruit growers consider
it a fairly profitable variety but generally it is regarded less favorably
and it has failed to become a standard apple either in the home
orchards or in the commercial orchards of the State. The indica-
tions are that it will never be grown in New York to any consider-

able extent.

Historical. Originated in West Virginia. Fruit from the original tree
was sold to the New Orleans traders as long ago as 1804 (6). It has become
generally disseminated throughout the Ben Davis regions of the South, West
and Southwest, where it is often planted for home use and is highly esteemed
as a dessert apple, but it is not grown extensively in many localities in the
commercial orchards. It has long been known in scattering localities in New
York and old trees of it are found in some orchards but it has not been gen-
erally planted.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches short, stout, curved, crooked. Form
upright spreading or roundish, inclined to droop; rather dense. Twigs short
to long, straight, moderately stout; internodes short. Bark dull brownish,
rather lightly mottled with scarf-skin; pubescent in spots and at tips. Lenti-.
cels scattering, small to large, roundish or oblong, not raised, rather incon-
spicuous. Buds medium, broad, obtuse to acute, free, varying from slightly
pubescent to quite pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblong, often flattened at the ends,

sometimes inclined to conic, pretty regular, sometimes obscurely ribbed, some-

GRIMES

Si
é

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 155

times oblique, symmetrical, uniform; sides often unequal. Stem short to
medium. Cavity broad, deep, acute to acuminate, often russeted. Calyx
rather large, closed; lobes long, reflexed, often separated at base. Basin
abrupt, deep or moderately deep, rather wide, somewhat furrowed.

Skin tough, somewhat rough, clear deep yellow with scattering pale yellow
or russet dots.

Calyx tube yellow, very broad at the top, conical, deep. Stamens basal.

Core medium to rather small, somewhat abaxile; cells usually pretty sym-
metrical, closed or somewhat open; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping.
Carpels roundish, emarginate, concave. Szeds numerous, medium or below,
somewhat tufted, plump, acute to obtuse.

Flesh yellow, very firm, tender, crisp, moderately coarse, moderately juicy,
subacid, rich, aromatic, sprightly, very good to best.

Season November to January or February. Commercial limit, December
or January.

HARGROVE.

REFERENCES. 1. Amer. Agric., 1891:701. fig. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:
240. 3. Berckmans, Cat., 1892. 4. U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1895:24. 5. Thomas,
1897:638. 6. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1897:38.

A yellow apple of mild flavor and good quality. Received for testing at
this Station from P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga. It does not appear to be
worthy of trial in New York state. The fruit is pale yellow, sometimes
blushed, averages below medium size, is mild in flavor and good in quality.
Its season here extends from November to March but in the southern states
it is classed as an autumn variety.

FRUIT.

Fruit small to nearly medium. Form: roundish conic, sometimes roundish
oblate; pretty uniform in size and shape. Stem medium to rather short and
thick. Cavity obtuse, shallow to moderately deep, sometimes symmetrical
but often compressed or furrowed or lipped, often russeted. Calya medium,
open or sometimes partly closed; lobes broad, reflexed. Basin shallow or
moderately shallow, furrowed, often wrinkled.

Skin tough, somewhat waxen, glossy, bright yellow, sometimes with bright
blush. Dots small to large, often irregular, russet.

Calyx tube urn-shape.

Core medium or below, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly round-
ish, emarginate, tufted. Seeds long, acuminate, tufted.

Flesh a little yellowish, firm, rather crisp, moderately fine-grained, juicy,
mild subacid mingled with sweet, slightly aromatic, good.

HAYWOOD.

REFERENCES. 1. Berckmans, Cat., 1892. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:241.
Synonym. Queen of Haywood (1).

A southern apple received from P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga., 1892, for
testing here. The fruit is dull red, striped over yellow background, hardly
medium in size, not very attractive, mild subacid, and only fair in quality.
Not desirable for planting in New York.

156 THE Apples OF NEw York.

HAZEN,

A yellow or greenish apple of good size, mild flavor, nearly sweet, good
or nearly good in quality. The tree comes into bearing young, is a rather
strong grower and so far as tested here is productive. It is not recommended
for planting in New York.

Historical. Hazen was originated by J. Erwin Lord, Pompanoosuc, Vt.,
who says that it was produced by crossing some fine cultivated variety, record
of name now lost, upon an unnamed seedling red winter apple.

TREE.

wigs very short, slender, straight or nearly so; internodes medium. Bark
slightly dull reddish, somewhat pubescent. Lenticels not very conspicuous,
small to nearly medium, generally quite elongated. Buds rather small, prom-
inent, fleshy, acute, moderately pubescent, slightly adhering to the bark.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or above, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish in-
clined to conic, varying to somewhat oblate, symmetrical. Stem medium to
long, rather slender. Cavity obtuse to acute, medium in depth and width,
usually symmetrical, sometimes russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed or
partly open. Basin often oblique, shallow, moderately wide, obtuse, slightly
furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin yellow, marbled with green. Dots small, numerous, greenish and
russet.

Calyx tube rather small, short, usually cone-shape, sometimes varying to
funnel-form.

Core medium, varying to rather large, open; core lines usually meeting.
Carpels broadly roundish, mucronate. Seeds numerous, small to medium,
rather narrow, acute, moderately light brown.

Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, somewhat crisp, not tender, moderately juicy,
sweet or nearly so, slightly aromatic, fair to good.

Season December to April.

HENNIKER,

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1876:54 app. 2. Hogg, 1884:126. 3. Garten-
flora, 39:265. 1890. col. pl. 4. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:243. 5. Beach, N. Y.
Sta. An. Rpt., 11:593. 1892. 6. Jour. Royal Hort. Soc., 1898:356. 7. Powell
and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:44. 1903. 8. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bul., 248:124. 1904.

SynonyM. Lapy HENNIKER (1, 2, 4, 5, 6).

Fruit of good size and excellent quality but not attractive enough
in form and color to rank as a first-class commercial variety. The
tree is a strong grower. It does not come into bearing very young
but is quite productive in alternate years. There is apt to be con-
siderable loss from the dropping of the fruit. It is not recommended

for planting in New York.

THe AppPLes OF NEw York. 1st7/

Historical. Originated between 1840 and 1850 in Suffolk, England (2).
Awarded first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1873 (6).
It has not been disseminated much in this country and is but little known in
New York.

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches short, moderately stout, curved, crooked. Form
roundish or spreading, rather dense. Twigs long to short, stout; internodes
medium or below. Bark dark brown tinged with red or partly olive-green,
distinctly mottled with gray scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels rather
numerous, scattering, medium to small, roundish, raised, moderately con-
spicuous. Buds medium, rather prominent, broad, plump, obtuse to acute,
free, slightly pubescent.

FRuIT.

Fruit above medium to very large, fairly uniform in size. Form oblate
to roundish, rather obscurely ribbed, often elliptical, not very uniform in
shape. Stem short to medium, moderately thick. Cavity acuminate or some-
what acute, deep, wide, gently furrowed, often covered with outspreading
russet. Calyx medium to rather large; lobes partly open, broad, acute. Basin
moderately deep to rather shallow, medium to rather wide, somewhat furrowed
and wrinkled.

Skin rather tough, decidedly roughened with capillary netted russet lines
and rather large russet dots, and sometimes with broken patches of russet;
color rather deep yellow, blushed and mottled with red and sparingly striped
with carmine. Prevailing effect rather dull red somewhat mingled with
yellow.

Calyx tube rather long, funnel-shape. Stamens median or below.

Core medium to small, axile; cells unsymmetrical, often seedless, irreg-
ularly developed; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels broadly
roundish or approaching obcordate, emarginate, tufted. Seeds few, medium
or above, obtuse to acute, tufted.

Flesh tinged with yellow, moderately coarse, somewhat crisp, rather tender,
juicy, rich, brisk subacid with something of the flavor characteristic of certain
russets, becoming rather mild late in the season; good to very good in quality.
Excellent for cooking but at first rather too briskly acid to be desirable for
a dessert apple.

Season November to March or April.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

REFERENCES. I. Hogg, 1884:106. 2. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:
292. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:241.
SynonyM. HEREFORDSHIRE BEEFING (I, 3).

A dark red subacid apple adapted for kitchen use. As fruited at the Geneva
Station it is rather attractive but falls below standard commercial varieties
in size, quality and appearance. The tree comes into bearing early and is
productive. It does not appear to be worthy of trial in New York state.

Historical. Known in Herefordshire for more than one hundred years (1).
It is but little known in New York. 7

158 THE Apples OF NEW YORK.

TREE.

Tree not a very good grower; branches short, slender; laterals willowy and
slender. Form roundish or spreading, very dense. Twigs below medium to
very short, straight, slender, somewhat pubescent; internodes short. Bark
clear brownish-red with some olive-green, lightly mottled with scarf-skin.
Lenticels moderately numerous, scattering, small to medium, elongated, slightly
raised. Buds below medium to small, broad, very obtuse, appressed, deeply
set in the bark, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium in size but with a full crop it varies from below medium to
small. Form usually roundish oblate, sometimes oblate conic, symmetrical ;
uniform in size and shape. Stem short and thick. Cavity obtuse, broad,
deep, often russeted, usually symmetrical, sometimes furrowed. Calyx
medium to rather large, usually open; tips of lobes divergent. Basin varies
from shallow to moderately deep, rather wide, slightly wrinkled, ridged.

Skin thin, tough, clear greenish-yellow largely blushed with rather bright
dark red, sometimes almost covered with red. Dots medium in size, numerous,
usually russet, sometimes submerged. Prevailing effect red with more or
less contrasting yellow.

Calyx tube very short, rather wide, broadly conical, sometimes approaching
funnel-form. Stamens median or slightly marginal.

Core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open; core lines clasping. Carpels
usually elliptical sometimes broadly obovate, emarginate, sometimes a little
tufted. Seeds small, rather short, plump, broadly acute, rather light colored.

Flesh yellowish, moderately firm and tender, moderately fine, juicy, aro-
matic, brisk subacid, fair to good in flavor and quality.

Season October to January or February.

HIESTER.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1872:215. 2. Boyer, Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt., 1881:
34. 3. Ill. Sta. Bul., 45:324. 1896.

Synonyms. Baer (1). MHeaster (1). Heister (1). Michel Miller (2).
Miller (1). Stehly (1).

A pleasant subacid apple in season here during winter, but where it origi-
nated it is classed as a late fall and early winter variety. Tree vigorous and
productive (1). It is considered a desirable apple in some parts of Pennsyl-
vania (2). Not recommended for planting in New York.

Historical. Origin, Reading, Berks county, Pa. (1). But little known in
New York.
FRUIT.

Fruit medium. Form roundish oblate, sometimes faintly ribbed. Stem very
short and slender. Cavity acute, rather broad and deep. Calyx small, partly
open. Basin rather abrupt to somewhat obtuse, broad, deep, slightly wrinkled.

Skin pale yellow mottled with thin bright red on shady side and washed
with deeper red and narrowly streaked with deep carmine in the sun. Dots
gray or russet, conspicuous about the cavity.

Calyx tube rather small, cone-shape, approaching funnel-form. Stamens
median.

THE AppLes OF NEw York. 159

Core small, somewhat abaxile; cells open or partly open; core lines meeting
or clasping. Carpels broadly roundish. Seeds medium or below, rather
narrow, short, plump.

Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, moderately juicy, rather tender, mild subacid
to somewhat sweet, fair to good in flavor and quality.

HIGHLAND BEAUTY.

REFERENCES. I. Manning, Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1881:232. 2. Downing,
1881:88 app. fig. 3. Dempsey, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 2:32. 1895.

A seedling of the Lady exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society in 1881 as a new variety. “In size it surpasses its parent but not in
quality’ (1). The fruit is of the Lady type. Skin clear, smooth yellow or
almost waxen white, blushed with brilliant carmine. Flesh white, crisp,
tender, juicy, mild subacid, very good.

Season January to March (1, 2, 3). It does not appear to be known in
cultivation to any considerable extent.

HOLLAND WINTER.

REFERENCES. 1. Langley, Pomona, 1729. (cited by 3). 2. Knoop, Pomol.,
1758. (cited by 3). 3. Forsyth, 1824:107. 4. Hogg, 1884:110. 5. Powell and
Hulton Ol Ss b= Pie wBul. 48:44. pats 2) 19035 (6. Beach and) Clark Ne Ye
Sta. Bul., 248:124. 1904.

The variety here described as Holland Winter was received for
testing at this Station from Western Pennsylvania under the name of
Holland Pippin. United States Pomologist Heiges identified it for
us as the Holland Pippin of Hogg, Langley and Miller, and stated
that it is the variety which is generally grown in Pennsylvania under
the name of Holland Pippin. We have not yet been able to confirm
with certainty the identification made by Heiges.

Forsyth’s complete description of the Holland Pippin of Lang-
ley (3) 1s here given.

“This is a middle-sized apple, of a flattish shape. Its colour
is yellow, in some places inclining to green, with sometimes a
little red towards the sun. This is a pretty good apple, and
keeps till the middle of April.”

The following is Hogg’s description (4).

“Fruit large, three inches wide, and two inches and a half
high; roundish and flattened with ribs on the sides. Skin,
greenish-yellow, with a slight tinge of pale brown where ex-

posed to the sun, and strewed with large green dots. Eye,

160 THe Appies or NEw York.

small and closed, set in a round, narrow, and plaited basin.
Stalk, very short, imbedded in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish-white, firm, tender, juicy, sweet, and briskly acid.

“A valuable apple of first-rate quality for culinary purposes;
it is in use from November to March. The tree is a strong
grower, vigorous, healthy, and a good bearer.”

This variety is surely distinct from the one described by
Downing! and commonly grown in the Hudson valley and to
some extent in other portions of the state under the name of
Holland Pippin. The Holland Pippin of Downing begins to
ripen somewhat earlier than the Fall Pippin, while the variety
here described keeps till spring. Since both of these varieties
are known in cultivation in this country under the name of Holland
Pippin it is well to distinguish between the two by calling the late
keeping one Holland Winter.

It is a green apple of the Reinette Pippin class, not equal to
Khode Island Greening in flavor or quality for dessert or culinary
uses but it is a better keeper and less liable Mie gscalamae
is attractive for a green apple in both size and color. The tree is a
strong grower, healthy and productive, and usually is an annual
bearer alternating heavy with rather light crops. It appears to be
of sufficient value to be worthy of planting for trial as a commercial

variety where a late keeping apple of this type is desired.

Historical. Jf this is in fact the Holland Pippin of Langley and Miller it is
an old variety “native of the Holland district of Lincolnshire, hence its
name” (4).

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches long, moderately stout. Form spreading or
roundish, rather open. Jwigs moderately long, straight, stout; internodes
short to medium. Bark clear reddish-brown with some olive-green, streaked
lightly with scarf-skin, heavily pubescent near the tips. Lenticels numerous,
small, roundish, sometimes raised, rather conspicuous. Buds large to above
medium, broad, obtuse, free near the old wood but quite appressed near the
tips; heavily pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish conic, symmetrical, regular or
sometimes faintly ribbed. Stem medium or short and rather thick. Cavity
acute or approaching acuminate, rather large and slightly furrowed, occas-

1 Downing, 1872:219.

HOLLAND WINTER

THE Apples OF NEW York. 161

ionally with thin outspreading russet rays. Calyx small to medium, closed
or partly open. Basin shallow, occasionally moderately deep and abrupt,
somewhat furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin tough, slightly waxy, smooth, pale green or whitish often with a faint,
dull blush. Dots numerous, rather large, conspicuous, submerged, whitish,
mingled with a few fine russet points.

Calyx tube long, narrow, funnel-shape. Stamens median or below.

Core medium or below, somewhat abaxile; cells pretty symmetrical, open
or partly closed; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish to somewhat elliptical,
broad, slightly tufted. Seeds rather short, plump, obtuse.

Flesh nearly white, firm, rather crisp, moderately fine-grained, juicy, sub-
acid with mild, pleasing aroma, good.

Season December to May.

HOLMES SWEET.

REFERENCE. 1. Downing, 1872:220.

Described by Downing as a medium sized yellow apple with red cheek.
Flesh tender, sweet, mingled with subacid. Season November to February.
Origin, Niagara county, N. Y. (1). Now practically obsolete.

Not the Holmes of Thacher.

HUBBARDSTON.

REFERENCES. I. Kenrick, 1832:47. 2. Manning, 1838:62. 3. Mag. Hort.,
7:45. 1841. 4. Downing, 1845:113.° 5. Mag. Hort., 14:545. 1848. fig. 6. Ib.,
15:63. 1849. 7. Thomas, 1849:166, 167. fig. 8. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
3°65. 1655. col. pis. 51 and) 74. 9. Lovey, 1:67. 1S52. col. pl, fig. 10: Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 11. Hooper, 1857:46. 12. Oberdieck, J/l. Handb. der
Obsik., 8:137. 13. Warder, 1867:600. fig. 14. Mag. Hort., 34:27. 1868. 15.
Leroy, 1873:497. fig. 16. Barry, 1883:347. 17. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:292. 18. Wickson, 1891:244. 19. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:241. 20.
Green, Rural N. Y., 57:802. 1808. 21. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:363. 22.
Budd-Hansen, 1903:100. fig. 23. Can. Hort., 26:89. 19¢3. fig. 24. Powell
aio! leysihworn, (WG Qs Ia Je, Ih, Jamk, cen, Oe. Mes leave eiag! (Cle, IN, I
Sta. Bul., 248:125. 1904.

SynonyMs. AMERICAN BLusH (20). American Blush (25). American
Nonpareille (15). Hubbardston (18). HupsBarpston NONSUCH (1, 2, 3, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, Il, 13, I4, 16, 10, 21, 22). Hubbardston Nonsuch (15, 23, 24, 25).
John May (15). NONPARETLLE DE HUBBARDSTON (15). Nonsucu (18).
Nonesuch (24, 25). Orleans (25). SONDERGLEICHEN VON HUBPARDSTON
(12). Van Vleet.

Hubbardston is an excellent variety for commercia! planting and
deserves to be better known among New York fruit growers. It
varies remarkably under different conditions of soil and climate not
only in vigor of tree but in certain fruit characters also, such as size,

color, degree of smoothness or russeting of the skin and in the quality

162 THE APPLES OF NEW YorK.

and flavor of the flesh. The fact that it has come to have various
local names in different parts of the state is doubtless partly due to
this variability. It is now generally conceded that American Blush,
Van Vleet and Orleans are identical with Hubbardston, or at the
most are but selected strains of that variety. In many parts of the
state Hubbardston is one of the most profitable varieties of its
season, ripening as it does between the perishable early autumn
varieties and the late ripening winter apples. It has generally sus-
tained the reputation of coming into bearing at an early age and
yielding heavy crops as often as every other year and in many places
it is almost an annual bearer. It is apt to be productive to a fault,
and for this reason should receive extra attention to keep the soil
fertile and the foliage well protected from insects and diseases.
When grown upon its own trunk the body is sometimes injured by
severe winters. The tree also is somewhat susceptible to attacks of
the apple canker. For these reasons it is doubtless best for one who
wishes to grow Hubbardston to plant some hardier and more vig-
orous variety such as the Northern Spy, and the following year top-
work the trees to Hubbardston. Under favorable conditions the tree
is a vigorous grower and the fruit is fair, smooth, uniform, of good
size and pretty good color. The quality is excellent for dessert but
less satisfactory for culinary use except very early in the season
before the fruit loses acidity.

Its commercial limit in cellar storage does not extend much later
than December. It is a very uncertain keeper and in cold storage
should go out in late fall or early winter although sometimes it has
been held in good condition till spring. Fruit of this variety grown
in Central and Western New York usually is somewhat smaller and
keeps better than that grown in the lower Hudson valley. It appears
that its keeping quality is correlated to some extent with the size of
the fruit. If there is only a medium crop on the tree and the fruit
is large it goes down quicker than if the crop is heavier and the
individual fruits smaller and firmer. Fruit of good color also has
good keeping quality, other things being equal, but poorly colored
fruit soon deteriorates in flavor and quality (25). When the trees
are allowed to become greatly overloaded, as they often do where

HUBBARDSTON

7

vy
-

a Se A,

i a ae

THE AppLes OF NEW York. 163

the apples are not thinned, there is apt to be a considerable portion
of undersized and poorly colored fruit. There is also some loss
from the early dropping of the fruit particularly where picking is too
long delayed. Hubbardston reaches edible maturity in October and
holds its flavor well till December or January, but after that time its
quality usually deteriorates rapidly. It may often be kept in edible
condition through the winter even in cellar storage but seldom with

prime flavor.

Historical. WHubbardston is a native fruit which had its origin in Hubbards-
ton, Massachusetts. As early as 1832 Kenrick referred to it as one of the
most desirable varieties known in cultivation in Eastern Massachusetts (1).
Although it has long been widely disseminated in New York there are many
localities where it is yet unknown and many others where it has been intro-
duced within recent years. The planting of it for commercial purposes is
gradually increasing.

TREE.

Tree vigorous, sometimes large, but if it is allowed to overbear and is not
properly fed it is more often moderately vigorous and of medium size. Form
erect to roundish, somewhat spreading, rather dense. wigs medium or
rather long, spreading or erect, moderately stout, somewhat crooked, pubescent ;
internodes below medium to short. Bark dull olive-green with tinge of
reddish-brown and mottled with thin gray scarf-skin. Lenticels scattering,
conspicuous, medium to small, round or oblong, raised, becoming laterally
compressed on the older bark. Buds medium, broad, obtuse, appressed, pubes-
cent. Jeaves medium to rather small, rather narrow and inclined to become
incurved.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large, sometimes very large. Form roundish ovate
or slightly oblong to roundish inclined to conic, characteristically rounded
toward the cavity, usually symmetrical, often obscurely ribbed. The crop
is usually pretty uniform in size and shape but there is considerable variability
in the fruit with crops of different seasons and different localities. Stem
short to very short. Cavity rather deep, acute, symmetrical, sometimes
slightly furrowed, usually russeted. Calyx small to large, open to nearly
closed; when large the lobes are usually reflexed and separated at the base
exposing the yellowish calyx tube. Jasin moderately narrow to rather wide,
shallow and somewhat obtuse to moderately deep and abrupt, distinctly fur-
rowed, often marked with concentric flecks of russet in and about the basin.

Skin sometimes quite smooth but more often roughened with dots, flecks
and fine veins of russet and sometimes covered with faint bloom. Color
yellow or greenish blushed and mottled with red which varies from dull
brownish to clear bright red, and is more or less marked with deep carmine.
Dots paie or russet, often large and irregular, especially conspicuous on the
red portions of the fruit. Prevailing effect in highly colored specimens
attractive red, mingled with more or less of yellow.

164 THE APPLES OF NEw York.

Calyx tube medium in length, broad, cone-shape. Stamens median.

Core medium or rather small, more or less abaxile; cells usually pretty
symmetrical, closed or partly open; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping.
Carpels broadly roundish, slightly emarginate, tufted. Seeds numerous,
medium to rather small, rather short, plump, acute, light brown.

Flesh whitish slightly tinged with yellow, moderately firm, breaking, rather
fine-grained, tender, moderately crisp, juicy, aromatic, rich, at first sprightly
but becoming mild subacid mingled with sweet, very good to best.

Season October to January.

HUNT RUSSET.

REFERENCES. 1. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 19:126. 1853. 2. Ib., 21:300. 1855. 3.
Downing, 1857:143, 187. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 5. Warder, 1867:720,
722. 6. Downing, 1872:196. 7. Downing, C., Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:36.
8. Downing, 1876:53 app. 9. Thomas, 1885:240, 513. 10. Lyon, Mich. Hort.
Soc. Rpt., 1890:292. 11. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:241. 12. Budd-Hansen,
1903 :IOT.

SyNonyMS. American Golden Russet of New England (8). BuLuocx (1,
2, but incorrectly). Fay’s Russet (3). Fay’s Russet (8). Golden Russet
(not of N. Y.) (8). GoLpEN Russet oF Mass. (4, 5, 6). Golden Russet
of Mass. (8). Golden Russet of New England (8). Mass. Golden Russet
(8). New England Russet (8). New England Golden Russet (8). Russet
PEARMAIN (3, 9). Russet Pearmain (8).

Fruit medium size, golden russet with broken patches of smooth
bright red on the cheek. It is quite attractive for a russet apple,
excellent in quality and a good keeper. Tree moderately vigorous
and productive. It is no longer considered profitable and is not
being planted in commercial orchards.

Historical. The following description of the fruit was made from apples
grown upon the old Hunt farm, Concord, Mass. Mr. Wm. H. Hunt, to
whom we are indebted for these apples, states that the variety originated at
least I50 years ago, and adds that it was once considered a profitable market
apple but is so no longer. Downing (8) refers to it as an old favorite which
is said to have originated in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and
which has been widely disseminated under different names. In New England
it has by some been called Golden Russet and American Golden Russet.
Hovey identified it as Bullock but incorrectly (1, 2, 7).

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. Twigs clear light reddish-
brown, slightly grayish (6).

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or below, uniform. Form a little oblate to distinctly conical,
often elliptical, pretty uniform in shape. Stem short to medium, slender.
Cavity large, acute or approaching acuminate, deep, broad, sometimes furrowed
and compressed. Calyx medium, partly open or sometimes closed; lobes

THE AppLes OF NEW York. 165

medium in length, broad, obtuse. Basin moderately deep to shallow, moder-
ately narrow to rather wide, abrupt, slightly furrowed.

Skin thick, rather tender, golden russet or with red russet cheek. Patcnes
of smooth skin breaking through the russet vary from yellow to bright deep
red. Dots numerous, gray or russet.

Calyx tube often long, funnel-shape. Stamens basal.

Core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines clasping the funnel
cylinder. Carpels roundish to elliptical, slightly emarginate. Seeds dark,
medium in size, plump, usually obtuse.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, rather fine, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly
becoming mild, not sweet as some have stated, very good to best.

Season January to April or later.

HUNTSMAN.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1872:14 app. fig. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1875:
FO! 13.) Nhomasy 18852513. 4. U.S. Pom. Rpt, 1887:031. fie: 5. Mow Sita:
Bul., 6:7. 1889. 6. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:241. 7. Stinson, Mo. Fr. Sta.
Bul., 3:26. 1902. 8. Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:53. 1902. 9. Budd-Hansen, 1903:103.
fig. 10. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:44. 1903. 11. Beach and
Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:126. 1904.

Synonym. HuNTSMAN’sS FAVORITE (1, 2, 3, 5, 6). Huntsman’s Favorite
G85 To):

The Huntsman apple, or as it is more generally known by the
growers, the Huntsman Favorite, is a western variety, it having been
grown in Missouri and Eastern Kansas for about fifty years. In
that section it is quite highly prized on account of its high quality
and the good bearing habits of the tree. It is not looked upon with
special favor by the commercial growers of the West because of its
susceptibility there to bitter rot, sunburn and apple scab. The tree
is not an early bearer but after it does begin to fruit is a regular
bearer and quite prolific. The fruit is pretty uniformly large or
very large, somewhat irregular in form, deep yellow usually some-
what blushed and very attractive. In sections where it is known it

is in special demand among apple buyers for the fancy trade.

Historical. This variety originated on the farm of John Huntsman, Fay-
ette, Mo. (1), and up to within very recent years its cultivation seems to have
been confined to the Middle West. So far as we can learn it has not been
tested to any considerable extent in the East. It is practically unknown in
New York.

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches long, slender. Form upright varying to roundish
or spreading, rather open. wigs above medium, long, straight, slender; in-
ternodes very short. Bark dark reddish-brown, heavily mottled with scarf-

166 THE Apples oF NEW YorRK.

skin, heavily pubescent. Lenticels numerous, medium to very small, round,
not raised. Buds small to nearly medium, broad, obtuse, free near old wood
but quite appressed towards the tips, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large, usually large. Form roundish oblate, slightly
conical, somewhat irregular, obscurely angular. Stem short, rather thick.
Cavity acute to slightly obtuse, deep, broad, sometimes russeted, frequently
furrowed, sometimes compressed. Calyx small, closed; lobes short, narrow,
acute. Basin very abrupt, medium in depth to deep, moderately narrow to
narrow, usually deeply furrowed.

Skin rather thick, somewhat tender, deep yellow or greenish, often with an
orange-red blush which sometimes deepens to a distinct red. Dots small,
inconspicuous, pale, submerged, numerous.

Calyx tube usually extends to the core, cylindrical to slightly funnel-form
with broad cylinder. Stamens marginal.

Core medium to small, abaxile; cells often somewhat unsymmetrical, open;
core lines clasping. Carpels elliptical to very broadly ovate, deeply emarginate,
sometimes slightly tufted. Seeds frequently irregular in shape, moderately
dark brown, rather wide and long, usually plump, obtuse.

Flesh tinged with yellow, rather firm, moderately coarse, not very crisp,
tender, juicy, mildly subacid with a distinct pleasantly aromatic flavor, good
to very good.

Season December to April.

HYDE KING,

REFERENCES. I. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:241. 2. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An.
Rpt., 13:502. 1804. 3. Ib., 14:265. 1895. 4. Ib., 15:284. 160655. beacon =
N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:37. 6. Powell and Fulton, U.(S. By P27 Bale
48:60. 1903. 7. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:114. 1904.

SYNONYMS. CHASE (7), but incorrectly. Hypr’s KING (oF THE WEST)
(1). WESTERN BEaAuTy (2, 3, 4, 5, 6), but incorrectly.

Hyde King appears to be one of the most valuable of the newer
varieties of apples which have been tested at this Station. The fruit
is large or very large, pretty uniform, smooth, glossy, pale green or
yellow, often a little shaded with red. It is quite attractive for a
green apple. Although not high-flavored it is good in quality, suit-
able for culinary use and evidently desirable for general market pur-
poses being a good keeper. So far as tested here the tree is vigorous,
and almost an annual bearer. It is not a very heavy cropper but
the fruit is very uniformly large with a low percentage of culls.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Twigs medium to long, stout; internodes short. Bark dull
brown tinged with olive-green, somewhat streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent.

HYDE KING

Tue Apptes or New York. 167

Lenticels quite numerous, medium to below, round, raised. Buds medium,
plump, obtuse, free, pubescent.
FRuIt.

Fruit large to very large, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form nearly
globular varying to slightly oblate or somewhat conic, often obscurely ribbed,
sometimes with sides unequal but usually pretty symmetrical. Stem short,
stout. Cavity acute to obtuse, moderately deep to deep, broad, usually smooth
and bright green with contrasting large white dots, sometimes partly russeted.
Calyx medium to large, closed or somewhat open; lobes short, obtuse. Basin
moderately deep, rather narrow, sometimes becoming broad, somewhat fur-
rowed and wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, light green shading to pale or whitish
yellow, often with a thin blush and sometimes faintly striped with darker red
and marked towards the cavity with broken stripes of whitish scarf-skin.
Dots numerous, sometimes with a russet point, usually large about the cavity.

Calyx tube usually short, cone-shape, sometimes approaching funnel-form.
Stamens median to basal.

Core medium to rather large, somewhat abaxile; cells open or partly closed;
core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels smooth, concave, roundish
or very broadly elliptical. Seeds above medium, wide, obtuse to acute.

Flesh whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, firm, rather coarse, breaking,
rather tender, juicy, mild subacid, somewhat aromatic, good but not of high
flavor.

Season December to April or May. Commercial limit in ordinary storage
February or March; in cold storage, May (7).

INGRAM.

REFERENCES. 1. Horticulturist, 23:201. 1868 (cited by 5). 2. Downing,
1872:229. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:241. 4. Rural N. Y., 56:345. 1807. 5.
Taylor, U. S. Dept. Agr. Vr. Bk., 1901:382: col. pl. 6. Stinson, Mo. Fr. Sta.
Bul., 3:22. 1902. fig. 7. Thomas, 1903:328. 8. Budd-Hansen, 1903:103. g.
Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:45. 1903.

Synonyms. Ingraham (5). INGRAM SEEDLING (1). Ingram Seedling
(GA7):

This variety has attracted attention in the Southwest within recent
years on account of its excellent keeping qualities (4, 5,6,9). It is
said to be exceptionally promising for the Ozark region (6) where it
is being largely planted for commercial purposes. Like the Ralls it
blooms late in the season and the older trees are apt to bear rather
small fruit unless the fruit is thinned. The fruit is of the Ralls
type but averages larger and is more highly colored, being nearly
red. In quality it ranks about with York Imperial. In flavor it
is much like Ralls but less juicy. It has not yet been sufficiently

tested in New York to determine whether it is a desirable apple

168 Tue AppLes oF NEw York.

for this state but since it is so much like its parent, Ralls, it
probably is not so well adapted for this region as it is for more

southern localities.

Historical. Originated with Martin Ingram near Springfield, Mo., from
seed of the Ralls (Geniton) between 1844 and 1855 (5, 6).

TREE.

Tree vigorous, with long, moderately stout branches. Form upright or
roundish, rather dense. Twigs medium to long, straight, rather stout; inter-
nodes medium or below. Bark olive-green partly covered with clear brownish-
red, lightly mottled with scarf-skin. Lenticels numerous, large, generally
round, raised, very conspicuous. Buds medium, broad, flat, obtuse, appressed,
pubescent, deeply set in the bark.

FRUIT.

Fruit usually about medium, sometimes large. Form roundish conic, to
roundish oblate, symmetrical. Stem rather short, varying from thick and
swollen to moderately slender. Cavity acuminate, varying from medium in
depth and width to deep and broad, sometimes partly russeted, obscurely
furrowed. Calyx large, open. Basin pretty regular, moderately deep, medium
in width to rather narrow, moderately abrupt.

Skin rather thick and tough, smooth, bright greenish-yellow or pale yellow,
washed, mottled and striped with two shades of red and clouded with whitish
scarf-skin over the base. Highly colored specimens are nearly overspread
with rather dark red. Dots numerous, whitish or areolar with russet center,
rather conspicuous.

Calyx tube conical or somewhat funnel-form. Stamens basal.

Core medium to rather small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed or nearly so;
core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels roundish, tufted. Seeds
medium in size, rather wide, acute, tufted.

Flesh somewhat tinged with yellow, firm and hard but becoming crisp and
tender, juicy, very mild subacid, somewhat aromatic, good to very good.

Season February to June or later.

JACKSON.

REFERENCES. 1. Smith, Horticulturist, 11:286. 1856. 2. Brinckle, /b., 12:
520. 1857. fig. 3. Downing, 1857:156. 4. Warder, 1867:723. 5. Thomas,
1885 :514.

Synonym. Jackson Seedling (1).

A greenish-yellow apple of medium size, not particularly attractive. In
season from October to February. Not recommended for planting in New
York.

Historical. Origin, Bucks county, Pa. (1, 2, 3). Although it has long
been known in Pennsylvania it has not been disseminated to any considerable
extent in this state.

JACOB SWEET

«
as

Jay,

THE APPLES OF NEW York. 169

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches moderately long, stout, crooked. Form roundish
or spreading, rather dense. Twigs long, curved, stout; internodes medium.
Bark dark brown lightly streaked with scarf-skin, pubescent near the tips.
Lenticels numerous, small, round, not raised. Buds deeply set in bark, of
medium size, broad, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.

FRuIt.

Fruit medium, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish to roundish
oblate, symmetrical. Stem medium to rather long, slender. Cavity usually
acuminate, deep, narrow to rather broad, often heavily russeted and with out-
spreading irregular rays. Calyx+ medium in size, closed or sometimes open;
lobes long, rather narrow, acute. Basin abrupt, medium in depth to deep,
moderately wide, slightly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tender, greenish-yellow with many dark green
blotches and gray dots, a very few faint red stripes scarcely perceptible, and
on the exposed side a warm mottled brown blush, containing numerous white
dots with a central gray speck in each (2).

Calyx tube large, long, conical to funnel-form, extending nearly to core.
Stamens marginal to median.

Core medium in size, abaxile; cells unsymmetrical, wide open; core lines
clasping. Carpels smooth, nearly cordate to broadly ovate. Seeds numerous,
dark brown, medium in size, plump, obtuse.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, fine, crisp, very tender, juicy, very mild
subacid mingled with sweet, good.

JACOBS SWEET.

REFERENCES. I. Manning, Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1880:235. 2. Ib., Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:28. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:242. 4. Beach, N. Y.
Sta An. Rpt, T4:253. 1805, 5. Ib: West: N.Y. Hort Soc, kept. 1890-52. 6;
Manning, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 1899:185. 7. Budd-Hansen, 1903:105. 8.
eural N.Y. 62:77%: 1003) fig, 9: Powell and) Eulton, Us SB. Pe Bulk
48:45. 1903. 10. Beach and Clark, NV. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:126. 1904.

SYNONYMS. JACOBS (4, 5, 9). JACcOB’s SWEET (1, 2, 3). Jacobs Sweet

.

(9). Jacop’s WINTER SWEET (3). Jacobs’ Winter Sweet (4).

A large showy apple, green or yellowish often with bright blush.
In form, color and texture it somewhat resembles Bough Sweet. It
is one of the best sweet apples of its season for baking. The fruit is
very tender and liable to crack and spot. It rots on the tree and also
in storage. It is an unreliable keeper and rather variable in season
but commonly is in season about with Pumpkin Sweet or Tompkins
King. Its commercial limit varies from October to December or
later in cellar storage and from January to March in cold storage

(9, 10). The tree is not a very satisfactory grower in the nursery

170 THE AppLes OF NEW York.

but in the orchard it is vigorous, comes into bearing moderately
young and is almost an annual bearer often yielding rather heavy
crops. It is recommended for the home orchard but not for general

commercial planting.

Historical. Originated by Charles Sumner Jacobs, Medford, Massachusetts,
about 1860 (1, 2). It has been but sparingly disseminated in New York state.

TREE.

Tree medium to large, vigorous. Form spreading. Twigs short to rather
long, rather stout, straight or slightly curved; internodes medium to short.
Bark clear light brownish-red with some olive-green, lightly mottled with
scarf-skin; rather pubescent. Lenticels rather inconspicuous, rather scatter-
ing, small, elongated, sometimes raised. Buds lightly attached to the bark
or free, medium or below, very prominent, fleshy, broad, obtuse, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large or very large. Form roundish often inclined
to conic, sometimes slightly oblate, pretty symmetrical. Stem medium to
short. Cavity rather wide, moderately deep to deep, acute or approaching
acuminate, sometimes slightly furrowed or compressed, seldom russeted.
Calyx medium, closed or partly open. Basin often abrupt, usually round,
medium in width and depth.

Skin tough, somewhat waxen, rather glossy, clear yellow or greenish, often
with a bright blush. Dots obscure, whitish or russet.

Calyx tube cone-shape or somewhat funnel-form. Stamens median to basal.

Core rather large, somewhat abaxile; cells pretty symmetrical, open or partly
closed; core lines slightly clasping. Carpels large, roundish to broadly
obovate. Seeds numerous, medium, acute.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, moderately firm, moderately coarse, very
tender, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic, very sweet, good.

Season October to March or April.

JEWETT RED.

REFERENCES. 1. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 8:250. 1842. 2. Thomas, 1849:149.
3. Cole, 1849:112. 4. Mag. Hort., 21:569. 1855. fig. 5. Downing, 1857:157.
6. Elliott, 1858:140. fig. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 8. Warder, 1867:723.
9. Barry, 1883:347. 10. Hoskins, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1886:274. 11. Lyon, Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:292. 12. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:133. 13. Waugh,
Vt. Sta. Bul., 61:30. 1897. 14. Budd-Hansen, 1903:106. 15. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:126. 1904.

SynonyMs. JEWETT’s FINE RED (5, 8, 9, 10, 14). Jewett’s Fine Red (2,
4, 6, 12, 15). Jewett’s RED ‘(2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 15). Nodhead (G74, 5,6
Ov l2e13 ALS)

An early winter apple of medium size and of beautiful dark red
color overspread with blue bloom. It is highly esteemed as a dessert
fruit in portions of New England, particularly in Maine and New

aay 113Mar

THE AppLes OF NEW York. LAE

Hampshire where it is grown to some extent commercially. It is of
the Blue Pearmain type and one of the best of that group in quality.
As fruited at this Station it does not develop as high color nor
as good quality as it does in the region where it originated. The
tree comes into bearing rather young but is a slow grower and
only moderately productive. As compared with standard varieties
like Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening, it evidently requires extra
attention in pruning, spraying, fertilizing and tilling in order to
secure a good average grade of fruit.

Historical. Origin, Hollis, N. H. (4). It has been known in certain local
markets in New England for fifty years or more, but has not yet been grown
to any considerable extent in New York.

TREE.

Tree makes a very unsatisfactory growth in the nursery and for that reason
does best when top-worked on some thriftier stock. In the orchard it is a
rather slow grower and hardly attains medium size; branches rather short
and stout with comparatively few laterals and numerous spurs. Form spread-
ing or roundish, somewhat open. Twigs very short to moderately long, nearly
straight, rather stout; internodes short. Bark dull dark brownish-green vary-
ing to brownish-red mottled and streaked with light scarf-skin, slightly pubes-
cent. Lenticels rather scattering, small to medium, roundish, not raised,
rather dull in color. Buds rather short, small, plump, obtuse, free, slightly
pubescent.

FRuIt.

Fruit above medium to less than medium size, pretty uniform in size and
shape. Form roundish oblate, sides unequal, obscurely ribbed, often some-
what irregular. Stem short. Cavity variable, acute to acuminate, shallow
to medium in depth, moderately wide, furrowed obscurely if at all, green or
russeted, sometimes lipped. Calyx small to medium, open or partly closed;
lobes broad, short, obtuse. Basin shallow to medium in depth, moderately
wide, obtuse, obscurely furrowed and slightly wrinkled.

Skin rather thin, tough, nearly smooth, dark red over yellow background,
often deepening to purplish-red and obscurely marked with broken stripes
and splashes of carmine. Dots numerous, often conspicuous, pale yellow or
whitish. Characteristic bluish-white scarf-skin often more or less overspreads
the base. Prevailing effect very attractive, deep red.

Calyx tube moderately narrow, funnel-form or approaching cone-shape.
Stamens median.

Core axile or nearly so; cells sometimes unsymmetrical, closed or some-
times open; core lines clasping. Carpels oval, elongated, emarginate. Seeds
numerous, clear reddish-brown, below medium or rather small.

Flesh yellowish, moderately fine, tender, juicy, pleasantly aromatic, mild
subacid or nearly sweet, good to very good.

Season October to February (15).

172 THe Apples OF NEw York.

JONATHAN.

REFERENCES. I. Buel, N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:476, Cat. No. 39. 2.
Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831. 3. Kenrick, 1832:47. 4. Downing, 1845:113.
5. Thomas, 1849:167, 189. fig. 6. Cole, 1849:123. 7. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 16:
60. 1850. fig. 8. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:60. 1851. col. pl. No. 25. 6g.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1856. 10. Hooper, 1857:48. 11. Reynolds, Horticul-
turist, 12:51. 1857. 12. Dewey, Jb., 12:198. 1857. 13. Elliott, 1858:86. fig.
14. Warder, 1867:679. fig. 15. Barry, 1883:348. 16. Hogg, 1884:1I9. 17.
Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 18. Meehan, Can. Hort., 14:75. 1891.
fig. 19. Wickson, 1891:246. 20. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:242. 21. Stinson,
Ark. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:46. 1894. 22. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 118:60. 1895. 23.
Ib., 143:200, 202. 1807. 24. Powell, Del. Sta. Bul., 38:18. 1808. 25. Van
Deman, Rural N. Y., 59:224. 1900. 26. Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:53) 1002) 27.
Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:61. 1902. 28. Budd-Hansen, 1903:106. fig. 29.
Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:45. 1903. 30. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:127. 1004.

Synonyms. Esopus SPITZENBERG (NEW) (1). JOHNATHAN (21). Jona-
than (11). King Philip (4, 7, 10, 11, 13). PHtL1p Rick (11). Piilp Rick
(4, 7, 13). Ulster Scedling (1). Wane (erroneously 10, 13). Wiénesap
(erroneously I0, 13).

This is a fruit of the Esopus Spitzenburg class. It is very beauti-
ful, of a brilliant red color, highly flavored and of excellent quality
for either dessert or culinary use. It excels its parent in hardiness,
productiveness, health and vigor and is adapted to a wider range of
territory, but the fruit is not so large nor does it keep as well as that
of Esopus Spitzenburg. In New York state it does fairly well in
favorable localities if grown on rich soil and given careful attention
but even under such circumstances it does not usually attain as good
size as it does in certain portions of the valleys of the Ohio, Missis-
sippi and Missouri and in the irrigated districts in the mountain
regions farther west. In some localities in these regions it ranks next
to Ben Davis in commercial importance. As grown in this state it is
ordinarily rather small with a comparatively high percentage of un-
even and irregular fruit, and is not at all adapted to the general
trade. At its best it is one of the most desirable varieties for the
fancy trade at the holiday season. Its season is about the same as
that of Tompkins King. It may be kept through the winter but
when held in ordinary storage later than January dark spots are
liable to develop in the skin and seriously injure the appearance of

the fruit. Handled in this way its commercial limit is December or

NVHLVNOP

THE Apples OF NEw York. 173

early January. In cold storage its commercial limit varies from Jan-
uary to March or sometimes later (30).

As grown in New York the tree is but a moderate grower and for
this reason it is well to top-work it upon some stock that is more
vigorous such as Northern Spy, Baldwin or Rhode Island Greening.
It does not grow much above medium size and may be planted more
closely than Baldwin. Particular attention should be given to keep-
ing the soil fertile, well supplied with humus and well tilled, and the
trees should be thoroughly protected from injurious insects and
fungus-diseases. Under favorable conditions the tree is a reliable
cropper bearing good crops biennially or in some cases almost an-
nually. It comes into bearing rather young. Usually the fruit
hangs pretty well to the tree. It is not recommended for general
commercial planting in New York but in some places under good
management it has proved a profitable variety.

Historical. The first published account which we find of the Jonathan is
that given by Judge J. Buel, of Albany, in 1826, in an article on ‘“ Observa-
tions on the utility of a Descriptive Catalogue of Garden and Orchard Fruit,”
addressed to the members of the New York Horticultural Society, in which
he presents “A Descriptive Catalogue of some of the most valuable apples
propagated in the nurseries of this state.’ In this catalogue the Jonathan
is listed as the Esopus Spitzenberg (New) with the synonym Ulster Seedling
(1). In 1829 Judge Buel sent specimens of the fruit to the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society with the statement that it was “An Esopus Seedling
and sometimes called the New Spitzenberg.” It originated on the farm of
Mr. Philip Rick of Woodstock, Ulster county, New York (7). According
to Downing the original tree was still alive in 1845. It was at first dissemi-
nated under various names, all of which were soon superseded by the name
Jonathan which was assigned to it by Judge Buel in honor of Jonathan Has-
brouck by whom his attention was first called to the variety. It has been
widely disseminated throughout the apple-growing regions of New York but
in none of them is it grown extensively. It is extensively planted in regions
farther west and south where, as above stated, it is recognized in many local-
ities as one of the leading commercial varieties.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, a moderately vigorous or rather slow grower. Form
roundish or spreading, somewhat drooping, rather dense. wigs medium in
length, nearly straight, rather slender; internodes short. Bark dark brownish-
red mingled with dark green, and heavily coated with scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels usually very scattering, sometimes moderately numerous, small to
medium or sometimes large, roundish to oblong, not raised. Buds medium,
plump, rather narrow, acute to obtuse, free, pubescent. Leaves medium or
below, rather narrow.

174 THE APPLES OF NEW YorRK.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to rather small, rarely large. Form roundish conic to
roundish ovate, often somewhat truncate, regular; pretty uniform in shape and
size. Stem medium to long, rather slender. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep
to very deep, wide, symmetrical, sometimes slightly furrowed. Calyx small,
closed. Basin deep to very deep, very abrupt, wide to moderately narrow.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, pale bright yellow overlaid with lively red, striped
with carmine. When well colored the fruit is almost completely covered with
red which deepens to purplish on the sunny side and often shows a beautiful
contrasting bit of clear pale yellow about the cavity where a twig or leaf lay
in contact with the skin. Less highly colored fruit has more of a striped
appearance particularly toward the basin. Dots minute, usually inconspicu-
ous. Prevailing effect attractive lively deep red.

Calyx tube rather small, funnel-shape or sometimes conical. Stamens basal
to median.

Core medium or below, axile or nearly so; cells symmetrical but often not
uniformly developed, usually closed, sometimes open; core lines clasp the
funnel cylinder. Carpels rather concave, roundish to roundish cordate, emargi-
nate, smooth. Seeds rather large, long, acute to acuminate, dark, numerous.

Flesh whitish or somewhat yellow, sometimes with tinge of red, firm, mod-
erately fine, crisp, tender, juicy, very aromatic, sprightly subacid, very good
to best.

Season November to January or later.

JONATHAN BULER.

REFERENCES. I. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:253. 1895. 2. Ill. Sta. Bul.,
45:309, 328. 1896. 3. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:38. 1903.
4. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:127. 1904.

SynonyMs. BUuLER (3). Buler (4). JONATHAN OF BULER (2). Jonathan
of Buler (3).

Fruit of good size and decidedly attractive being predominantly of
a bright red color. It is hardly good enough in quality to take first
rank as a commercial variety and it is excelled by others for dessert
and culinary purposes. It probably is not worthy of planting for
trial in New York. Tree comes into bearing rather young and is
an annual bearer. Sometimes it yields heavy crops but usually it is
a moderate cropper. There is considerable amount of fruit lost by
dropping.

Historical. Origin uncertain. Tested at the Illinois Experiment Station

and reported in 1896 as worthy of further trial. We have no knowledge of
its being grown anywhere in New York except at this Station.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, moderately stout. Form upright
spreading or roundish, dense. Twigs medium to short, straight, rather stout
with large terminal buds; internodes medium. Bark brown tinged with red,

THe Apples oF NEw York. 175

mottled with scarf-skin, rather pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, medium
or below, oval or elongated, slightly raised. Buds medium to large, broad,
plump, acute, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit rather large to medium. Form oblate, fairly symmetrical, broadly
and obscurely ribbed, sometimes a little onesided. Stem very short. Cavity
acute to acuminate, broad, deep, with radiating red stripes, sometimes thinly
russeted. Calyx small to rather large, closed or partly open; lobes often erect.
Basin usually abrupt, moderately wide to wide, rather deep, sometimes com-
pressed, somewhat furrowed and slightly wrinkled.

Skin smooth, waxen, glossy, whitish-yellow or green largely overspread
with bright red being blushed and mottled with light red striped and splashed
with deep carmine. Dots whitish or russet, small.

Calyx tube long, meeting the core, varying from slender and funnel-form
to wide cone-shape. Stamens basal.

Core small to medium, abaxile; cells often symmetrical and closed, some-
times open and unsymmetrical ; core lines somewhat clasping. Carpels broadly
roundish to elliptical and almost truncate. Seeds short, wide, plump, obtuse,
dark.

Flesh white, often streaked or stained with red, firm, tender, very crisp,
moderately coarse, very juicy, mild subacid with a peculiar aroma which is
not altogether pleasing, fair to almost good in quality.

Season November to April but in common storage it is apt to scald after

January.
KANSAS GREENING,

REFERENCES. I. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:261. 1895. 2. Ib., 15:281.
1896. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:127. 1904.

Fruit unattractive, medium to rather small, roundish to roundish conic,
grass-green with a dull brownish-red cheek; mild subacid, not high in quality
but a good keeper. The tree is not a good grower and does not come into
bearing very young. It yields moderate crops biennially. Not worthy of
planting in New York.

KANSAS KEEPER,

REFERENCES. I. Stayman, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1877:44. 2. Powell and
Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:46. 1903. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:127. 1904.

SyNonNymM. KANSAS (2).

Kansas Keeper as grown in Western New York is usually less highly
colored than when grown in more southern localities and often is below good
marketable size and rather dull and unattractive in color. It is a very late
keeper. The tree comes into bearing moderately young, and bears annually,
yielding moderate crops.

Historical. Origin unknown (1). We have not had the opportunity of
deciding whether it is identical with Keeper.t

1U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1895:27.. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1897:39. Ragan, U. S. B.
P. I. Bul., 56:161, 162. 1905.
Wow, eS

176 THE APPLES OF NEW York.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form upright. Twigs short to nearly long,
rather slender, generally straight; internodes medium. Sark dull reddish or
brownish-red, quite uniformly overlaid with a moderately heavy scarf-skin,
somewhat pubescent. Lenticels inconspicuous, generally scattering, but on
some twigs numerous, small, elongated or roundish. Buds small, acute, some-
what pubescent, lightly attached to the bark or nearly free.

FRuITtT.

Fruit medium to large, sometimes averaging below medium; pretty uniform
in size and shape. Form roundish or inclined to conic or somewhat oblate,
often obscurely ribbed and with sides unequal. Stem rather short. Cavity
acuminate, deep, broad to rather narrow, symmetrical, often with outspreading
russet rays. Calyx small to medium, closed, varying to large and open.
Basin often oblique, very abrupt, rather narrow, often somewhat furrowed.

Skin smooth, pale yellow or greenish, thinly overspread with orange-red
or pinkish-red, becoming clear red on exposed cheek, abundantly striped with
bright carmine, mottled with thin gray scarf-skin towards the cavity. Dots
whitish, often conspicuous, sometimes with russet point. Prevailing effect
in highly colored specimens striped red, bright and attractive.

Calyx tube long, funnel-form with wide limb. Stamens median to basal.

Core somewhat abaxile, rather small; cells closed or partly open; core lines
clasp the funnel cylinder. Carpels broad at base, narrow at apex, emarginate,
tufted. Seeds dark, medium in size, moderately wide, somewhat acute, tufted.

Flesh whitish, firm, somewhat coarse, moderately crisp, rather tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid, fair to good.

Season December to June.

KING.

Tompkins King, more often called King of Tompkins County,
is usually known among fruit growers and fruit dealers as King.
For an account of this variety the reader is referred to Tompkins
King.

Twenty Ounce Pippin has also been known to a limited extent
locally as King, but it is a very different variety from Tompkins King,

KINNAIRD,

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1872:18 app. fig. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1875.
3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:242. 4. Watts, Tenn. Sta. Bul., 1:15. 1896. fig. 5.
Wright, Am. Gard., 17:33. 1896. 6. Thomas, 1897:291. 7. Ragan, U. S. Pom.
Bul., 8:18. 1899. 8. Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:53. 1902. 9. Budd-Hansen, 1903:110.
fig. 10. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:45. 1903. 11. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul,
182:25. 1903.

SynonyMsS. KINNAIRD’s CHoIcE (1, 8). Kinnaird’s Choice (4,6). Kin-
NAIRDS FAVORITE (2). KINNARD (7, 9). Kinnard’s Choice (9).

This is a dark red winter apple of the Winesap class. When well grown
it is of good size, very good quality and attractive in appearance. The tree

THE Apples OF NEw York. 77

comes into bearing rather young and yields moderate crops biennially. The
fruit hangs well to the tree but is not very uniform in grade and does not
produce as large a percentage of marketable fruit as either Baldwin or Rhode
Island Greening. It is in season about with Baldwin. It is a variety of
Tennessee origin which is highly esteemed in some sections of that state and
in other portions of the Middle West (4). So far as tested in New York it
does not appear to be adapted to regions as far north as this.

Historical, Origin Franklin, Williamson county, Tennessee. It is practi-
cally unknown in New York.
TREE.

Tree medium in size, a moderately vigorous grower; branchlets rather
slender. Form rather spreading or roundish, irregular, not dense. Twigs
medium to rather long, moderately slender, often irregularly crooked. Bark
brownish-red or some portions olive-green, somewhat pubescent; scarf-skin
thin, not conspicuous. JLenticels rather numerous, irregular in size, not often
large, usually very small, dull, elongated. Buds considerably sunk in the
bark, rather broad, obtuse, appressed, quite pubescent.

FRuIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form oblate inclined to conic, flat at the base,
rather obscurely ribbed, nearly regular, sides sometimes unequal. Stem not
exserted, short, rather thick. Cavity very wide, deep, acute, sometimes
russeted. Calyx small, closed or partly open. Basin moderately wide, deep,
abrupt, gently furrowed, often somewhat oblique.

Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, yellow, mottled and blushed with
red, in the sun becoming a lively deep red shading to purplish-red. Dots
numerous, small, whitish, becoming somewhat elongated towards the cavity.
Prevailing effect good dark red.

Calyx tube conical and moderately short varying to almost cylindrical and
deep, sometimes extending to the core. Stamens nearly marginal.

Core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels
obcordate, emarginate, noticeably concave, tufted. Seeds rather short, wide,
plump.

Flesh tinged with yellow, crisp, moderately fine or a little coarse, agreeably
subacid, somewhat aromatic, good to very good.

KIRKLAND.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1881:92 app. 2. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 143:200.
1897.

A fruit of the type of the Yellow Bellflower but with less acidity, valued
locally in Central and Eastern New York because it is productive, a good late
keeper, fairly acceptable for dessert and good for culinary use. When well
grown it is often partly suffused with a lively reddish-pink and late in the
spring the ground color becomes a clear rich yellow, giving it a very attractive
appearance for a yellow apple. The tree is a vigorous grower and a reliable
cropper. The fruit often keeps in ordinary storage till May or June. It is
doubtless worthy of more attention from fruit growers in the localities to
which it is well adapted.

178 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Historical. Originated in Oneida county, New York, and named after
Domine Kirkland, a missionary to the Oneida Indians. It is but little known
outside of the Mohawk valley.

TREE.

Tree dwarfish to medium in size, a moderately vigorous grower. Form
roundish or spreading. Twigs medium to long, erect or spreading, moderately
stout.

FRuIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form broadly ovate or slightly oblong vary-
ing to roundish conical, ribbed, somewhat irregular, fairly symmetrical; sides
sometimes unequal. Stem short, slender to moderately stout, not exserted.
Cavity moderately narrow to rather wide, deep, acuminate, often partly
russeted and sometimes with outspreading russet rays. Calyx small to
medium, closed. Basin small to medium, shallow to moderately deep, narrow
to moderately wide, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin rather thin, tough, smooth, clear pale yellow with a thin blush which
in highly colored specimens deepens to reddish-pink. Dots whitish areolar
with brownish russet center or whitish and submerged.

Calyx tube rather wide, elongated conical or approaching funnel-form and
extending to the core. Stamens basal to nearly median.

Core decidedly abaxile; cells fairly symmetrical, usually wide open; core
lines meeting. Carpels mucronate, much concave, broadly roundish to ellipti-
cal. Sceds numerous, short, rather small to medium, rather wide, plump,
obtuse.

Flesh somewhat tinged with yellow, firm, rather hard, moderately coarse,
not very juicy, crisp, subacid, good.

KITT TAGESKEE,

REFERENCES. .I. Warder, 1867:724. 2. Downing, 1872:242. 3. Fitz, 1872:
178. 4. Leroy, 1873:416. figs. 5. Thomas, 1885:515. 6. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:242. 7. Clayton, Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:6. 1893. 8. Beach and Clark, N. Y.
Sta. Bul., 248:128. 1904.

SYNONYM. KETTAGESKA (3).

Fruit too small to be valuable for general market purposes, but
its quality is excellent and it is attractive in appearance, being of
uniform size, symmetrical form and bright yellow color. It is
desirable for dessert use, especially because it retains its texture,
flavor, quality and color remarkably well till very late in the season.
The tree comes into bearing rather young, is an annual bearer or
nearly so, yielding from moderate to heavy crops. The fruit hangs
well to the tree. In the South it has the reputation of being vig-
orous, very prolific and almost free from blight. It is recommended
for growing on dwarf stock in that region (3). It is reported as
ripening in September in Alabama (7). Leroy (4) gives its season

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 179

in France as December to April. Here at Geneva its season extends
to May or June. It is worthy of planting in those cases where a

choice late keeping dessert apple is desired for home use.

Historical. Probably originated with the Cherokee Indians in Western
North Carolina. Introduced into Georgia about 1851. It was sent to France
in 1860 from the Berckmans Nurseries of Augusta, Georgia, and since
that time has been continuously propagated there. It is there regarded as a
fruit of first quality and the tree is very productive (4). It is grown to a
limited extent in the South but is practically unknown in New York.

TREE.

Tree a moderately vigorous or rather slow grower with rather slender
branchlets. Form spreading, somewhat open. Jwz1gs medium to rather short;
internodes rather short. Bark olive-green with some brownish-red, some-
what pubescent. Lenticels dull, rather conspicuous, moderately numerous,
small, roundish, somewhat raised. Buds rather long, narrow, flat, appressed,
rather acute, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit small to sometimes medium, uniform in size and shape. Form varies
from roundish ovate or roundish conic to slightly oblate, regular, pretty
symmetrical, often obscurely ribbed. Stem usually long and rather slender.
Cavity moderately shallow to rather deep, narrow to rather wide, obtuse to
acute; usually it is at least partly russeted and often it has outspreading russet
rays. Calyx small to medium, usually closed; lobes acute to acuminate, re-
flexed. Basin usually very shallow, obtuse, wrinkled and often gently
furrowed.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, clear yellow often shaded with a bronze blush.
Dots small, russet or submerged and whitish.

Calyx tube cone-shape, sometimes approaching funnel-form. Stamens
median to marginal.

Core medium to rather small, somewhat abaxile; cells fairly symmetrical,
usually somewhat open; core lines somewhat clasping to meeting. Carpels
very broad and pointed with truncate base varying to broad pointed ovate.
Seeds numerous, dark, medium or below, rather narrow, plump, acute.

Flesh yellowish, firm, very tender, crisp, rather fine-grained, perfumed and
aromatic, sprightly, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, very good for dessert.

Season December to May or June (8).

LACKER,

REFERENCES. I. Watts, Horticulturist, 1:482, 483. 1847. 2. Thomas, 1849:
168. 3. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:10. 1851. fig. 4. Elliott, 1854:142. 5.
Downing, 1857:163. 6. Hooper, 1857:53. 7. Warder, 1867:443.

Synonyms. Lacker (2, 4). LAcQUIER (1). LAQUIER (2, 3, 6). Laquter
(4, 5). Lecxer (4).

A red-striped winter apple evidently of the Rambo class. Fifty years ago
in some sections of Western New York it was held to be one of the most

180 THE AppLes OF NEW YORK.

desirable apples for that region (1, 2), but it has made little headway as a
commercial variety and is gradually passing out of cultivation. It keeps
rather better than Baldwin but is less attractive in appearance having a rather
dull red color as it comes from the tree. It has been valued because of its
fine dessert quality particularly in the spring but as it has a rather mild flavor
it is less highly esteemed for culinary use. The tree is somewhat subject to
canker. It bears biennially or in some cases almost annually and yields good
crops. The fruit hangs well to the tree.

Historical. Disseminated from Lancaster, Pa. (4), and formerly planted
to some extent in some portions of New York and the Middle West (1, 2,
3, 4, 6, 7). Occasionally very old trees of the variety are found still growing
in New York in old orchards, but we have no knowledge of its being planted
within recent years.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, a moderately vigorous grower. Form erect. Twigs
medium in length, rather stout, rather thick at tips, straight or nearly so;
internodes short. Bark dull reddish-brown, uniformly overlaid with a thin
scarf-skin; heavily pubescent. Lenticels scattering, conspicuous, below medium
in size, round, somewhat raised. Buds medium, moderately projecting,
roundish, adhering, very pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form varies from oblate to roundish, often tend-
ing to elliptical and somewhat ribbed; sides usually a little unequal; fairly
uniform in shape and size. Stem short, not exserted. Cavity somewhat fur-
rowed, sometimes compressed, narrow to moderately wide, rather deep, acumi-
nate, green or russet, often lipped. Calyx closed or partly open; lobes pubes-
cent. Basin somewhat variable, usually obtuse but sometimes rather abrupt,
medium in width and depth, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, light yellow or greenish nearly covered with red,
mottled and striped with crimson and conspicuously marked with grayish
areolar dots which are mingled with smaller, whitish or russet dots. Pre-
vatling color striped red, sometimes clear and bright but more often dulled
by a waxy coating of bluish bloom.

Calyx tube inclined to funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core medium to rather small, somewhat abaxile; cells usually pretty sym-
metrical, closed or partly open; core lines somewhat clasping. Carpels
broadly roundish, emarginate, somewhat tufted. Seeds tufted, medium or
below, obtuse to acute, plump, numerous.

Flesh white or nearly so, firm, tender, crisp, juicy, mild subacid, agreeably
aromatic, good to very good for dessert, less desirable for culinary uses.

Season December to May.

LADY.

REFERENCES. I. Duhamel, 1768:309. 2. Knoop, 1771:68. 3. Forsyth, 1803:
49. 4. Coxe, 1817:117. fig. .5. Thacher, 1822:129. 6. Ronalds, 18302635):
Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831. 8. Kenrick, 1832:47. 9. Floy-Lindley, 1833:
87. 10. Manning, 1838:59. 11. Downing, 1845:115. fig. 12. Cole, 1849:130.
13. Thomas, 1849:181, 189. fig. 14. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:89. 1851.

AGV1

ay
/

THE Apples OF NEW York. 181

col. pl. No. 47. 15. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 16. Elliott, 1854:87. 17.
Hovey, Mag. Hort., 20:29. 1854. 18. Hooper, 1857:52. 19. Lucas, 1859:557.
20. Warder, 1867:411. 21. Fitz, 1872:166. 22. Downing, 1872:244. 23.
Leroy, 1873:05. fig. 24. Barry, 1883:348. 25. Hogg, 1884:8. 26. Lyon, Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 27. Wickson, 1891:248. 28. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:243. 29. Bredsted, 2:210. 1893. 30. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An.
Rpt., 3:10. 1896. figs. 31. Budd-Hansen, 1903:111. fig. 32. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:128. 1904.

SynonyMs. Almindelig (29). Apt (1, 23, 25, 20, 30). Api (11, 16, 18,
22, 31). Api eller (29). Api Fin (23). Apt Ordinaire (23). Api Petit (11,
12, 20, 22, 25). Api Rose (23). Api Rouge (25). Apy Rouge (23). Car-
dinale (23). Christmas Apple (32). Gros Api Rouge (11, 16, 22). KLEINER
ABINCLO) ADDY APPA (5.1) O8bi, £25 13° n4- 16, 17, Lo, 2.22) 24) eady
Apple (4, 10, 23, 25). Lille Api (29). Long Bois (23). Petit Apt (6, 7).
Petit Api (16, 18). Petit Apis (23). Petit Api Rose (23). Petit Api Rouge
(11, 16, 22, 23, 25). PomME D’Arr (2, 3). Pomme d’Api (8, 9, 13, 16, 21,
25). Pomme d’Api Rouge (11, 16, 22). PomMMeE p’APis (4). Pomme Rose
(11, 16, 18, 22). Pomone d’Apis (5).

A strikingly beautiful little apple especially suitable for decorative
use and for dessert. In New York it is grown to a limited extent
only and in restricted localities. It is in some cases grown with
profit and often sells at very high prices. It does fairly well on any
good apple soil, but a warm, gravelly or sandy loam seems to suit
it best, developing to a marked degree the characteristically beauti-
ful color and delicate high flavor of this variety, upon which its value
chiefly depends. The upright habit of the limbs, together with the
smallness of the apples, makes the picking of the fruit unusually
expensive. The branches are full of short spurs upon which the
fruit is borne in clusters. The fruit hangs well to the tree. The
tree is but a moderate grower and does not come into bearing young,
but in favorable locations, after it reaches maturity, it is a reliable
cropper, bearing heavy crops biennially or in rare instances nearly
annually. In order to grow Lady most successfully, particular pains
must be taken to protect it from the attacks of insects and fungi,
particularly from the apple scab fungus, by which it is often seriously
damaged. When well grown, the crop is pretty uniform in size and
shape and satisfactory in color and quality. It does not always color
properly, and is then of little value for anything but cider, being
too small either for general market purposes or for culinary use.
Properly handled, it may be held in cold storage till summer, but

there is little demand for it after the holiday season, and as it keens

182 THE APPLES OF NEw YorRK.

well enough in ordinary storage till midwinter there is but little
occasion for holding it in cold storage.

Historical. According to Leroy, who gives an excellent historical account
of this variety, the Lady apple, or as it is there known, Api, has been in
cultivation in France for at least three hundred years. It has been sparingly
disseminated throughout this country from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It has
long been recognized in the New York market as one of the most desirable
apples for fancy trade at the holiday season.

TREE.

Tree at first moderately vigorous, eventually becomes a rather slow grower;
size medium or somewhat dwarfish; branches erect, rather slender. Form
rather dense, erect: Twigs long and slender, or on old trees rather short;
internodes short. Bark bright brown approaching black, partly overlaid with
thin scarf-skin, slightly pubescent towards the tips. Lenticels numerous, con-
spicuous, round or sometimes elongated, usually medium to small, sometimes
large. Buds usually large, rather narrow, acute to acuminate, plump, quite
pubescent, free. Leaves not large, rather narrow.

FRUvIT.

Fruit small to very small, uniform in size and shape. Form usually oblate
but varies to roundish inclined to conic, often obscurely ribbed, symmetrical.
Stem medium, slender. Cavity pretty large and wide, obtuse to acute, moder-
ately shallow to deep, gently furrowed, sometimes thinly russeted. Calyx
small, closed; lobes small, acute. Basin rather wide, shallow to moderately
deep, obtuse, narrowly ridged and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, glossy with a deep red blush which
is often irregular and sharply outlined against the clear pale yellow or whitish
ground color. Dots whitish or with russet point, inconspicuous. Prevailing
effect beautiful bright red and yellow.

Calyx tube conical or somewhat funnel-form with short truncate cylinder.
Stamens marginal.

Core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels
smooth, roundish or inclined to elliptical, emarginate, mucronate. Seeds
plump, wide, obtuse, completely filling the cells.

Flesh white, firm, fine-grained, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleasantly aro-
matic, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, good to very good for dessert.

Season December to May.

OTHER VARIETIES OF THE LADY GROUP.

The Lady often produces seedlings which have a general similarity to the
parent. Some of these have found their~way into cultivation but up to the
present time none of them has superseded the Lady.

Downing (22) mentions besides the Lady four other varieties of the Lady
group, namely: the BLack Lapy AppLe (Api Noir), the STAR LApy APPLE
(Api Etoile), the Lance Lapy Appie (Api Gros), and the Rosre-CoLorEep
Lapy AppLe (Api Gros Pomme de Rose). Of these the Large Lady apple
appears to be the only one which has been disseminated to any considerable

THE AppLes OF NEW York. 183

extent in this state. It is seldom or never intentionally planted by the fruit
grower but sometimes it has been cultivated by mistake in place of the true
Lady. It is easily distinguished from the true Lady because the bark of the
twigs is not so nearly black, the fruit is more nearly round, has a very shallow
basin and is a little larger and less highly colored than the Lady. It is an
undesirable variety.

Seedlings. Fruits of different seedlings of the Lady have from time to
time been received at this Station. None of these has been sufficiently tested
as yet to show whether it is worthy of being introduced into general cultiva-
tion. One of the most remarkable lot of Lady seedlings which has come to
our attention is that originated by Le Grand M. Smith of Nyack, N. Y., a
brief notice of which was published in 1895.1 Some of these may be as
desirable as the Lady.

HELEN is an apple of the Lady class much larger than Lady and fully as
attractive in color. The flesh is very white, crisp, juicy and of mild agree-
able flavor. It is grown by R. N. Lewis of Red Hook, Dutchess county,
N. Y., who reports that the tree is productive and that the fruit keeps late
and brings good prices.

HiGHLAND BEAuty, another Lady seedling, is described on a previous
page.

EADY FINGER:

REFERENCES. 1. Coxe, 1817:146. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:129. 3. Elliott,
1854:173. 4. Hooper, 1857:52. 5. Warder, 1867:724. 6. Downing, 1869:245,
329. 7. Ib., 1876:55 app. 8. Hogg, 1884:127. 9. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:243.
to. Thomas, 1897:642.

Several different varieties of apples are known in cultivation under the
name Lady Finger but none of these is grown to any considerable extent in
New York.

Coxe (1) describes Lady Finger or Long Pippin as a variety of very delicate
growth with small limbs, fruit remarkably long, skin greenish-yellow, season
early winter.

Thacher’s (2) description of Lady Finger is that it “is a long, tapering
fruit, of a beautiful yellow and red color. It is well flavored, keeps till June.
The tree bears abundantly.”

Elliott (3) describes Lady Finger, synonym Sheepnose, “as medium, oblong,
pale yellow, often blushed. Flesh firm, watery. Season November, Decem-
ber.”

Hooper (4) recognizes Lady Finger as a synonym of Kaighn, but erron-
eously, according to Downing, who gives Red Winter Pearmain as the correct
name for this variety.

Warder (5) gives Red Lady Finger as a synonym of Red Winter Pearmain
and Lady Finger Pippin as a synonym of Red Winter Pippin.

Downing (6, 7) recognizes the varieties described under the name Lady
Finger by Hogg, Coxe, and Elliott as mentioned above and adds the descrip-
tion of still another variety which he received under this name from Mary-
land, the fruit of which is roundish conical, yellowish, shaded with deep
crimson, subacid, good to very good; season August. He also gives Lady

1Rural N. Y., 84:106. 1895.

184 THE AppLes OF NEW York.

Finger as an erroneous synonym for Kaighn and Red Lady Finger as a
synonym for Red Winter Pearmain.

Hogg (8) describes a red cider apple under the name Lady’s Finger of
Hereford and a greenish-yellow culinary apple in season from November to
March under the name Lady’s Finger of Lancaster. He also gives Lady’s
Finger of Kent as a synonym for Smart’s Prince Arthur, and Lady’s Finger
as a synonym for White Paradise.

Thomas (10) gives Lady Finger as a synonym of White Paradise.

LADY SWEET.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1845:136. fig. 2. Cole, 1849:132. fig. 3. Down-
ing, Horticulturist, 3:578. 1849. 4. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:75. 1851. 5.
Hovey, 2:87. 1851. col. pl. and fig. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1854. 7. Elliott,
1854:88. 8. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 21:566. 1855. fig. 9. Hooper, 1857:52. 10.
Warder, 1867:561. fig. 11. Fitz, 1872:166. 12. Downing, 1872:246. fig. 13.
Barry, 1883:348. 14. Thomas, 1885:227. fig. 15. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:2904. 16. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:243. 17. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul.,
205:42. 1903. 18. Budd-Hansen, 1903:112. 19. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B.
P. I. Bul., 48:46. 1903. 20. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:128. 1904.

Synonyms. Lapies Sweet (11). LADIES SWEETING (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 14). Lapy’s Sweet (12, 13). Lady’s Sweeting (20). Pommeroy
(12, 20). Roa Yon (12).

This is one of the most desirable of the sweet apples for com-
mercial planting. When well grown, the fruit is of good size, fine
red color and excellent quality and keeps very late. It has an estab-
lished reputation in market and is well known to fruit growers in
many parts of the state, and often under the synonym Pommeroy.
Doubtless it would be grown more extensively were it not for the
fact that at present the market demand for sweet apples is quite
limited. It ships well, stores well and usually sells well. It is also
a good variety for the home orchard because the tree comes into
bearing young, is a regular bearer, yields heavy crops, and the fruit
is attractive in color and excellent either for dessert or for culinary
uses. When grown as far north as Lake Ontario its season for
home use extends from late autumn to late spring. Generally the
tree is not a remarkably strong grower and is but moderately long-
lived. In some locations it is not quite hardy, and sometimes it is
injured by bark-bursting. These deficiencies are in part overcome
by top-working the variety upon some hardier and more vigorous
sort. The variety is somewhat susceptible to the attacks of the
scab fungus and requires thorough treatment to protect it from this
disease. It is a reliable cropper, bearing biennially, or in some cases

LADY SWEET

Tue Apples OF NEw York. 185

almost annually, and the fruit hangs well to the tree. When it over-
bears, as it often does, there is apt to be a considerable portion of
undersized and poorly colored fruit. This difficulty may be rem-
edied in part by pruning so as to restrict the amount of bearing
wood and permit free access of light and air to all parts of the tree.

Historical. This variety originated in the vicinity of Newburg where it
established an excellent local reputation. It was first introduced into more
general cultivation by the Downing Nurseries of that place (1, 3, 5). It is
now propagated in the North Atlantic States, the Middle West and the Pacific
region (16).

TREE.

Tree in the nursery is a slim, slow grower with tender foliage and soft
wood and should be top-worked. In the orchard under favorable conditions
it becomes moderately vigorous or in some cases a rather strong grower.
Form rather upright becoming roundish and somewhat spreading. Twigs
medium to rather short, slender; internodes medium to short. Bark dull
olive-green or reddish-brown with thin scarf-skin; pubescent particularly
toward the tips. Lenticels rather inconspicuous, scattering, very small, elon-
gated or roundish, raised. Buds medium to small, obtuse, closely appressed,
slighthy pubescent; ends often swollen so that the bud sets on an eminence.
Leaves rather narrow, medium to small, ovate.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to medium, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
conic, often approaching oblong conic, irregularly elliptical, often ribbed,
nearly symmetrical. Stem short to very short. Cavity acute or approaching
acuminate, deep, usually rather narrow, sometimes wide, gently furrowed,
often partly russeted, sometimes lipped. Calyx small, closed, pubescent.
Basin small, narrow, rather shallow to moderately deep, abrupt, furrowed.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, yellow or greenish, in highly colored specimens
almost entirely overspread with bright red splashed with carmine. It is
mottled and striped with whitish scarf-skin about the cavity. Dots rather
conspicuous, small to rather large, pale areolar with russet point or sub-
merged, numerous toward the basin.

Calyx tube conical varying to funnel-shape. Stamens basal to median.

Core small to above medium, axile to somewhat abaxile; cells not uniformly
developed, closed; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels broad,
roundish to roundish ovate, mucronate, sometimes slightly emarginate, some-
what tufted. Seeds dark, large, rather narrow, long, acute, slightly tufted,
often abortive.

Flesh whitish or with slight yellow tinge, rather firm, moderately fine, crisp,
tender, juicy, sweet with a distinct and pleasant aroma, very good to best.

Season November to April or May; in cold storage to May or June.

LANDON.

REFERENCES. 1. Warder, 1867:724. 2. Downing, 1872:248. 3. Thomas,
1885:515. 4. Macomber, 4m. Gard., 11:141. 1890.

186 Tue AppLes OF NEW YORK.

Fruit attractive in color, of good marketable size and a good keeper. On
account of its mild flavor it is better suited. for dessert than for culinary use.
The record which it has made at this Station confirms the statement of
Macomber (4) that it is a rather shy bearer.

Historical. Brought to notice by Buel Landon, South Hero, Vermont, about
forty years ago (I, 2, 4). It appears to be but little known outside of that
locality.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous or rather slow-growing; branches slender. Form
spreading, dense, dwarfish with rather flat top. wigs short to medium,
nearly straight but somewhat geniculate, moderately slender; internodes short
to medium. Bark clear light brown mingled with red, irregularly marked
and mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels conspicuous, small
to rather large, roundish or elongated, raised. Buds medium or below, plump,
roundish, obtuse, free or nearly so, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large, averaging above medium, pretty uniform in size and
shape. Form roundish oblate to roundish conic, sometimes obscurely ribbed.
Stem short. Cavity large, acute, moderately deep to deep, slightly furrowed,
sometimes slightly russeted. Calyx small to medium, partly open or some-
times closed. Basin shallow to moderately shallow, rather obtuse, somewhat
furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, nearly smooth, yellow mostly washed and mottled with
red and distinctly striped with carmine, often becoming deep crimson or
purplish on the side exposed to the sun. Dots conspicuous, whitish, large
and irregular, especially about the cavity, or areolar with russet point.

Calyx tube elongated funnel-shape, constricted just below the limb and
often extending to the core. Stamens median.

Core medium or above, abaxile; cells open or partly open; core lines clasp-
ing. Carpels broad at the base approaching truncate, rounding toward apex,
slightly emarginate. Seeds medium or above, rather wide, flat, obtuse.

Flesh yellowish, sometimes tinged with red next the skin, firm, a little
coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid becoming nearly
sweet late in season, good to very good.

Season December to May.

LANKFORD.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1881:92 app. 2. Van Deman, U. S. Pom. Rpt.,
1891:390. 3. Bailey, An. Hori., 1892:243. 4. Van Deman, Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt., 1895:72. 5. Rural N. Y., 55:1, 122, 195. 1806. fig. 6. Stinson, Ark. Sta.
Bul., 43:103. 1896. 7. Powell, Del. Sta. Bul., 38:19. 1898. 8. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat., 1899:18. 9. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:133. 1901. fig. 10. Powell and
Fulton, U. S. B. P. J. Bul., 48:47. 1903. 11. Budd-Hansen, 1903:113. 12.
Beach and Clark, NV. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:128. 1904.

SynonyMs. LANGForD (5). Langford (5, 12). LANKFORD’S SEEDLING
(6). Vickers (1, 12).

Lankford, as fruited at this Station, is a dull red apple of good size and
fairly good quality. It is easily excelled by the standard varieties. It is in

LIER PIT Saree

LANKFORD

ae

THE Apples OF NEW YOrkK. 187

season from December to May but scalds badly after midwinter (10, 12).
The tree makes a tall, slim growth in the nursery. In the orchard it is a
strong grower and comes into bearing rather young, but although it occasion-
ally bears a full crop it has not proved a reliable cropper at this Station.
Although in some parts of the South fruit growers regard it with favor it
does not appear to be well adapted to regions as far north as New York and
is not recommended for planting in this state.

Historical. It originated as a chance seedling at Lankford, Kent county,
Maryland, about forty years ago (1, 4, 5, 9).

TREE.

Tree vigorous with long, slender branches. Form at first upright but be-
coming roundish or much spreading, rather dense. Twigs medium in length,
rather straight except that they are geniculate, moderately stout; terminal
buds large; internodes medium to short. Bark dark brownish-red with some
olive-green, partly mottled with thin scarf-skin; pubescent toward the tip.
Lenticels conspicuous where the bark is brightly colored, quite numerous,
below medium to above, often elongated, raised. Buds medium in size, broad,
flat, obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit usually medium or below, sometimes large. Form roundish oblate
to oblong truncate, ribbed but faintly if at all; sides sometimes unequal; axis
sometimes oblique; pretty uniform in shape and size. Stem medium to rather
long, sometimes very long. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep, broad to medium
in width, nearly symmetrical, usually green, sometimes partly russeted. Calyx
below medium to large, closed or partly open; lobes usually reflexed. Basin
moderately deep and wide, varying sometimes to shallow and narrow, rather
abrupt, sometimes wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, somewhat waxy, not glossy, grass-green becoming
yellowish, washed and striped with red. In highly colored specimens deep,
dull red covers nearly the entire surface. Dots whitish or with russet point,
numerous and small toward the basin, elongated, large and scattering *toward
the cavity.

Calyx tube long, cone-shape or somewhat funnel-form. Stamens below
median.

Core medium or below, axile or nearly so; cells pretty symmetrical, closed
or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels much concave, broadly roundish
or approaching roundish obcordate, mucronate, slightly emarginate, somewhat
tufted. Seeds medium in size, rather wide, obtuse to acute, dark; often some
are abortive.

Flesh tinged with yellow or greenish, firm, moderately fine, crisp, nearly
tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, fair to good.

Season December to May.

LANSINGBURG.

REFERENCES. 1. Hooper, 1857:53. 2. Warder, 1867:540. 3. Downing, 1869:
249. 4 Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1875:10. 5. Thomas, 1885:515. 6. Bailey, An.

188 THE AppLes OF NEW York.

Hort., 1892:243. 7. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 58:382. 1899. 8. Budd-Hansen,
n(eyoeieiiiay G) Ieerern, IU, Sa lbs I25 IG IIL, One, Weleys-

Synonyms. LANSINBURG (1). LANSINGBURGH (2, 3). Lansingburgh (9g).
Lansingburg Pippin (9). Red Rock. Rock Apple (9).

A late-keeping apple which is grown to some extent in the Middle West
(6). Warder speaks of it as an old variety common in Cincinnati and along
the Ohio river. Suitable only for culinary use and for market. Color
greenish becoming rich yellow with a striped appearance and blushed with
carmine. It is coarse in texture, sweetish in flavor and not good in quality
(1, 2, 7). It is sometimes called Rock or Red Rock in New York.

Historical. An old variety which appears to have been first brought to
notice in Ohio (1, 2). It is but little known in New York and is not recom-
mended for planting in this state.

TREE.

Tree vigorous or moderately vigorous. Form upright, “brushy and thorny,
looking like a wilding” (2). Twigs medium or below, rather stout, nearly
straight; internodes short. Bark dull brownish-red overlaid with thick scarf-
skin, giving a grayish-brown effect, slightly pubescent. Lenticels rather
numerous but not conspicuous, small to medium, the larger ones roundish.
Buds medium, acute, somewhat pubescent, appressed.

FRuitT.

Fruit medium or above. Form roundish oblate sometimes a little inclined
to conic, obscurely ribbed, nearly symmetrical, often sides unequal, pretty uni-
form in shape. Stem medium to short. Cavity acute, deep, broad, sym-
metrical or slightly furrowed, or sometimes compressed, russeted. Calyx
medium, open; lobes short, broad, obtuse. Basin shallow to medium in depth,
medium to wide, obtuse to somewhat abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thick, very tough, slightly rough, rather dulled with faint bloom, yellow
or greenish deeply blushed or mottled with red, striped and splashed with
dark carmine. Dots often areolar, green or yellow with gray or russet center,
rather conspicuous. Prevailing effect red or striped red.

Calyx tube long, cone-shape or funnel-form with wide limb.

Core medium to small, closed; core lines somewhat clasping. Carpels
round approaching round cordate, emarginate, mucronate, slightly tufted.
Seeds rather large, wide, flat, obtuse, slightly tufted.

Flesh tinged with green or yellow, very firm, rather coarse, breaking, moder-
ately tender, rather dry, mild subacid, becoming somewhat sweet, fair to good.

Season December to May or June.

LA VICTOIRE,

REFERENCES. 1. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1896:126. 2. Macoun, Quebec
Pom. Soc., 1899:20. 3. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 83:91. 1900. 4. Macoun, Can.
Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:44. 1901.

Synonym. La VictTorRIA SEEDLING (1).

A handsome apple of the Fameuse group, probably a seedling of the
Fameuse, but a better keeper. On account of its season and hardiness it may

THE Appies oF NEW York. 189

be desirable for planting in the northern and more elevated regions of the
state.

Historical. Originated near Grenville, Quebec. The first published descrip-
tion of it of which we find any record is that given by Macoun in 1899 (2).
It is as yet practically unknown in New York.

TREE.
Tree hardy and a strong, moderately spreading grower, but so far as tested
has not proved very productive (4).

FRUIT.

Fruit as described by Macoun (4) and Waugh (3) is above medium size
to large. Form strongly oblate, slightly conic, smooth and regular. Stem
short and stout. Cavity of medium depth, medium in width to wide, slightly
russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed or open. Basin abrupt, medium
in depth to deep, wide, regular, almost smooth.

Skin tough, greenish-yellow washed and striped and nearly covered with
light crimson red, the whole overspread with bloom. Dots fairly numerous,
conspicuous, whitish or gray.

Core small to rather large, closed.

Flesh firm, white streaked with red, rather coarse, moderately juicy, aro-
matic, mild subacid. with a pleasant flavor and aroma distinctly like that of
the McIntosh, quality good.

Season winter.

LAWVER.

REFERENCES. I. Prairie Farmer, 1868. (cited by 19). 2. Warder, JIl. Hort.
Soc. Rpt., 1868:05-97. 3. dm. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871:8. 4. Downing, 1872:
251. 5. Bitz, 1872:121, 143. 6. Thomas, 1885:516. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.,
1887:92. 8. Mo. Sta. Bul., 6:7. 1889. 9. Wickson, 1891:246. 10. Bailey, An.
Hort., 1892:243. 11. Beach, Paddock and Close, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 15:272.
1896. 12. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 43:103. 1896. 13. Mass. Hatch Sta. Bul.,
44:4. 1897. 14. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1899:78. 15. Alwood, Va.
Std, Bul, £30:135. 1901. 16. Powell and Fulton, U.S. B. PP. & Bul, 48:47.
1903. 17. Budd-Hansen, 1903:114. 18. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:129. 1904. I9. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:176. 1905.

Synonyms. Black Spy. Delaware Red Winter (11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19).
DELAWARE WINTER (7). Delaware Winter (11, 13).

An attractive bright red apple, pretty uniform in size and shape.
It is very firm, ships well and keeps late. It does not rank high in
quality and is less suitable for dessert than for market and culinary
uses. As grown in this state often a considerable portion of the
fruit grades below medium size and lacks proper development in
quality and color. It is better adapted to more southern latitudes.
In some places the tree is not a good cropper, but usually it comes
into bearing rather early and is a reliable biennial bearer, often yield-
ing very heavy crops. The fruit and foliage are quite subject to

190 THE Apples OF NEw York.

the attacks of the apple scab fungus, but this may be readily con-
trolled by proper treatment. This variety is seldom regarded favor-
ably for commercial planting by New York fruit growers, and the
quality is not high enough to give it a place among the varieties
recommended for the home orchard.

Historical. Origin uncertain. “Introduced by Geo. S. Park, of Parkville,
Mo., and said to have been found in an old Indian orchard in Kansas” (1,
4). Reintroduced from Delaware under the name Delaware Winter (7). It
has also been disseminated in some portions of New York under the name
Black Spy. During the last forty years it has been pretty thoroughly dissemi-
nated throughout the country.

TREE.

Tree medium or above, vigorous or moderately vigorous; branches long,
moderately stout, curved. Form roundish or somewhat flat, spreading, rather
dense. JTwigs short to rather long, curved, moderately stout; internodes
medium to rather long. Bark dark brownish-red mingled with olive-green,
mottled with rather heavy scarf-skin, slightly pubescent near the tips. Lenti-
cels dull, inconspicuous, rather scattering, medium to large, elongated, raised.
Buds large to medium, broad, plump, obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or above; as fruited here it usually averages no more than
medium and often a considerable portion of the crop runs below medium.
Form roundish or somewhat oblate, ribbed but slightly if at all, regular and
symmetrical. Stem variable, often long and slender. Cavity acute or ap-
proaching acuminate, deep, rather large and broad, often compressed or dis-
tinctly furrowed, usually more or less russeted and often with outspreading
russet rays. Calyx rather small, closed or partly open, often leafy; lobes
sometimes separated at the base. Basin usually rather wide, flat and obtuse,
sometimes moderately deep and moderately abrupt, gently furrowed, some-
times wrinkled.

Skin moderately thin, tough, sometimes a little waxy, smooth, occasionally
showing some of the yellow ground color but usually completely covered with
solid bright red which about the base deepens to purplish and is often mottled
and streaked with dull grayish scarf-skin. Toward the apex it has a character-
istic lighter and brighter red tone. Dots whitish or russet, small and numer-
ous about the basin, larger and scattering toward the cavity.

Calyx tube rather long, narrow at top, funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core abaxile, medium or above; cells pretty symmetrical, open or partly
closed; core lines clasping. Carpels somewhat concave, roundish to broadly
obcordate, but slightly emarginate if at all, somewhat tufted. Seeds dark,
medium to rather large, wide, obtuse, somewhat tufted.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow or greenish, rather hard, somewhat break-
ing, moderately fine, crisp, tender, juicy, rather brisk subacid, somewhat aro-
matic, not highly flavored, fair to good in quality.

Season January to May or June. Commercial limit March or possibly
April.

LAWVER

» THE APPLES oF NEw York. IQI

EERE SWEET.

Lee Sweet is a handsome deep red apple of good size, acceptable
for dessert but especially valuable for market and culinary uses. It
is desirable for the home orchard and appears to be worthy of con-
sideration for commercial planting where a sweet apple is desired.
The fruit is illustrated on the color plate with Northern Spy, and a
section of it is shown on the color plate with McLellan.

The tree does not come into bearing very young, but when mature
is a reliable cropper, yielding moderately heavy crops biennially.
The fruit hangs fairly well to the tree and is pretty uniform in size
and quality, having about as high a percentage of marketable fruit
as the Baldwin. It is somewhat subject to scab, but this may be
readily controlled by proper treatment. It stores well and, if perfect,
keeps well. In ordinary storage it is in season from January to

April.

Historical. An old variety of uncertain origin known to some in the vicinity
of Geneva under the name of Lee Sweet because it was formerly grown on
the White Springs farm then known as the Lee farm. It is here described
under its local name because we have been unable to identify it with any other
variety.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous. Form erect. Twigs medium
in length to rather short. pretty straight, rather slender; internodes short to
medium. Bark olive-green overcast with brownish-red, overlaid with thin
scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels moderately numerous, raised, gen-
erally elongated, small. Buds small, roundish, pubescent, nearly free from
bark.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to nearly large, fairly uniform in shape and size. Form
roundish conic to oblong conic, often somewhat angular or elliptical; sides
sometimes unequal. Stem medium to short. Cavity acuminate, deep, moder-
ately wide, sometimes lipped or furrowed, russeted, often with outspreading
russet rays. Calyx rather large, open; lobes long, acuminate, reflexed, often
separated at the base. Basin medium to rather small, usually abrupt, usually
medium in depth and width, sometimes a little furrowed.

Skin tough, glossy bright red striped with purplish-carmine over a yellow
background and sometimes marked with grayish scarf-skin about the base.
Highly colored specimens are nearly or quite covered with red but where the
color is less strongly developed it has a striped appearance. Dots usually
whitish, rather numerous, small, occasionally rather large and dark russet.

Calyx tube conical or funnel-form. Stamens median or below.

192 Tue AppLes oF NEw York.

Core medium to small, abaxile; cells pretty symmetrical, open or closed;
core lines clasping. Carpels much concave, roundish ovate, mucronate, tufted.
Seeds short, broad, plump, obtuse.

Flesh nearly white, slightly tinged with yellow, firm, somewhat coarse, not
very juicy, sweet, good.

LEHIGH GREZATIVG

REFERENCES. I. Van Deman, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1891:390. 2. Butz, Penn.
Sta. An. Rpt., 1892:107. fig. 3. Van Deman, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:72.
4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:18. 5. Johnson, Rural N. Y., 62:19, 370. 1903.
figs. 6. Budd-Hansen, 1903:115.

An attractive apple of the French Pippin type, of good size and
an excellent keeper. It was mentioned on page 134 as possibly
identical with French Pippin. Further comparison leads us to
believe that it is distinct. It is desirable rather for market and
culinary uses than for dessert.

Historical. It has been grown in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, for about
sixty years (5).
TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches rather stout and crooked. Form wide-
spreading, open. wigs medium to long, irregularly curved, stout to rather
slender; internodes short to above medium. Bark clear dark reddish-brown
mingled with olive-green, slightly mottled with scari-skin, slightly pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, rather conspicuous, medium in size, round or slightly
elongated, raised but slightly if at all. Buds set deeply in the bark, above
medium to rather small, broad, flat, obtuse, appressed, quite pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
oblate to roundish conic, ribbed but faintly if at all; sides sometimes unequal.
Stem medium to long, moderately slender. Cavity acute to acuminate, medium
in depth to deep, narrow to moderately wide, sometimes lipped, more or less
russeted and often with outspreading russet rays. Calyx medium in size,
somewhat open; lobes medium to long, rather narrow, acuminate, often some-
what separated at the base. Basin usually rather large, abrupt, moderately
deep to rather shallow, moderately wide, gently furrowed.

Skin dark green in the fall but eventually becoming waxen yellow, occasion-
ally with a thin blush of bright red. Dots numerous, submerged or pale
areolar with russet point.

Calyx tube rather long and wide, broadly funnel-shape. Stamens median
to basal.

Core medium to small, usually abaxile; cells symmetrical, wide open; core
lines slightly clasping. Carpels pointed ovate to broadly cordate, tufted.
Seeds numerous, medium in size, rather dark brown, somewhat elongated,
plump, acute to acuminate.

Flesh yellowish-white, firm, moderately fine or a little coarse, rather crisp,
tender, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid, aromatic, good or sometimes very good.

Season January to May.

THE AppLes oF NEW York. 193

LILLY ‘OF KENT.

REFERENCES. I. Van Deman, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1891:390. 2. Wright, Am.
Gard., 17:34. 1896. 3. Powell, Del. Sta. Bul., 38:19. 18908. 4. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat., 1899:18. 5. Ragan, U. S. Pom. Bul., 8:18. 1899. 6. Budd-Hansen,
1903 :IIS.

Synonym. Lity oF KEntT (2, 3).

Fruit large, globular, green or yellowish-green, subacid, good in quality
and a very late keeper. This is a variety of recent introduction (1). It has
not yet been sufficiently tested in New York to determine whether or not
it is a desirable variety for this region. It originated in Delaware and is
being planted to considerable extent in some portions of that state (3).

LIMBERT WIG.

REFERENCES. I. Kenrick, 1832:59. 2. Thomas, 1849:168. 3. Phoenix,
Horticulturist, 4:471. 1850. 4. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:67. 1851. 5.
Elliott, 1854:143. 6. Robey, Horticulturist, 11:89. 1856. 7. Downing, 1857:
164. 8. Hooper, 1857:54. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1860. 10. Warder, 1867:
516. fig. 11. Fitz, 1872:143, 149. 12. Leroy, 1873:420. fig. 13. Barry, 1883:
348. 14. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 15. Wickson, 1891:248. 16.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:243. 17. Clayton, Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:7. 1893. 18.
Stinson, Ark. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:47. 1894. 19. Ill. Sta. Bul., 45:329. 1896. 20.
Rural N. Y., 62:822. 1903. fig. 21. Budd-Hansen, 1903:115. 22. Bruner, N.
C. Sta. Bul., 182:25. 1903. figs. 23. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:45. 1903.
24. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:47. 1903. 25. Beach and Clark,
IN. Y. Sta: Bul., 248:120. 19004.

Synonyms. James River (2, 5, 7). LAMBERTWIG (12). LimBER TwicG
(i 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 9; 13, 14, 15,-16, 23). Red Limberiwig (22).

There are several different apples which are known locally under the name
Limbertwig. Willow Twig is sometimes incorrectly called Limbertwig, as
has been noted by some writers (5, 14).

There is an apple grown in Northern New York, probably of local origin,
which is there known under the name of Limbertwig. This fruit is of the
Blue Pearmain class and resembles Bethel in form and color but the flesh
is coarser and has more acidity. It is a good keeper.

In some portions of Western New York the Twenty Ounce is called Limber-
twig.

The variety described below as the small or red Limbertwig appears to be
practically unknown among New York fruit growers except in some localities
in the southeastern portions of the state. That described as the large or
green Limbertwig, so far as we know, is not grown in New York.

In some of the references above cited the writers appear to have clearly in
mind the red Limbertwig (4, 7, 10, 14, 21); in other cases they evidently
describe the green Limbertwig (2, 5); occasionally both are mentioned (3,
8, 19), but in most instances it is not clear which variety is referred to.

LIMBERTWIG (Small or red).

Fruit attractive in appearance, of good deep red color, pretty uniform in
size, well adapted for storage, ships well and keeps late, but the quality is

194 THE Apples OF NEW YorK.

only fair to good. The tree is thrifty and an excellent cropper and the fruit
hangs well to the tree despite high winds (8, 10, 20) ; laterals slender becom-
ing drooping with heavy crops.

FRvIT.

Fruit above medium to below; uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
to slightly oblate conic, ribbed but slightly if at all, symmetrical and regular.
Stem medium in length and thickness, usually not exserted. Cavity acumi-
nate, deep, rather broad to moderately narrow, sometimes partly russeted,
smooth or gently furrowed. Calyx small to medium, closed or partly open;
lobes short, broad, flat or sometimes recurved. Basin small, moderately
narrow, varying from shallow and obtuse to moderately deep and somewhat
abrupt, often a little furrowed.

Skin slightly roughened with numerous and rather conspicuous russet dots,
yellow largely covered with red, deepening in the sun to dark purplish-red,
sparingly and obscurely striped with dull carmine, sometimes marked with
broken irregular russet veins. Prevailing effect attractive dark red.

Calyx tube cone-shape to elongated funnel-form. Stamens median or above.

Core sessile, abaxile or nearly so, rather small to medium; cells not uni-
formly developed, pretty symmetrical, closed or slightly open; core lines clasp-
ing. Carpels concave, elliptical, deeply emarginate, much tufted. Seeds
numerous, elongated, medium to small, plump, obtuse to acute, much tufted,
clinging to the carpels.

Flesh yellowish, hard, moderately fine, not very crisp, juicy, aromatic, sub-
acid, good.

Season January to March or April; in cold storage February to May or
later.

LIMBERTWIG (Large or green).

As compared with the variety last described the fruit of the large or green
Limbertwig is much the larger but it does not keep as well. It is decidedly
less attractive being dull green partly overspread with dull brownish-red,
marked over the base with whitish scarf-skin and sometimes with a few
irregular patches or streaks of russet. Dots coarse, conspicuous, usually
areolar with russet point.

Cavity large, acute or approaching acuminate, wide, deep, somewhat fur-
rowed. Calyx tube cone-shape to somewhat funnel-form. Stamens median.
Core medium to rather large, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines
meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels smooth or nearly so, elliptical to
broadly obcordate, deeply emarginate. Seeds rather large to medium, rather
wide, obtuse, smooth or nearly so, free. Flesh subacid, coarser and more
juicy than the other and much inferior in flavor and quality.

(I) LONG ISLAND RUSSET.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:123. fig. 2. Robey, Horticulturist, 11:89. 1856.
3. Elliott, 1858:173. 4. Warder, 1867:725. 5. Downing, 1869:255. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat., 1875:10.° 7. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:243. 8. Hicks, Rural
N. Y., 53:205. 1894. 9. Thomas, 1897:643.

SynonyM. English Russet (8).

ay

(I) LONG ISLAND RUSSET

THe AppLes oF NEW York. 195

This variety was formerly much grown on Long Island and in
Westchester county, where it was considered profitable and particu-
larly valued for cider (1, 8). It is now nearly obsolete. Coxe
describes it as “Small, * * * rather oblong, diminishing towards
the crown, which is very hollow; the stalk is a full inch in length,
planted very deep—the flesh is dry and sweet; makes a very sweet,
sirupy cider, which when fined is much admired—the skin is a yellow
russet, clouded with black spots—this apple keeps well.” Elhott
gives its season as December to March (3). Downing (5) gives
the season as October to February. ‘ Flesh yellowish, tough, rather
dry, almost sweet.” Warder (4) classes it with the subacid apples.
Hicks (8) says “it is a long keeper, sometimes keeping till apples
come again.’ Its general appearance is attractive for a russet.

(II) LONG ISLAND RUSSET.

From various parts of Long Island and from one locality in
Michigan we have received under the name Long Island Russet the
variety which is described below and illustrated in the accompanying
color plate. This fruit has also come to us from the Hudson valley.
It is evident that it does not correspond with the description by
Coxe cited above. We have been unable to identify it with any
named variety. So far as we can learn this variety is no longer
being planted and is fast becoming obsolete, being represented now

only by old trees.
FRUIT.

Fruit medium to small, sometimes nearly large. Form roundish to some-
what oblong, narrowing toward the basin, sometimes approaching truncate
cylindrical, often with an oblique axis, irregular; not very uniform in size
and shape. Stem short to medium, moderately slender. Cavity large, acute,
usually deep, broad, green or russeted, sometimes furrowed. Calyx closed or
partly open; lobes rather narrow, acute. Basin often oblique, of medium
depth, rather narrow to moderately wide, rather abrupt, a little furrowed and
wrinkled.

Skin tough, more or less covered with golden russet but usually with some
patches of smooth bright yellow or green, irregularly marked with indistinct
grayish scarf-skin. Dots inconspicuous, scattering, gray or russet. Prevail-
ing effect is usually golden russet.

Calyx tube conical to funnel-shape, with a wide limb and narrow cylinder.
Stamens basal to nearly median.

Core rather small, sometimes medium, abaxile or sometimes axile; cells
often unsymmetrical, closed or open; core lines meeting or somewhat clasp-

196 THE Apples OF NEW YORK.

ing. Carpels smooth or nearly so, broadly roundish to angular-ovate, wide
at the middle and tapering toward the base and apex, but slightly emarginate
if at all, sometimes slightly tufted. Seeds numerous, dark brown, medium in
size, moderately narrow, plump, obtuse to acute, sometimes tufted.
Flesh tinged with a decided deep yellow, firm, at first rather crisp or hard,
but often becoming tough, moderately fine, sprightly subacid, juicy, very good.
Season November to midwinter or later.

LONG STEM OF PENNSYLVANIA.

REFERENCES. 1. Brinckle, Mag. Hort., 19:169. 1853. 2. Downing, 1857:86.
3. Warder, 1867:725. 4. Thomas, 1885:236.

A Pennsylvania apple described by Dr. Brinckle in 1853 as a new variety
(1). It is but seldom found in New York and is not recommended for plant-
ing in this state.

Other varieties which have been cultivated under the name of Long Stem
will be noticed in Volume II.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium in size. Form roundish inclined to cylindrical, ribbed
but faintly if at all. Stem long to very long, slender, bracted. Cavity medium
to rather small, acuminate, rather narrow to moderately wide, usually smooth.
Calyx medium to rather large; lobes often leafy, elongated, obtuse. Basin
shallow to very shallow, narrow, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, pale yellow or greenish, nearly covered with thin red and
faintly marked with narrow stripes of carmine. Dots numerous, gray or
russet.

Calyx tube funnel-form approaching cylindrical, with pistil point extending
into the base. Stamens median or above.

Core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open; core lines clasp the funnel
cylinder. Carpels smooth, much concave, elongated approaching oval, slightly
emarginate. Seeds very numerous, below medium to rather large, obtuse to
acute, variable, plump, moderately wide.

Flesh tinged with yellow or greenish, firm, crisp, rather tender, juicy to
very juicy, moderately fine-grained, sprightly subacid, good to very good.

Season November to February.

McAFEE,

REFERENCES. I. Elliott, 1854:158. 2. Downing, 1857:170. 3. Downing,
Horticulturist, 16:42. 1861. 4. Warder, 1867:601, 725. 5. Howsley, Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1871:76. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871. 7. Downing, 1872:
260, 363, 21 app. fig. 8. Fitz, 1872:143. 9. Barry, 1883:349. 10. Thomas,
1885:517. 11. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 12. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:244. 13. Beach, W.N. Y. Hort. Soc. An. Rpt., 41:76. 1901. 14. Buda-
Hansen, 1903:119. 45. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:27. 1903.

Synonyms. Gray Apple (7). Gray's Keeper (5). Indian Wyandotte
(7). Larce StripED PEARMAIN (4). Large Striped Pearmain (1, 5, 6, 7).
LARGE STRIPED WINTER PEARMAIN (3). Large Striped Winter Pearmain
(7, 9). -McAfee (7). McAfee Red (14). McArer’s Nonesucu (8).
McAfee’s Nonesuch (5). McAFer’s NonsucH (2, 7, 9, 10). McAfees

THE AppLes oF NEw York. 197

Red (5,7). McArree (4). McAFrree’s NonEsucH (6). Missouri Superior
(5, 7, 13). New Missouri (5). Nonsuch (7). Park (5). Parks Keeper
(5, 7, 13). Snorter (1, 7). Stevenson Pippin (13). Stime (15). -Storr’s
Wine (5). STRIPED PEARMAIN (1). Striped Sweet Pippin (7). STRIPED
WINTER PEARMAIN (7). Valandingham (5). White Crow (5). Winter
Pearmain (5). Wanter Pippin of some (7). Zeeke (5).

This is an old variety well known in portions of the South and of the
Middle West. As grown in Western New York it is a reliable bearer giving
moderately heavy crops, the fruit hangs well to the tree, develops good color
and is a late keeper but its quality is not very satisfactory. It is not recom-
mended for planting in this state.

Historical. An old variety which originated near Harrodsburg, Kentucky.
At first it was called Nonesuch but afterwards became widely known under
the name McAfee’s Nonsuch. Dr. Howsley gives an extended account of its
origin and of its dissemination under various synonyms (5).

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous to vigorous. Form roundish,
somewhat spreading. Twigs medium in length, rather slender with dark
bark; slightly pubescent towards the tips; young twigs smooth, dark, reddish-
brown.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate, regular. Stem shert to
long. Cavity large, wide, acute, rather deep, gently furrowed, often with
thin outspreading russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow, usually rather
narrow, sometimes broad, sometimes compressed, wrinkled and _ gently
furrowed.

Skin rather thin, smooth, yellow faintly washed with red and splashed and
striped with carmine, often marked over the base with thin, grayish, mottled
or streaked scarf-skin and sometimes with fine, irregularly broken russet lines.
Dots minute, indented, gray or whitish mingled with some that are larger,
areolar. Prevailing effect striped red.

Calyx tube funnel-form, sometimes elongated and constricted at the base
of the limb, enlarging somewhat below and extending to the core. Stamens
median to basal.

Core medium in size, decidedly abaxile, roundish; cells pretty symmetrical,
open; core lines clasp the funnel cylinder. Carpels rather concave, tufted,
very broadly obovate or approaching obcordate, narrowing towards the stem.
Seeds numerous, large, long, rather wide, obtuse, dark.

Flesh yellowish, somewhat coarse, somewhat breaking, tender, juicy, mild
subacid approaching sweet, good to very good.

Season October to February.

McKINLEY,

REFERENCES. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 2. Warder, 1867:606. fig. 3.
Downing, 1872:261. 4. Thomas, 1885:517. 5. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:244.
Gh Ieereann, (Wis SS JB 126 Jk 1evih, Tasinstss 1oroys,

SyNonyM. Mackinuay (1). MacKinlay (6).

198 THe Apples oF NEW York.

A dessert apple of pretty good size but the color is not very good and the
fruit does not keep late. As grown at this Station the tree has come into
bearing rather young but it has not been tested here long enough to deter-
mine its productiveness. It is not recommended for planting in this state.

It originated in Indiana (6) and is propagated to a limited extent in por-
tions of the Middle West (5). It is practically unknown in New York.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate. Stem short to medium, slender.
Cavity rather narrow, deep, thickly russeted. Calyx large, closed or varying
to wide open; lobes small. Basin broad, rather abrupt, shallow to moderately
deep, slightly furrowed. Skin dull yellow indistinctly blushed and striped
with dull red, sprinkled with large areolar dots. Core medium, closed; core
lines meeting. Flesh yellowish, rather fine-grained, moderately juicy, subacid,
good.

Season December and January.

McKINNEY,.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1876:56 app. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1873.
(cited by 3). 3. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:188. 1905.

Fruit yellow with a shade of brownish-red in the sun, of good size and
mild subacid flavor; in season from January to April (1). Originated in
Crawford, Ulster county. Evidently unknown outside the locality of its

origin.
MAGENTA.

REFERENCE. 1. Leroy, 1873:447. fig.

This is a variety which was brought to notice in France in 1861.
It has been but little grown as yet in New York state, at least not
under this name. It appears to be identical with Canada Reinette.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form oblate conic, broadly angular, irreg-
ular. Stem short to very short, moderately thick, not exserted. Cavity large,
moderately deep to deep, rather broad, acute or approaching acuminate, usu-
ally with outspreading russet. Calyx medium, closed or partly open. Basin
often irregular, rather abrupt, medium in width and depth, compressed or
furrowed.

Skin yellow or greenish with a bronze blush and roughened with very large
stellar or irregular russet dots or patches.

Calyx tube conical or somewhat funnel-form. Stamens median or below.

Core somewhat abaxile, below medium to rather small; cells usually sym-
metrical, closed or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish ovate,
emarginate, somewhat tufted. Seeds medium or above, moderately wide,
plump, obtuse, somewhat tufted.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy,
rich agreeable subacid, good to very good.

Season November to March.

THE APPLES OF NEW YorRK. 199

MALA CARLE,

REFERENCES. 1. Kenrick, 1832:79. 2. Floy-Lindley, 1833:39. 3. Manning,
1838:61. 4. Downing, 1845:116. 5. Thomas, 1849:182. 6. Cole, 1849:116.
7. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:82. 1851. 8. Elliott, 1854:146. fig. 9. Hooper,
1857:56. 10. Warder, 1867:725. 11. Fitz, 1872:168. 12. Hogg, 1884:144. 13.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1889:10. 14. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:243.

Synonyms. Charles Apple (1, 2, 4, 8). MALCARLE (2). Malcarle (1).
Mal Carle (7). MA Le Care (4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11). Male Carle (6, 12).
MARLE CARLE (7). MELA CarRLA (1, 3, 12). Mela Carla (2, 4, 5, 8, 9).
Mela dé Carlo (8). Mela di Carlo (4). Pomme de Charles (4, 5, 8).
Pomme Finale (1, 4, 8).

A very beautiful delicate skinned apple with white, tender, perfumed flesh.
It is well adapted to certain regions of the South (11) but it does not succeed
as far north as New York (4).

Historical. This is an old variety of Italian origin. Lindley says of it:
“The Malcarle is a native of the territory of Finale, in Liguria. It is an
important article of trade in the whole Genoese territory, and of exportation
to Nice, Marseilles, Barcelona and Cadiz. The climate of the Italian terri-
tory is so entirely different from that of England, that we cannot expect the
delicate Malcarle should succeed here, unless trained against a south or south-
east wall, and in a warm and kind soil. Its great beauty in the dessert renders
it an interesting object of cultivation” (2).

MALINDA.

REFERENCES. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1877:40. 2. Van Deman, U. S. Pom.
Rpt., 1891:390. 3. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1896:132. 4. Macoun, Can.
Hort., 22:396. 1899. 5. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:73. 1902. fig. 6. Munson,
Me. Sta. An. Rpt., 18:84. 1902. 7. Budd-Hansen, 1903:122. fig. 8. Ragan,
Ui Se BaP ie Bile 5OeTOOs HOOs:

SynonyM. Melinda (8).

This variety is as yet untested in New York. It originated in Orange
county, Vt., and was introduced into Minnesota about 1860. The tree does
not come into bearing young. It has done well in Iowa and Minnesota when
top-worked on the very hardy Hibernal apple or on the Virginia crab stock
(5). The fruit ranks only fair in quality. The variety does not appear
worthy of testing for New York except possibly in those regions of the state
where hardiness is a prime requisite.

TREE (5).

Tree a slender, straggling grower in the nursery. wigs medium, rather
slender, comparatively blunt at the tips, nearly straight; internodes short to
medium. Bark dull brownish-red, uniformly overlaid with thin scarf-skin,
slightly pubescent. Lenticels rather inconspicuous, rather few, medium or
below, elongated or roundish, not raised. Buds rather small, hardly moder-
ately projecting, somewhat pubescent, free from bark or slightly adhering.

200 THE ApPLes oF NEW York.

BR a(S)

Fruit above medium to large. Form sharply conical, somewhat angular and
ribbed. Stem short, stout. Cavity acute, medium, regular, with stellate
russet. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, narrow, deep, wavy, wrinkled.

Skin smooth, rich yellow with dull red blush. Dots minute, distinct, numer-
ous, white.

Calyx tube conical. Stamens median.

Core closed; core lines meeting.

Flesh yellowish-white, firm, juicy, very mild subacid with sweet after-taste,
fair.

Season late winter.

MANCHESTER.

REFERENCES. I. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:48. 1903. 2.
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:131. 1904.

This variety shows that it is of the Esopus Spitzenburg type by the size and
form of the fruit and also by the texture and quality of the flesh. It is much
inferior to the Esopus Spitzenburg in color and is not as good in quality.
The flesh is liable to have brown discolorations commonly known as the
“Baldwin spot.” The fruit is often above medium or large but is not very
uniform either in size or shape. The color is quite variable and lacks char-
acter, being yellow or dull green partly overspread with red. It is not suffi-
ciently attractive in form and color for a good market fruit. The tree is not
very slow in coming into bearing and is a reliable cropper. Not recom-
mended for planting in New York.

Historical. Received here for testing from J. D. Adams, Mapleton, Cayuga
county, N. Y., in 1890. We have not learned where or when the variety
originated. It is sparingly cultivated in a few localities in Western New York
but does not appear to be known in other portions of the state.

TREE.

Tree rather small, only moderately vigorous; lateral branches willowy,
slender. Form roundish or spreading, dense. wigs below medium to short,
rather slender, nearly straight; internodes medium. Bark clear reddish-brown
with a light coat of streaked scarf-skin, slightly pubescent near the tips.
Lenticels quite numerous, very small, roundish to oblong, sometimes slightly
raised. Buds medium to small, plump, roundish, obtuse to acute, appressed,
pubescent, deeply set in bark.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form roundish to oblong, inclined to conic,
somewhat angular or elliptical, usually pretty symmetrical. Siem medium to
long. Cavity broad, deep, varying from somewhat obtuse to acuminate, often
obscurely furrowed, usually russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed. Basin
usually small, often oblique, varying from very shallow and obtuse to moder-
ately deep and abrupt, often irregular, usually distinctly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin slightly rough, dull grass-green varying to a rather deep yellow, thinly
blushed with red and sparingly and obscurely striped with dull carmine.
Prevailing color yellow. Dots rather numerous, small to medium, pale or
russet, often irregular, often submerged.

MANN

aa

Tue AppLes OF NEw York. 201

Calyx tube narrow above, long, approaching cylindrical. Stamens marginal
to median.

Core medium to large, varying from decidedly abaxile to nearly axile; cells
often closed but sometimes unsymmetrical and wide open; core lines clasping.
Carpels broadly ovate to roundish, mucronate, emarginate, distinctly tufted.
Seeds above medium to rather small, plump, obtuse to acute.

Flesh yellowish, moderately crisp, firm, moderately fine-grained, rather
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, good to very good.

Season December to April or May.

MANN.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1872:21 app. fig. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1877:
10. 3. Moody, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:124. 4. Barry, 1883:349. 5. Moody,
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:27. 6. Thomas, 1885:517. 7. Can. Hort., 11:113.
1888. 8. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 9. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:
244. 10. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 5:18. 1898. figs. 11. Ib., 6:35.
1899. 12. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:44. 1901. 13. Munson, Me. Sta.
Bul., 82:95. 1902. 14. Budd-Hansen, 1903:123. 15. Powell and Fulton, U. S.
B. P.T. Bul., 48:48. 1903. 16. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:131. 1904.

Synonym. Deiltz (3).

A hard, green, late-keeping apple used by the trade to some
extent as a substitute for Rhode Island Greenmg late in the
season when it often brings good prices. It is decidedly in-
ferior to Rhode Island Greening in quality and does not always
have a good clear green color, being sometimes streaked more
or less with a network of russet. Its great merits are the pro-
ductiveness of the tree and the smoothness, uniformity and
superior keeping and shipping qualities of the fruit. The tree
is superior to Rhode Island Greening and Baldwin in hardiness
(5, 8) and usually is a reliable cropper, yielding good to heavy
crops biennially or in some localities almost annually. It is a
little slow about coming into bearing. In many cases the crops
are so heavy that the percentage of loss in undersized fruit is rather
high and the trees are damaged by the breaking of the limbs.

Historical. Originated as a chance seedling in the orchard of Judge Mooney
of Granby, Oswego county, N. Y. (1), where it was formerly called the
Deiltz. It was introduced into Niagara county by Dr. Mann, and on the
suggestion of Elisha Moody of Lockport the Western New York Horticul-
tural Society named the apple Mann (3). It is not grown extensively in any
portion of the state but it is still being planted to a limited extent by com-

mercial growers.
TREE.

Tree medium to large, moderately vigorous to vigorous. Form at first
decidedly upright and rather dense but after bearing heavy crops becomes

202 THE Apples oF NEW YorK.

decidedly spreading with the laterals inclined to droop. Twigs medium to
long, nearly straight, rather slender to moderately stout; internodes short.
Bark more or less dark dull brown overspread with grayish-green and streaked
with gray scarf-skin, slightly pubescent near tips. Lenticels numerous, dull,
not very conspicuous, above medium to below, roundish, slightly raised. Buds
medium to rather short, plump, obtuse, appressed, pubescent, deeply set in
bark.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish, somewhat inclined to oblate, sym-
metrical, usually pretty regular, sometimes faintly ribbed; pretty uniform in
size and shape. Stem short to medium, usually not exserted. Cavity acumi-
nate, rather narrow to moderately wide, deep, usually russeted, and often
with outspreading broken russet, somewhat furrowed. Calyx small to medium,
closed or partly open; lobes medium in length, acute. Basin somewhat abrupt,
rather narrow to moderately wide, usually pretty symmetrical, furrowed and
wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, at first deep green, often partly overspread
with a brownish-red blush tinged with shade of olive-green but late in the
season it develops a pronounced yellow color. Dots numerous, large, con-
spicuous, areolar, whitish with russet center.

Calyx tube moderately wide, cone-shape. Stamens below median to basal.

Core below medium to small, usually axile or nearly so; cells pretty sym-
metrical, usually closed, sometimes open; core lines meeting or slightly clasp-
ing. Carpels smooth, broad, narrowing towards the base and apex or ap-
proaching truncate at the base, but slightly emarginate if at all. Seeds numer-
ous, medium or above, wide, obtuse to acute, dark.

Flesh yellowish, moderately coarse, moderately juicy, at first very hard and
firm but later becoming moderately tender and somewhat crisp, subacid, fair
to good.

Season. Commercial limit March or April in ordinary storage and May in
cold storage (16).

MARIGOLD.

REFERENCES. I. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:244. 2. Powell and Fulton, U. S.
B. P. I. Bul., 48:49. 1903. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 2482131. 1904.

DovustFUL REFERENCES. 4. Knight, Pomona Herefordiensis, 1811. (cited by
6). 5. Kenrick, 1832:48. 6. Floy-Lindley, 1833:80. 7. Downing, 1869:294.
8. Hogg, 1884:164.

DoustFuL Synonyms. Isle of Wight Orange (6, 7). Isle of Wight Pippin
(6, 8). Marigold Pippin (7). Marygold (6). ORANGE Pippin (6, 7, 8).

A good dessert variety of desirable size and rather attractive appearance
for a yellowish apple but it does not excel standard varieties of its season in
color, size or quality. The tree does not come into bearing very young. It
is an annual or nearly annual bearer and yields moderate crops. As grown
at this Station the commercial limit of Marigold appears to be November or
December in ordinary storage, although some portion of the fruit may be
kept till June. The fruit held in cold storage till May has been found still
hard, free from decay and but slightly scalded (2, 3).

THE Apples OF NEw York. 203

Historical. Origin uncertain. It has long been known in the vicinity of
Oyster Bay, Long Island. For upwards of a century it has been considered
a desirable winter apple for that region,! and it has been propagated for years
by the Westbury Nurseries. It is known to a limited extent in various locali-
ties in Southeastern New York and in Connecticut, but appears to be gradually
going out of cultivation.

We have not had the opportunity of determining whether or not this Mari-
gold of Long Island is identical either with the Marigold described by
Kenrick (5) or with the Orange Pippin (6, 7, 8) which has Marigold as a
synonym. The fruit corresponds pretty closely with Hogg’s description of
Orange Pippin except as to its quality and season.

The Marigold of Leroy? is evidently distinct from the Long Island Marigold.
Downing recognizes it under the name Creed Marigold? under which name
Hogg described it in 1859, stating that it originated in Kent from seed of
the Scarlet Nonpareil.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form upright, somewhat spreading, rather open.
Twigs rather short, slightly curved, moderately stout; internodes medium to
short. Bark brown, tinged with clear reddish-brown, mottled with scarf-skin,
pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, rather conspicuous, slightly raised,
oblong or roundish, medium to small. Buds medium to small, broad, plump,
obtuse to acute, but slightly pubescent if at all, usually free.

FRUuIT.

Fruit below medium to nearly large, pretty uniform in size and shape.
Form roundish, often a little oblate and inclined to conic, quite regular,
usually symmetrical; sides sometimes unequal. Stem rather slender. Cavity
acute, deep, broad, symmetrical or somewhat furrowed, usually with greenish
russet which often spreads beyond the cavity. Calya small to medium, closed
or partly open. Basin abrupt, shallow to moderately deep, rather narrow,
sometimes obscurely furrowed, slightly wrinkled.

Skin nearly smooth, at first green but becoming good yellow with an orange
blush which in highly colored specimens deepens to red and is somewhat
mottled and splashed with bright carmine. Dots often submerged and yellow;
others are large, irregular, russet and mingled with flecks of russet.

Calyx tube rather wide, deep, cone-shape or approaching funnel-form.
Stamens median to marginal.

Core rather small, axile or nearly so; cells usually symmetrical, closed or
partly open; core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels smooth, elliptical
or approaching obcordate, emarginate. Seeds few, often abortive, medium or
below, wide, obtuse.

Flesh yellowish, firm, a little coarse, rather tender, juicy, subacid, somewhat
aromatic; good for dessert but rather too mild for most culinary uses.

Season variable but usually extends from November to April or May; com-
mercial limit December or January in ordinary storage and about May first
in cold storage (3).

1Letter of Isaac Hicks, 1899.
“Leroy, 1873:457.
3’ Downing, 1869:137.

204 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

MASON ORANGE,

REFERENCES. I. Stayman, Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883:75. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat., 1883:12. 3. [b., Rpt., 1883:135, 136. 4. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883:83.
5. Stayman, Rural N. Y., 43:83. 1884. fig. 6. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:244.
7. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 129:39, 42. 1896. 8. Thomas, 1897:644. 9. Dickens
and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:54. 1903. 10. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:
AG, Wee, Bae Ieverin, (WG So J IP I JEL, Hoes, WOZy IC O)S}.

Synonyms. Bellefower Improved (11). Mason Orange (10). Mason’s
Improved (11). MAson’s ORANGE (2, 3, 6, 8, 9).

A seedling of the Yellow Bellflower (5) which originated in Kansas (1, 3).
Resembles its parent in its fruit which is medium to large, yellow with red
cheek, of excellent quality, rather tender for market but valuable for home
use. Season November to February (4, 10). It has not been tested suff-
ciently in New York to determine its value for this region.

MASTEN,

REFERENCES. 1. Horticulturist, 1866. (cited by 4). 2. Downing, 1869:268.
3; Dhomas, 1885:517, 4. Ragan, U.S. BB: Pie Bul 503tos soos:
Synonym. MAsTEN’s SEEDLING (3). Mastens Seedling (2, 4).

A greenish-yellow winter apple of medium size or below, crisp, subacid, and
of good quality (2, 3). Originated at Pleasant Valley, Dutchess county,
N. Y. (2). It was brought to notice as a new variety about forty years ago
(1, 2, 3), but appears to have remained practically unknown outside of the

locality where it originated.
MELON.

REFERENCES. 1. Ellwanger and Barry, Albany Cultivator, 2:56. 1845. 2.
Ib., Boston Cultivator, Mch., 1845. (cited by 4, 13). 3. Watts, Mag. Hort.,
13:104. 1847. 4. Hovey, %b., 13:537. 1847. fg: 5. beteraeiemoseeO.
Downing, Horticulturist, 2:356. 1848. fig. 7. Thomas, 1849:151. 8 N. Y.
Agr. Soc. Rpt., 1848:283, 284. fig. g. Cole, 1849:124. fig. 10. Emmons, Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 3:76. 1851. col. pl. and fig. 11. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. ¥2.
Elliott, 1854:89. fig. 13. Horticulturist, 9:397. 1854. col. pl. 14. Downing,
1857:87. 15. Warder, 1867:488. fig. 16. Leroy, 1873:503. fig. 17. Barry,
1883:349. 18. Hogg, 1884:145. 19. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294.
20. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:245. 21. Bunyard, Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc., 1898:
356. 22. Budd-Hansen, 1903:126. fig. 23. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. IJ.
Bul., 48:49. 1903. 24. Beach and Clark, N. VY. Sta. Bul., 248:132. 1904.

Synonyms. Melon (8, 20). MELON Apple (18). Melon de Norton (16).
MeEton Norton (22). Norton Watermelon (16). Norton’s MELON (1, 2,
5, 8, 10). Norton’s Melon (4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 23, 24). Watermelon (4, 6, 7,
oO), 10)

When it is properly developed the Melon is one of the best
dessert apples of its season, being crisp, tender and delicious. It
is especially adapted for local market, fancy trade and dessert
use. Ordinarily it is in season in Western New York from

MELON

THe Appces or New York. 205

October to midwinter. If kept later than January in ordinary
storage it soon loses in flavor and quality (24). Some fruit
growers find it profitable but more often it has proved an un-
satisfactory variety in the commercial orchard. Under favorable
conditions the fruit develops good size and good color and is
smooth and decidedly attractive, but in many cases there is a
rather high percentage of loss from undersized, poorly colored
or otherwise imperfect fruit. In portions of Eastern New York
it is reported as being especially susceptible to the attacks of the
apple maggot or railroad worm, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. In
some localities the foliage and fruit are both quite subject to the
attacks of the apple-scab fungus and the tree is apt to be injured
by canker on the limbs and on the body. The tree appears to
be fully as hardy and productive as Tompkins King or perhaps
more so, and after it attains mature bearing age it is often
reliably productive, yielding good crops biennially or in some
cases annually. It is an unsatisfactory grower in the nursery
and makes but a moderately vigorous growth in the orchard,
particularly when grown on its own body. On this account it
is advisable to top-work Melon upon some stock that is healthier
and more vigorous, such as Golden Russet, Roxbury, Northern Spy,
Baldwin or Rhode Island Greening. The tree naturally develops a
rather dense top and particular care is required in pruning to keep

it sufficiently open.

Historical. Melon originated in East Bloomfield, Ontario county, in the
old seedling orchard of Heman Chapin. This orchard was planted about
1800! with seedling trees grown from seed brought to East Bloomfield from
Connecticut (3, 4, 6, 13). Melon was introduced to the trade by Ellwanger
and Barry about 1845 (1, 2,4,5,6,13). It has been pretty widely disseminated
but in no portion of the state is it grown extensively. It is now seldom offered
by nurserymen (20) and seldom planted.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous. Form upright, somewhat spread-
ing or roundish. wigs medium to long, erect or spreading, slender to mod-
erately stout. Bark reddish-brown, lightly mottled with scarf-skin, pubescent.
Lenticels numerous, usually small, round. Buds medium, plump, acute, some-
what pubescent. Leaves rather large, often rather broad.

1Letters, H. G. Chapin and Charles Chapin, 1905.
VoL. I—g

206 THe AppLes OF NEW YORK.

FRUIT.

Fruit somewhat variable in size, usually above medium to large. Form
roundish conic, sometimes inclined to oblate conic, often more or less elliptical
and obscurely ribbed, usually symmetrical. Stem short to medium, slender.
Cavity acute to acuminate, deep, narrow to moderately wide, often russeted
and sometimes with outspreading russet rays. Calyx small to above medium,
closed or partly open; segments narrow, acuminate. Basin rather small,
shallow to moderately deep, narrow to medium in width, rather abrupt, often
somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin pretty smooth, pale yellow or greenish-yellow and when well colored
nearly overspread with rather light, bright red striped and splashed with
carmine. Dots small, pale yellow or russet, not conspicuous. Prevailing
effect red mingled with yellow.

Calyx tube rather small, cone-shape varying to short funnel-form with
fleshy pistil point projecting into the base. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium to small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines clasping.
Carpels broadly roundish or elliptical, sometimes slightly tufted, but slightly
emarginate if at all. Seeds below medium to rather large, plump, moderately
wide, often irregular or angular, very dark brown, sometimes tufted.

Flesh white slightly tinged with yellow, moderately firm, rather fine-grained,
crisp, very tender, juicy, sprightly, somewhat aromatic, pleasantly subacid,
very good.

MENAGERE.

REFERENCES. 1. Manning, 1838:56. 2. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:46. 1841.
3. Downing, 1845:117. 4. Thomas, 1849:157. 5. Elliott, 1854:174. 6. Hooper,
1857:59. 7- Warder, 1867:726. 8. Downing, 1869:273. 9. Leroy, 1873:435.
to. Barry, 1883:340. 11. Hogg, 1884:146. 12. Bunyard, Jour. Roy. Hort.
Soc., 1898:356. 13. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 58:278. 1899. 14. Beach and
Clark, N.Y. Sta. Bul., 248:132. 1904. 15. Ragan, U. SB) Po Bul. 562106;
1905.

Synonyms. Capp Mammoth (13). Combermere Apple (11). Dame de
Ménage (9). Femme de Ménage (9). Flanders Pippin (11). Gros Rambour
d’Hiver (9). Haus Miitterchen (9). Livre (9). MENAGE (15). Ménageére
(9). Menagerie (5, 15). MERE DE MENAGE (8, II, 12). Mére de Ménage
(9, 15). Pfund (9). Teller (9).

A very large apple suitable only for exhibition purposes. It is undesirable
either for dessert or culinary use, being coarse-grained and only fair in quality.
The tree is slow about coming into bearing, usually bears some fruit every
year but is unproductive and the fruit drops badly.

Historical. This is an old German variety which is known in England
under the name Mére de Ménage (9, 11, 12). The name Ménagére is recog-
nized by certain English and French pomologists only as a synonym, but the
variety has been described by so many American writers under this name
that it is now best to recognize it as the American name, particularly since
German, French and English pomologists are not agreed upon any one name
for the variety. It is but little grown in this country.

MENAGERE

THE AppLes OF NEW YorK. 207

TREE.

Tree a moderate grower. Form upright. Twigs very short to below
medium in length, very slender to medium in thickness, sometimes somewhat
bowed and geniculate; internodes long or in the more slender limbs very long.
Bark dull brownish-red with an undertone of olive-green in some specimens,
uniformly overlaid with a thick scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels incon-
spicuous, only moderately numerous, medium, the larger ones roundish ellip-
tical, the smaller, narrow. Buds medium in size, moderately projecting, rather
fleshy, acute, not pubescent, slightly adhering to bark or free.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to very large. Form oblate to oblate conic, pretty regular or
somewhat ribbed; sides often unequal. Stei very short. Cavity acute,
shallow to rather deep, moderately broad and marked with outspreading
patches and flecks of russet. Calyx medium, closed or partly open; lobes
long and reflexed. Basin somewhat abrupt, rather narrow, moderately deep,
often irregular.

Skin pale yellow with faint blush on the exposed side. Dots scattering,
light brown.

Calyx tube rather narrow, funnel-form, extending to the core. Stamens
basal.

Core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines clasping the funnel
cylinder.

Flesh white, coarse-grained, moderately juicy, subacid, fair in flavor and
quality.

Season October to January; under favorable conditions some portion of
the fruit may be kept till spring.

MERRILL.

REFERENCE. I. Downing, 1869:273.
SynonyMs. MERRILL’s (1). Merrill’s Apple (1).

Originated in Smyrna, Chenango county, N. Y. A medium sized, yellow
apple with bright red cheek; flesh subacid, spicy, good: season December to
March (1). This appears to be unknown outside of the place of its origin.

MIDDLE.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1857:172. 2. Warder, 1867:507. fig.

SynonyM. Muittle (1).

This fruit belongs in the same group as the Green Newtown
and White Pippin but is less attractive than either. It is at
first green and hard, but later in the season becomes crisp and
rather tender. It is valued locally because it is an excellent
dessert apple and a good keeper. The tree is an upright grower
and sometimes bears heavy crops.

208 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

Historical. The original tree was a chance seedling that grew on the land
of Peter Bellinger in the village of Herkimer or rather on the line fence divid-
ing two of the original tracts of land granted by the Crown in 1725, and being
a tree that neither party could claim it was called the Middle apple tree!
Charles Downing included a description of it in his first revision of Fruits
and Fruit Trees of America in 1857 (1). Warder (2) reports that it was
introduced into Ohio by John Ludlow of Springfield in 1854 and propagated at
the Oakland nurseries. In New York it remains practically unknown to fruit
growers outside the vicinity of its origin.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to nearly large, rather uniform. Form varies from elongated
ovate or oblong conic to roundish conic, often elliptical or somewhat angular ;
axis often somewhat oblique. Stem medium in length, rather slender. Cavity
acute to acuminate. usually moderately deep, narrow to moderately broad
often compressed or lipped and often with outspreading russet. Calyx medium
to rather large, open. Basin often oblique, usually obtuse, shallow to medium
in depth, medium in width to narrow, slightly furrowed or wrinkled, some-
times compressed.

Skin rather thin, moderately tender, somewhat rough, at first green but
later becoming more or less marbled or shaded with yellow, sometimes lightly
mottled with red or having red dots; often roughened at the base with broken
russet. Dots numerous, russet.

Calyx tube small, conical or somewhat funnel-form with truncate cylinder.
Stamens median.

Core medium to rather large, axile; cells symmetrical, closed or sometimes
partly open; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels thin, tender,
deeply emarginate, roundish or varying to elongated ovate, much tufted. Seeds
numerous, small to medium, rather narrow, acute.

Flesh yellowish, breaking, rather fine, crisp, juicy, rather sprightly subacid,
somewhat aromatic, very good.

Season December to February or March; often some portion of the fruit
may be kept till late spring.

MILAM,

REFERENCES. 1. Phoenix, Horticulturist, 4:470. 1850. 2. Kennicott, /D.,
7:431. 1852. 3. Elliott, 1854:174. 4. Robey, Horticulturist, 11:89. 1856. 5.
Downing, 1857:217. 6. Hooper, 1857:60. 7. dm. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 8.
Warder, 1867:503. fig. 9. Downing, 1869:275. 10. Fitz, 1872:158. 11. Barry,
1883 :349. 12. Thomas, 1885:236. 13. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294.
14. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:244. 15. Budd-Hansen, 1903:127.

Synonyms. Blair (6, 8,9). Harrigan (1, 3, 5,9). Thomas (9). Winter
Pearmain of some (1, 3, 5, 9).

A medium sized dessert apple which has something of the appearance of a
highly colored Ralls. In season from November to March. The tree is
thrifty and in favorable localities becomes productive when it is mature.
Thousands of trees of this variety have been propagated from sprouts for it
sprouts readily from the roots (1, 8).

1Letter, Will E. Kay, 1901.

THE APPLES OF NEW YorK. 209

Historical. Origin uncertain. Warder refers to it as “a little Southern
favorite” (8). It was formerly quite popular in some portions of the Middle
West where it is still propagated by nurserymen although it is not now planted
as much as it was formerly (14). It has never been grown much in New
York state and remains practically unknown among New York fruit growers.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous, with long, slender, curved branches. Form up-
right spreading or roundish, rather dense. Twigs above medium to long,
slightly curved, rather slender; internodes long to medium. Bark dark
brownish-red mingled with olive-green and streaked with grayish scarf-skin ;
heavily pubescent toward the tips. Lenticels quite numerous, small to rather
large, roundish or elongated, slightly raised. Buds small to medium, broad,
plump, obtuse to somewhat acute, free, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit small to medium. Form roundish conic or short ovate, regular, not
ribbed. Stem pubescent, medium to long, moderately slender. Cavity acute,
moderately deep, moderately wide, smooth and green or partly covered with
thin brownish russet. Calyx pubescent, medium in size, closed. Basin below
medium in size, somewhat abrupt, moderately shallow, rather narrow to
medium in width, gently furrowed.

Skin moderately thin, rather tender, smooth, dull yellow or greenish marbled
and striped with dull red, in highly colored specimens deepening to crimson
in the sun. Dots numerous, conspicuous, gray, often areolar with russet
point.

Calyx tube conical to somewhat funnel-form with short truncate cylinder.
Stamens basal.

Core rather small, axile or nearly so; cells symmetrical, closed. Carpels
elongated, obovate, mucronate, but slightly emarginate if at all, slightly tufted.
Seeds medium or above, plump, acute, slightly tufted.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, a little coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild
pleasant subacid, good.

Season November to January or later.

MILDEN.

REFERENCES. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 2. Downing, 1876:58 app. fig.
3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:244. 4. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:133. 5. Ib.,
1896:71. 6. Thomas, 1897:645. 7. Beach, W.N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:36.
8. Munson, Me. Sta. An. Rpt., 18:89. 1902. 9. Budd-Hansen, 1903:127. Io.
Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:49. 1903. 11. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:132. 1904.

SYNONYM. MILpDING (3, 5, 7, 8,9). Mulding (2, 4, 6, 10, II).

When well grown Milden is an apple of desirable size, good
appearance and pretty good quality. The skin is smooth and

glossy and the color is predominantly bright red over an attrac-

210 Tue AppLes oF NEw YORK.

tive pale yellow or whitish background. It is highly esteemed in
portions of New England (5, 8), and is there being planted to some
extent both for home use and commercial purposes. It is an
excellent nursery tree and a good grower in the orchard. It is
hardy, healthy, comes into bearing quite young and is a reliable
cropper, yielding good crops biennially. There is some loss from
drops, but the fruit averages pretty uniform in size with a rather
low percentage of culls. So far as tested in this state it appears
to be pretty reliable and satisfactory in color and quality and
suitable for general market purposes and culinary use. It is
evidently worthy of testing as a commercial variety, particularly
in the more elevated and northern portions of the state. In the
southeastern part of the state it would probably be classed as a
late autumn variety, but as grown at this Station it becomes an
early winter or midwinter variety (11).

Historical. Milden is a variety of comparatively recent introduction. It
originated at Alton, New Hampshire (2).

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous. Form upright becoming roundish, rather dense.
Twigs below medium to short, straight, moderately stout; internodes short
to long. Bark very dark olive-green somewhat tinged with reddish-brown
streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, small to
medium, roundish, slightly raised. Buds prominent, below medium to large,
broad, plump, obtuse, free, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit rather large; fairly uniform in size and shape. Form oblate, some-
times inclined to conic, pretty regular, often faintly ribbed; sides sometimes
unequal. Stem short to medium, pubescent. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep,
rather wide, symmetrical or somewhat furrowed, often russeted and with out-
spreading russet rays. Calyx large, pubescent; lobes long, acuminate, closed
or partly open. Basin obtuse to somewhat abrupt, usually rather shallow,
moderately wide, often compressed or furrowed.

Skin waxy, rather thin, tough. Well-colored specimens are beautifully
mottled with bright red and striped and splashed with bright carmine over
a pale yellow background. Sometimes the red deepens to a solid blush. Dots
inconspicuous, few, gray or russet.

Calyx tube rather large, long, cone-shape or somewhat funnel-form, meeting
the core. Stamens median.

Core distant, medium or below, abaxile; cells pretty symmetrical, usually
open; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish to elongated ovate, acuminate,
slightly emarginate, tufted. Seeds variable in size and shape, often about
medium size, moderately narrow, obtuse to acute; uften some are abortive.

MILDEN

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 2II

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, crisp, breaking, moderately coarse,
very juicy, subacid, good.

Season November to January or February; it may remain apparently sound
till spring but after midwinter it deteriorates in texture and flavor.

MILWAUKEE.

REFERENCES. I. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1899:77. 2. Ib., Can. Hort.,
23:452. 1900. 3. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:74. 1902. 4. Farrand, Mich. Sta.
Bul., 205:45. 1903. 5. Erwin, dm. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1903:252. 6. Budd-Hansen,
1903:128. fig. 7. National Nurseryman, March, 1905:52.

Milwaukee is a winter fruit of the Oldenburg group, of good
size and when highly colored fairly attractive in appearance,
being clear yellow marked with bright red somewhat after the
manner of Oldenburg. It is too briskly acid for a good dessert
apple, but rather is suitable for culinary use and for market. It
would be more desirable for market if it had more red color. It
is in season from October to January. Some portion of the fruit
may keep till February or March, but in ordinary storage there
is a rather high percentage of loss after early winter. The fruit
which remains till spring retains well its acidity and quality.
The tree is very hardy, healthy, a pretty good grower and a good
cropper. It comes into bearing young and is almost an annual
bearer. It appears to be worthy of testing in the northern and
more elevated regions of the state where hardiness is a prime
requisite.

Historical. Originated with George Jeffry, Milwaukee, Wis., from seed of

Oldenburg (1, 3, 5, 6).
TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, slender, crooked. Form open,
upright, becoming rather spreading with laterals inclined to droop. WIgs
medium to long, varying from irregularly curved to straight, moderately
stout; internodes generally long. Bark dark reddish-brown approaching black,
streaked with grayish scarf-skin, quite pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous,
small to medium, roundish or elongated, not raised. Buds medium or below,
plump, obtuse to somewhat acute, iree or slightly appressed, pubescent.

FRUvIT.

Fruit usually rather large, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form distinctly
oblate, regular or obscurely ribbed; sides often unequal. Stem pubescent,
short. Cavity rather large, acute to acuminate, deep, broad, furrowed, russeted
and with outspreading brown russet rays. Calyx pubescent, large, leafy,
usually partly open, sometimes closed; lobes wide, long, acute. Basin large,
often oblique, deep, wide, abrupt to somewhat obtuse, furrowed, wrinkled.

212 THe Apples OF NEw York.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, pale yellow or whitish more or less blushed
with red which in highly colored specimens deepens to a lively pinkish-red,
conspicuously mottled and striped with rose-carmine. Dots numerous, small,
whitish, often submerged, occasionally russet.

Calyx tube urn-shape to somewhat funnel-form with short cylinder and wide
limb. Stamens median.

Core distant, a little abaxile, usually small; cells sometimes unsymmetrical,
closed or slightly open; core lines clasping. Carpels elliptical to roundish
obcordate, mucronate, but slightly emarginate if at all. Seeds few, often
abortive, medium to short, wide, flat, obtuse.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, somewhat coarse, crisp, very tender,
very juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid, fair to good.

MINISTER.

REFERENCES. 1. Manning, 1838:62. 2. Downing, 1845:116. 3. Ives, Mag.
Hort., 14:264. 1848. 4. Thomas, 1849:169. 5. Cole, 1849:124. 6. Emmons,
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:61. 1851. 7. Hovey, 2:95. 1851. fig. and col. pl. 8. Elliott,
1854:147. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1854. 10. Hooper, 1857:61. 11. Warder,
1867:695. 12. Fitz, 1872:145. 13. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294.
14. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:133. 15. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:
193. 16. Burrill and McCluer, JIL. Sta. Bul., 45:332. 1896.

Synonyms. Muiumster (7). MINISTER APPLE (7).

Fruit similar to Yellow Bellflower in form, pale waxen yellow splashed and
striped with bright pale crimson (1, 7, 11). In Middle New England it is in
season from November to February or later (1, 5, 7, 14), and is there still
regarded with favor in many localities on account of its productiveness and
good quality. “In Ohio it becomes an autumn apple and is used only for
cooking when we have plenty of others that are preferred” (11). When
carelessly handled it rots from bruising or ripens prematurely while too acid,
but when properly ripened it loses its brisk acidity and develops excellent
quality (5). The tree is healthy, moderately vigorous, a rather early bearer
and a regular and abundant cropper (2, 5, 7, II, 13). It is said to succeed
best on good sandy loam (5, 12).

The following account of the tree and fruit is taken from descriptions given
by various writers (1, 2, 5, 7, II, 13).

Historical. Originated on the farm of David Saunders near Rowley, Massa-
chusetts. Introduced by Robert Manning of Salem, Massachusetts, more than
a half century ago (1, 7). It has failed to win favorable recognition in New
York and is not recommended for planting in this state.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form upright while young but becoming round-
headed as it matures. Twigs slender, upright; internodes short. Bark dark
reddish-chestnut. Lenticels numerous, gray. Buds small, short, ovate, flat-
tened with prominent shoulders. Leaves medium in size, ovate, acute.

FRuIT.

Fruit large to medium. Form roundish ovate to oblong conic, ribbed, irreg-
ular, flattened at the base. Stem curved to one side, short to long, slender.

MILWAUKEE

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 213

Cavity rather small, acute, shallow to rather deep, rather narrow, irregular,
sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed; lobes short and twisted. Basin
rather small, moderately shallow, narrow, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, waxen, pale yellow or greenish-yellow irregularly splashed and
striped with bright red particularly over the base. Dots minute.

Core rather large; cells partly open. Seeds small, plump, obovate.

Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, very tender, breaking, juicy, at first. briskly
subacid but when properly ripened agreeable in flavor and quality.

MINKLER,

REFERENCES. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 2. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1865:51.
3. Warder, 1867:444. fig. 4. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1859:36. 5. Downing, 1869:
276. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:128. 7. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1875:411. 8.
Downing, 1876:59 app. 9g. Downing, 1876:11 index, app. 10. Thomas, 1885:518.
rr. Am. Pom. Scc. Cat., 1889:10. 12. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:244. 13. Lyon,
Mich. Sta. Bul., 143:200, 202. 1897. 14. Budd-Hansen, 1903:129. 15. Farrand,
Mich. Sta. Bul.; 205:45. 1903. 16. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul.
48:49. 1903. 17. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:132. 1904. 18. Ragan,
Wl, Sa 18. JP Ie Jill, FADSES. weit, uClo}), AOS, uCOs,

Synonyms. Brandywine (18, ?5). Logan’s Northern Pippin (4, 9, 18).
Mumrer VANDEVERE (6, 8). Mumper Vandevere (18).

The Minkler was brought to notice in Illinois something over forty
years ago. Its cultivation is confined almost wholly to that and adjoining
states. Like many other varieties of the Middle West it is popular because
the tree is a strong grower and a good and regular cropper rather than on
account of the quality of its fruit. In appearance the fruit is very good and
dealers do not hesitate to take it in reasonable quantities in spite of the fact
that it is only fairly good in quality and sometimes scalds badly in storage.
It is not a promising variety for New York fruit growers, competing as it
does with the Baldwin and other good winter apples.

Historical. The history of this variety is confused with that of several
similar, or as some have thought possibly identical, varieties. The Minkler,
as such, was first exhibited before the Illinois Horticultural Society something
over forty years ago by Mr. S. G. Minkler. Having lost its name he exhibited
it for identification. As it was not recognized by any one the Society named
it Minkler, pending further investigation (5). Warder (3) in 1867 states that
it very closely resembles Buchanan and Brandywine and adds that Minkler and
Buchanan have “an entirely distinct origin,” but there is no evidence that this
is the case. In 1869 Galusna stated that he found Minkler cultivated in some
localities in Illinois under the name Logan Northern Pippin and Dunlap found
it identical with Brandywine (4) a decision which is approved by some other
pomologists. The origin of Brandywine is also unknown (5, 18). Ragan
makes Minkler identical with Mumper Vandevere (18) which according to
Downing (8) originated on the farm of John Mumper near Dillsbury, Pa.

Minkler is not grown to any considerable extent in New York.

TREE.

Tree large, very vigorous; branches large, strong, forming a very broad
angle with the trunk and having a characteristically irregular, zigzag manner

214 THe Apples OF NEW YorK.

of growth. Form very spreading, frequently becoming drooping in old trees.
Twigs short to long, moderately stout to moderately slender; internodes about
medium, unequal in length. Bark dull brownish-red or reddish, irregularly
overlaid with thin to thick scarf-skin, rather pubescent. Lenticels scattering,
moderately conspicuous, raised, medium to small, roundish. Buds medium,
moderately projecting, acute or roundish, pubescent, appressed or slightly
adhering.
FRUuIT.

Fruit medium to above, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish inclined
to oblate conic, rather regular. Stem medium to short, rather slender. Cavity
acute or slichtly acuminate, deep, medium in width, greenish or brown, faintly
russeted. Calyx small to above medium, closed or slightly open; lobes
medium in length, broad, acute, usually not separated at the base. Basin
shallow to medium in depth, wide, obtuse, smooth or slightly wrinkled.

Skin thin, slightly tough, smooth, rather glossy, greenish-yellow changing
to pale yellow, almost entirely overspread with rather light pinkish-red
obscurely striped and splashed with dark dull carmine. Dots small to medium,
yellow, grayish or russet, moderately conspicuous. Prevailing effect rather
light red.

Calyx tube moderately short, rather wide, funnel-form with broad limb and
narrow cylinder. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium to rather large, axile; cells closed or partly open; core lines
meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels roundish, usually deeply emarginate,
tufted. Seeds dark brown, rather large and wide, long, plump or sometimes
flat, acute, sometimes tufted.

Flesh strongly tinged with yellow or greenish, very firm, a little coarse, not
very crisp, rather juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic, fairly good.

Season in common storage November to April; in cold storage till May.

MISSING LINK.

REFERENCES. 1. //I. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1897:161. 2. Jenkins, Mo. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 45:66. 1902. 3. Shank, Missing Link Nur. Circ., 1903. 4. Erwin, Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1903:253. 5 Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 62:369. 1903. fig. 6.
Buckman, Jb., 62:418. 1903. 7. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:199. 1905.

A variety of the Willow type recently introduced by Messrs. Shank, Clayton,
Illinois (3). Some believe that it is identical with Willow (4, 7), but a com-
parison of its fruit with that of Willow leads us to endorse the opinion of
Van Deman (5) and Buckman (6) that it is a distinct variety. The fruit
is of good size, similar in form and appearance to Willow but less highly
colored and different in texture and flavor becoming eventually distinctly
sweet. It is undoubtedly a long keeper. As might be expected of an apple
of this class it does not rank high in quality.

FRUIT.

Fruit large. Form roundish, nearly symmetrical, regular; sides somewhat
unequal. Stem medium. Cavity acuminate, moderately broad, deep, some-
what russeted. Calyx large, partly open. Basin slightly oblique, medium in
depth to deep, moderately wide, abrupt, ridged, wrinkled.

Tue AppLes or New York. 215

Skin smooth, glossy, light greenish-yellow or yellow, thinly mottled and
striped with red on the exposed cheek. Dots small, fine, mingled with others
that are large, conspicuous, irregular and brownish-russet. Prevailing effect
green or yellowish.

Core below medium or even small; cells closed; core lines nearly meeting.
Carpels obcordate, tufted. Seeds few, large, dark, flat, tufted.

Flesh yellowish, firm, coarse, tough yet somewhat crisp, moderately juicy,
mildly subacid but eventually becoming sweet, fair in quality.

MISSOURI P/PPIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Warder, 1867:656. 2. Downing, 1872:23 app. 3. Am. Pom.
Soe, Cat, 1881-12: 4. Brackett, Am. Pom. Soc: Rpt, 1881:145. 5. Barry,
1883:349. 6. Thomas, 1885:518. 7. Coleman, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:28.
8. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:244. 9. Wright, Am. Gard., 17:33. 1896. 10.
Powell, Del. Sta. Bul., 38:19. 1898. 11. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1901:
97. 12. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:54. 1902. 13. Budd-Hansen,
1903:130. fig. 14. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:27. 1903. 15. Powell and Ful-
tone Gee Sab. b. J. Bul, 48:40. 1903. 16: Beach and Clark, N. VY. Sta Buly
248:132. 1904.

Synonyms. Mrssourr (15). Murssourr KEEPER (1). Missouri Keeper
(2, 3, 4, 5). Missouri Orange (4). Mutssourt Pirin (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, II, 12, 14). Missouri Pippin (15).

This is one of the well-known market apples of the Middle
West. As grown in that region the tree is short-lived, and in
the Mississippi valley in orchards more than twenty years old
it is seldom profitable, but it comes into bearing at an early age
and is a reliable and heavy cropper. The fruit is of good color
but only second rate in quality, and on old trees is inclined to
be rather too small for market. It is regarded with favor by fruit
dealers because of its attractive appearance and good keeping
quality. There has been some complaint of its scalding in
storage (16), but this fault does not appear to be serious enough
to affect materially its popularity. So far as we have been able
to discover it is not grown in New York. It is quite doubtful
whether its fruit would commonly develop here to good market-
able size even if grown in the southeastern part of New York,
where the climatic and soil conditions are more favorable to
varieties of this class than they are in the more northern and
western portions of the state.

Historical. The Missouri Pippin is supposed to have originated on the

farm of Brinkley Hornsby, Kingsville, Johnson county, Missouri, from seed
planted about 1840 (2, 4, 7). Shortly after the Civil War it began to be

216 _ Tue Apples oF NEW York.

disseminated outside of the locality of its origin and its cultivation spread
with such rapidity that in a very few years it was being extensively planted
in Missouri, Kansas, Illinois and adjacent states. The good degree of hardi-
ness and vigor which it possesses, the ease with which it is propagated in the
nursery, and particularly its habit of bearing early and abundantly were the
qualities which recommended it to the fruit growers of that region. During
the early years of fruit production in the prairie sections of that country this
variety was more often seen than any other. As the trees became older it
was found that they were inclined to overbear with a result that frequently a
large percentage of the fruit failed to attain good marketable size. Then
Missouri Pippin began to wane in popularity and to-day it is used chiefly as
a filler for planting between the rows of permanent trees.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous with long, slender, curved branches, characteristic
on account of its numerous, slender twigs and general crab-like appearance.
Form upright becoming roundish or spreading. Twigs moderately long,
straight, slender; internodes short. Bark dark brown, mottled with heavy
scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels scattering, medium, oval to oblong, raised.
Buds deeply set, small, plump, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.

FRUvIT.

Fruit medium in size. Form roundish, somewhat inclined to conic. Stem
medium in length, rather slender. Cavity acute to nearly acuminate, moder-
ately wide, rather deep, faintly russeted. Calyx medium in size, closed or
nearly so; lobes moderately long, rather narrow. Basin medium to deep,
rather wide, abrupt, usually somewhat wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, rather glossy, thinly coated with grayish bloom;
color pale greenish or yellow overspread with bright red striped with purplish
red. Highly colored specimens are almost of a solid red color. Dots con-
spicuous, russet, or rather large, pale gray.

Calyx tube funnel-form with wide limb, sometimes broadly conical. Stamens
median.

Core small, axile, or nearly so; cells symmetrical, slightly open; core lines
clasping. Carpels smooth, roundish elliptical to slightly obovate, sometimes
emarginate. Secds medium to rather small, moderately long and wide, slightly
obtuse, dark brown.

Flesh tinged somewhat with yellow, firm, medium to rather fine-grained, not
very tender, not very juicy, briskly subacid, fair to good in quality.

Season in common storage October to January; in cold storage January to
April.

MONMOUTH.

REFERENCES. 1. Mag. Hort., 14:141. 1848. 2. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
3:74. 1851. col. pl. No. 57. 3. Barry, Horticulturist, 8:341. 1853. 4. Elliott,
1854:92. fig. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1854. 6. Downing, 1857:88. 7. Hooper,
1857:61. 8. Warder, 1867:577. fig. 9. Barry, 1883:349. 10. Thomas, 1885:
245. 11. Wickson, 1889:246. 12. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:204. 13.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:244. 14. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:49.

MONMOUTH

et ee

THE AppLes oF NEw York. 217

1903. 15. Budd-Hansen, 1903:131. fig. 16. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:133. 1904.

Synonyms. Monmoutu Prrrin (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, I1, 13). Mon-
mouth Pippin (16). Red Cheek (4, 8). Red Cheeked Pippin (10). Ked
Cheek Pippin (4, 7, II, 12, 15).

An apple of the Rhode Island Greening class, not equal to that
variety in quality but more attractive in color, being often dis-
tinctly blushed with a lively pinkish-red. As grown at this
Station ‘ts keeping quality varies much in different years. Some-
times it may be held in good condition through the winter or
into the spring, but more often its commercial limit in ordinary
storage hardly extends beyond November. When stored in good
condition its season in cold storage may extend till June (14, 16).
In ordinary storage the percentage of loss often becomes high
early in the winter, but sometimes not before March. It appears
to be much less subject to scald than Rhode Island Greening. It
it a good apple for the home orchard. It is not recommended
for general commercial planting, but probably in favorable
localities it would prove a profitable variety. The tree appears
to be hardy and long-lived. It comes into bearing moderately
young and is a reliable cropper, bearing good crops biennially
or almost annually, but under ordinary cultivation it is hardly
as vigorous as could be desired. The fruit of marketable grades
is smooth and attractive in appearance, but there may be a con-
siderable loss in low-grade fruit.

Historical. Monmouth is a native of Monmouth county, N. J. (4). It has
long been known in cultivation and is found in scattering localities from the

Middle West to the Atlantic, but in none of them is it grown extensively. It
is still offered by nurserymen (13) and is planted to a limited extent.

TREE.

Tree of medium size, moderately vigorous; branches short, stout, crooked.
Form roundish spreading, somewhat open. wigs short to medium, straight,
moderately stout or rather slender; internodes short to medium. Bark dark
reddish-brown mingled with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin,
heavily pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small to medium, oblong, slightly
raised. Buds small to medium, obtuse to acute, appressed, very deeply set in
the bark, somewhat pubescent.

FRUIT.
Fruit above medium to large. Form oblate to roundish, somewhat inclined

to conic, flattened at the base, somewhat irregular, often obscurely ribbed;
sides often unequal. Stem short to medium, rather thick. Cazity moderately

218 THe AppLes oF NEw YorK.

large, acute to sometimes acuminate, deep, rather broad, somewhat furrowed
or compressed, smooth or russeted, sometimes with outspreading russet rays.
Calyx large, leafy, pubescent, open or partly closed; lobes often reflexed and
separated at the base. Basin large, rather wide and deep, abrupt, often dis-
tinctly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thin, tough, smooth toward the base, the upper half often
roughened with russet dots or with capillary russet lines which become con-
centric toward the calyx, lively green marbled with yellow or becoming pale
yellow as the season advances faintly shaded with red or in highly colored
specimens blushed with lively pinkish-red. Dots variable, rather numerous,
usually greenish and areolar with brown russet point, often elongated about
the cavity.

Calyx tube large, wide, conical or urn-shape with fleshy pistil point pro-
jecting into the base. Stamens median to basal.

Core rather small, slightly abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells
usually symmetrical and closed; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping.
Carpels roundish or inclined to roundish obcordate, mucronate, slightly tufted.

Seeds few, long, somewhat acute, somewhat tufted.

Flesh decidedly tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, somewhat crisp,
tender, juicy, brisk subacid but becoming mild, aromatic, good to very good.

MOON.

REFERENCES. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1877:39. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:
244. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:133. 1904.

Fruit of good size, good quality and fairly attractive for a greenish-yellow
apple. In the South it ripens its fruit in succession through the summer but
as fruited at this Station it is in season from November to April or later. In
ordinary storage there is a pretty high percentage of loss in autumn with a
low rate of loss through midwinter. On the whole, as grown in this region
it appears to be unsatisfactory for handling in common storage, notwithstand-
ing the fact that a considerable portion of the fruit may be kept in good
condition till February or later. The tree is not a strong grower but it comes
into bearing young, is a reliable cropper and almost an annual bearer alternat-
ing light with heavier crops. It does not appear to excel standard sorts of its
season for any purpose and is not recommended for planting in New York.

Historical. Moon originated as a chance seedling on the farm of Mr. I. W.
Moon, Monroe, Walton county, Ga. It bore its first fruit in 1873 (1). It
appears to be practically unknown among New York fruit growers.

TREE.

Tree rather small with rather short, stout branches. Form roundish up-
right, open. Twigs below medium to short, somewhat curved, slender; inter-
nodes medium. Bark olive-green tinged with reddish-brown and streaked
with gray scarf-skin, slightly pubescent near the tips. Lenticels quite numer-
ous, medium to small, roundish, slightly raised. Buds medium to small, plump,
obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

THE AppLes oF NEW York. 219

FRUvIT.

Fruit above medium, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form rather oblate
not quite regular, being either somewhat elliptical or obscurely ribbed. Stem
short to medium, rather slender. Cavity acute varying to acuminate, moder-
ately deep to rather shallow, rather broad, nearly symmetrical, usually smooth,
sometimes partly russeted. Calyx small to medium, usually partly open; lobes
often slender and acuminate, reflexed. Basin obtuse to abrupt, shallow to
moderately deep, wide, obscurely furrowed or wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, waxy; the color is somewhat similar to that of a highly
colored Rhode Island Greening being green mingled with yellow often with a
shade of brownish-red deepening sometimes to a distinct red. Dots small,
inconspicuous, often pale and submerged, sometimes russet.

Calyx tube cone-shape or approaching funnel-form with wide limb. Stamens
median or below.

Core medium to rather small, axile or nearly so; cells usually fairly sym-
metrical, closed or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels much concave,
rather short, elliptical to obcordate, slightly emarginate, mucronate. Seeds
numerous, medium or above, wide, obtuse.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, crisp, moderately fine, rather tender, juicy,
slightly aromatic, mild subacid becoming sweet, good.

MOORE SWEET.

REFERENCES. 1. New England Farmer, 1829. (cited by 17). 2. Cole, 1849:
ii) 35 Emmons, Nat Hist: Ny Yo 3:0r. 185t 4: Elliott, 28542150) ~ 5;
Downing, 1857:218. 6. Hooper, 1857:61. 7. Warder, 1867:396. fig. 8. Fitz,
1872:175. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 10. Barry, 1883:349. 11.° Thomas,
1885:518. 12. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:245. 13. Burrill and McCluer, Jl. Sta.
Bul., 45:333. 1896. 14. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:49. 1903.
15. Budd-Hansen, 1903:132. 16. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:133.
W@Ovl, iG Iaveenm, WG Ss lee JEL I, IB, FOs202, WwEOS.

Synonyms. Black Sweet (7,17). Josie Moore (17). Kelley's Sweet (17).
Moore’s LATE SWeer (2, 3). Moore’s Late Sweet (17). Moore’s Shanty
(17). Moore’s Sweet (8, 10, 12). Moore’s Sweet (17). Moore’s SwWEETING
(1, 7, 11). Moore’s Sweeting (4, 17). Moor’s SwEeETING (6). Polhemus
(17). Pound Sweet (of some West 4 and 6, of some 17). Red Sweet Pippin
(5, 7, 10, 13, 17, of Indiana 4 and 6). Red Winter Sweet of some (17).
SWEET Pippin (4). Sweet Pippin (6, 17).

Fruit fairly uniform, of pretty good size and rather dull red
color; general appearance moderately attractive. In some por-
tions of the state it has been valued particularly because it is an
excellent keeper and acceptable in quality for culinary use. It
is in season from November to May or June. As grown at this
Station its commercial limit in ordinary storage is April (16).
The tree comes into bearing rather young. It is usually a good
cropper, producing rather heavy crops biennially, or in some
cases almost annually.

220 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Historical. Originated with J. B. Moore, Concord, Massachusetts. Cole
in 1849, speaks of it as a new variety (2) but it had been brought to notice
at least twenty years previously (1). It is not grown extensively in any
locality and is now seldom planted in this state but it is still occasionally
offered by nurserymen (12).

TREE.

Tree medium to large, moderately vigorous; branches short, stout, crooked.
Form open, upright, becoming roundish and somewhat spreading. Twigs
short, straight or somewhat geniculate, rather stout with large terminal buds;
internodes medium to short. Bark olive-green tinged with reddish-brown,
streaked with gray scarf-skin; pubescent near tips. Lenticels inconspicuous,
scattering, small, roundish. Buds prominent, large to below medium, broad,
plump, free, slightly pubescent.

FrulIt.

Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish, varying
from oblate to somewhat conic, sometimes regular and symmetrical but more
often somewhat elliptical or ribbed and with sides slightly unequal. Stem
short, usually not exserted. Cavity medium to rather large, acuminate, mod-
erately narrow to rather wide, deep, somewhat furrowed, usually russeted and
with outspreading russet rays. Calyx rather small, usually closed; lobes acute,
erect or somewhat reflexed. Basin rather small, abrupt, narrow to moderately
wide, medium in depth, slightly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin smooth or nearly so, rather pale in color being yellow or greenish
largely overspread with a red or pinkish-red blush and dulled by grayish scarf-
skin which often produces the effect of faint stripes over the base although
the red is not striped. Dots pale russet, scattering. Prevailing effect red.

Calyx tube rather small, conical to funnel-form. Stamens below median
to basal.

Core rather small, axile or nearly so; cells symmetrical, not uniform, closed
or sometimes open; core lines meeting or clasping. Carpels roundish to ellip-
tical, mucronate, emarginate, somewhat tufted. Seeds few, medium or above,
wide, obtuse, somewhat tufted.

Flesh tinged with yellow or green, moderately firm, moderately fine-grained,
tender, rather dry, sweet, good.

MOYER.

REFERENCES. 1. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:170. 1894. 2. Ragan, U.S. B. P. I.
Bul., 56:205. 1905.
Synonym. Moyer Prize (1). Moyer Prize (2).

A chance seedling received in 1894 from Moyer and Cook, Laketon, Indiana,
for testing at this Station. It is a rather large apple of the Yellow Bellflower
group, yellow often somewhat blushed with red, hardly equal to the Yellow
Bellflower in general appearance, but it appears to stand handling fully as well
if not better. The flesh is moderately coarse, crisp, very juicy, mildly subacid
eventually becoming sweet or nearly so, good to very good in flavor and
quality. As tested here it has come into bearing young and is productive.
It is not superior to other varieties of its season for either dessert or culinary
uses and the fact that it is a yellow apple makes it of doubtful value for the
commercial orchard.

MOORE SWEET

THE AppPLesS oF NEw York. 221

NELSON.

REFERENCES. I. Am. Jour. of Hort., 2:16. 1867. 2. Downing, 1872:284. 3.
Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1879. 4. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:590. 1804. 5.
Ib., 14:262. 1895. 6. Ib., 15:282. 1896. 7. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul
248 :133. 1904.

Synonym. NE son SWEET (3, 4, 6).

A good sweet apple of medium size, green with dull blush, in
season from February to June. Its commercial limit here in
common storage is April or May. The tree is a good grower
and a reliable cropper. It comes into bearing rather young and
is almost an annual bearer, yielding moderate to rather heavy
crops. It is a good variety for the home orchard where a very
late-keeping sweet apple is desired, but it is not considered
valuable commercially because it is sweet, not large and not

very attractive in appearance.

Historical. Nelson was first brought to notice in Illinois but its origin is
uncertain. It was first exhibited before the Illinois Horticultural Society at
its Champaign meeting, December, 1866 (1). Received in 1889 from Benjamin
Buckman, Farmingdale, Illinois, for testing here. It appears to be practically
unknown in New York.

TREE.

Tree vigorous to moderately vigorous. Form open, spreading and rather
flat. Twigs short to rather long, rather slender to stout with large terminal
buds, nearly straight but geniculate; internodes medium to rather long. Bark
clear reddish-brown tinged with olive-green, partly streaked with thin scarf-
skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, small to medium, round
or oval, usually not raised. Buds rather small to large, broad, plump, obtuse,
free, slightly pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit medium to above, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish to
roundish-ovate, sometimes inclined to oblong, pretty regular but sometimes
inclined to elliptical and often somewhat ribbed. Stem below medium to
above, rather slender, pubescent. Cavity rather small, usually narrow, moder-
ately deep, acuminate, partly russeted, sometimes lipped. Calyx rather small
to medium, usually closed, pubescent; lobes reflexed, long, acute. Basin
shallow to moderately deep, often narrow, obtuse to somewhat abrupt,
furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, dull green at first, but eventually
becoming more or less tinged with yellow, shaded with a brownish blush
which sometimes partly deepens to red. A suture line often extends from
the cavity to the basin. Dots numerous, often submerged and whitish, some-
times areolar with russet point; about the cavity they are larger, irregular and
often elongated. Prevailing effect green or yellowish.

222 Tue AppiLes oF NEw York.

Calyx tube large, narrow above, funnel-shape, sometimes approaching
cylindrical. Stamens median to nearly marginal.

Core medium or above, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines clasping
the funnel cylinder. Carpels elliptical to broadly obcordate, somewhat tufted.
Seeds often abortive, small to medium, plump, obtuse, moderately wide, rather
light reddish-brown. j

Flesh tinged with yellow or greenish, firm, moderately fine, not crisp but
somewhat tough, juicy, sweet to very sweet, with distinct flavor and good
quality.

NERO.

REFERENCES. I. JI]. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 23:79. 1889. 2. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:245. 3. Brown, Rural N. Y., 55:1. 1806. fig. 4. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul.,
169:187. 1899. 5. dm. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:19. 6. Blackwell, Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt., 1899:198. 7. Budd-Hansen, 1903:134. 8. Powell and Fulton, U. S.
B. Pid. Bul.” 48:50) 1903:

This is a variety of the Minkler group. It resembles Minkler in fruit and
in the nursery its trees appear to be almost identical with those of the Minkler.
The fruit is of good medium size, attractive red color, firm, has a tough skin,
handles well and keeps late, but it is inclined to scald considerably after mid-
winter unless highly colored (8). It has not yet been sufficiently tested here
to demonstrate whether it is a desirable variety for this region but the fact
that none of the group of apples to which Nero belongs has become a leading
commercial variety in this state indicates that probably it will not be found
well adapted to New York conditions.

Historical. Origin Princeton, New Jersey (7). It is regarded with favor
in Central New Jersey (6) and has been disseminated to a considerable extent
in regions farther west and south. As yet it is practically unknown in New
York.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium. Form roundish, a little inclined to conical, pretty
regular and symmetrical. Stem short to medium, moderately thick. Cavity
acute to somewhat acuminate, medium in depth to deep, medium in width to
rather broad, often russeted and with outspreading russet rays. Calyx
medium or above, usually closed; lobes pubescent, often erect or convergent,
usually not separated at the base. Basin obtuse to somewhat abrupt, shallow
to moderately deep, rather wide, sometimes gently furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, glossy, clear greenish-yellow mostly covered
with bright red marked with numerous narrow rather inconspicuous carmine
stripes. Dots mostly small, whitish or russet. Prevailing effect good bright
red.

Calyx tube short, conical or funnel-shape. Stamens below median to basal.

Core median or inclined to sessile, rather small, axile or nearly so; cells
symmetrical, closed; core lines meeting or clasping. Carpels roundish to
elliptical, smooth or nearly so, deeply emarginate. Seeds large, moderately
narrow, long, irregular, obtuse to acute.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately coarse, rather crisp, moderately tender,
moderately juicy, mild subacid mingled with sweet, slightly aromatic, good
to very good.

NELSON

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—

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ie

THe AppLes OF NEw York. 223

NEWARK PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:133. fig. 2. Buel, N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:
476. 3. Downing, 1845:121. 4. Thomas, 1849:183. 5. Elliott, 1854:149. 6.
fHooper, 1857:63. 7. Warder, 1867:690. fig. 8. Downing, 1869:285.

Synonyms. French Pippin (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, of East New Jersey 1). Yellow
Pippin (i, 3, 5, 8).

This is an apple of the Fall Pippin group, of good size, attractive yellow
color and excellent quality. It is easily known by the crooked, irregular
growth of the tree and the drooping habit of the branches (3). Coxe’s descrip-
tion of this variety (1) is here given.

“Called the French Pippin in East-Jersey; and in other places denominated
the yellow Pippin: this apple, on young trees, is sometimes large; it is usually
above the middling size; the form is oblong—full, even and fair, hollowed
at both ends—the skin has a greenish cast, turning yellow when fully ripe,
with clouds of small black dots—the flesh is firm, very rich, juicy, and highly
flavored; in taste and color like the yellow flesh of a pear: it is the finest
early winter apple of the Middle States, and continues in full perfection until
the maturity of the Newtown Pippin; it is also a much admired cider apple,
and an abundant bearer, but apt to drop early in the autumn: the tree is of
an irregular growth, the branches crooked and drooping, requiring great at-
tention to pruning, which, when properly done, may be made conducive to
the improvement of the natural growth—its excellence will remunerate any
expense in rearing the tree, in the best form to promote its growth.”

Historical. Newark Pippin is an old variety which appears to have been
well known in portions of New Jersey a century ago (1). It was being cul-
tivated by some fruit growers in New York early in the last century and was
highly esteemed for table use and for cider (2). Downing calls it unprofit-
able (8). Notwithstanding the excellence of its fruit it appears to have
become nearly obsolete in this state.

Fruit.

Fruit above medium to rather large, pretty uniform in shape and size.
Form roundish oblong to oblong, often somewhat elliptical or obscurely
angular. Stem rather long, moderately slender. Cavity acute to acuminate,
rather wide, deep, sometimes faintly russeted. Calya large, open or sometimes
closed. Basin large, wide, abrupt, deep, somewhat furrowed.

Skin smooth or slightly roughened with capillary russet lines, slightly
waxy, moderately thin, tough, greenish, eventually developing a rich yel-
low tone. Dots numerous, varving from minute to rather large, rather
conspicuous. Prevailing effect yellow.

Calyx tube large, wide, cone-shape or approaching funnel-form. Stamens
median to basal.

Core large, abaxile to nearly axile; cells pretty symmetrical, open or closed;
core lines clasping. Carpels broadly roundish to oval, mucronate, tufted.
Seeds numerous, short, wide, medium or below, plump, rather light brown.

Flesh rather deeply tinged with yellow, tender, rather fine-grained, breaking,
rich, juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly, very good to best for either dessert
or culinary use.

224 THE AppLes OF NEW YorK.

NEWMAN.

REFERENCES. 1. Churchill, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 9:346. 1890. 2. Beach, Jb.,
15:274. 1806. 3. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B- Poo Bal, 48:50.) s00350N4-
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:134. 1904.

SynonyM. NEWMAN SEEDLING (1, 2).

Newman is a fruit of the Yellow Bellflower group. When it is
well grown and properly colored it is rather attractive for a green
or yellow apple. It is somewhat deficient in size for a good
market apple and does not excel in quality, but late in the season
is acceptable for dessert and very good for culinary uses. It is
a good keeper and may perhaps be grown with profit to a limited
extent but is not recommended for general planting in New
York. The tree is a fairly good grower, comes into bearing
young and is a reliable cropper, bearing full crops biennially. The
fruit hangs well to the tree.

Historical. Received from George Townsend, Gordon, Ohio, in 1890, for
testing at this Station. It is as yet practically unknown in New York.

TREE.

Tree rather vigorous with very long, moderately stout, curved branches.
Form upright becoming spreading and rather flat, open. Twigs short to rather
long, curved, crooked, stout, with thick tips and large terminal buds; inter-
nodes short to rather long. Bark blackish-brown tinged with red and mingled
with olive-green, slightly streaked with scarf-skin, heavily pubescent. Lenti-
cels very conspicuous, quite numerous, medium to large, roundish to oval,
raised. Buds prominent, large to rather small, broad, plump, obtuse to acute,
free, pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit below medium to rather large. Form oblong inclined to conic, some-
times oblique, often faintly ribbed; sides unequal; pretty uniform in size and
shape. Stem short to medium, rather slender. Cavity moderately shallow to
deep, narrow to medium in width, symmetrical or sometimes compressed or
slightly furrowed, russeted, occasionally with outspreading rays of russet,
rarely lipped. Calyx medium, closed or somewhat open. Basin small, some-
what abrupt, shallow to medium in depth, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin green changing to clear yellow with a faint shade of red or in highly
colored specimens distinctly blushed with light red. Dots small to medium,
green or dark, scattering, often areolar or red areolar.

Calyx tube short and conical varying to funnel-form. Stamens median or
above.

Core large, abaxile; cells open or partly closed; core lines meeting or some-
what clasping. Carpels rather long, roundish, emarginate, slightly tufted.
Seeds medium, acute, slightly tufted.

NEWMAN

THE AppLes oF NEw York. 225

Flesh whitish, very firm, moderately fine-grained, rather tender, crisp, mod-
erately juicy, subacid becoming nearly sweet, slightly aromatic, fair to good.
Season December to May or June.

NEWTOWN SPITZENBURG.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:126. 2. Thacher, 1822:137. 3. Buel, N. Y. Bd.
Agr. Mem., 1826:476. 4. Lindley, Pom. Mag., 3: No. 144. 1830. col. pl. 5.
Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:36. 6. Ronalds, 1831:19. 7. Floy-Lindley, 1833:
40. 8. Manning, 1838:58. 9. Downing, 1845:139. 10. Downing, Horticulturist,
1:341. 1847. 11. Thomas, 1849:173. 12. Cole, 1849:125. 13. Hovey, Mag.
IEA, WRIEGO isrKO), TH, sil Idiwaranvoyatsy, INH, JalaGis TG Wo, 2\87/3, SS, Gol, voll
ie. DE, Mo, S03. iwshr, wo, Zips IPO. Soe Con, wee, iGo Ibllioty, ater
94. fig. 18. Hooper, 1857:65. 19. Warder, 1867:445. 20. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat, 187138. 21. Fitz, 18722121, 149, 153. 22. Downing, 1872:285. 23. Barry,
1883:350. 24. Hogg, 1884:156. 25. Wickson, 1889:246. 26. Lyon, Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 27. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:245. 28. Powell and
Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:50. 1903. 29. Budd-Hansen, 1903:134. fig. 30.
Bruner, \, (¢. Sta. Bul; 182:21. 1903: 312 Beach and Clark; N. ¥ Sta: Bul.
248:134. 1904.

SynonyMS. Barretts Spitzenburgh (22). Burlington (22). Burlington
Spitzemberg (1). Burlington Spitzsenberg (0, 17, 24). English Spitzemberg
(1). English Spitzenberg (3, 24). Flushing (18) but incorrectly. Joe Berry
(17, 19, 22). Kountz (17, 22). Matchless (4, 7, 9, 17, 22, 24). NEWTON
SPITZEMBERG (1). NEwtTon SPpITSZENBURGH (2). NEWTOWN SPITZEMBERG
(7). Newtown SPpITzENBERG (3, 4, I2, 17, 19, 20, 24). NEwrTowNn SPITZEN-
BERGH (10). NEWTOWN SPITZENBURGH (15, 22, 23). Newtown Spitzenburgh
(25). Ox Eve (17, 19, 22). Spiced Ox Eye (22). SpitzENBERGc, NEWTOWN
(9). SpirzENBURGH, NEwTown (11). Spitzenburgh (22). Staalclubs (13)
but erroneously. VANDEVERE (13, 21, 25). Vandevere of New York (20, 22,
23, 26). WANDERVERE (14, 16). Vandervere of New York (19). Wine
(erroneously, 22).

This is the old Vandevere of New York, but it is not the true
Vandevere. It is quite different also from the Esopus Spitzenburg
which is commonly known among New York fruit growers by the
simple name of Spitzenburg. The Newtown Spitzenburg is not a
good commercial sort because it is an unreliable cropper, has too
large a percentage of fruit of unmarketable size, and is not especially
attractive in general appearance on account of its rather dull color.
It is crisp, aromatic, rich, and mildly subacid mingled with sweet.
Downing remarks that it is a most excellent fruit, suited to more
tastes than any other apple of its season (22).

Historical. This variety originated in Newtown, Long Island. It was at
one time quite popular in some sections of this state, particularly in the dis-
tricts along the Hudson, but is now seldom planted and is gradually going
out of cultivation.

226 THe AppLes OF NEw York.

TREE.

Tree medium to large, vigorous or moderately vigorous with long, moder-
ately stout, curved branches. Form spreading or roundish, rather dense.

wigs moderately long to short, straight, rather erect, geniculate, slender to
moderately stout; internodes medium to long. Bark dull brown, rather heavily
streaked with scarf-skin, pubescent in spots. Lenticels rather inconspicuous,
quite numerous, small to medium, oblong or roundish, slightly raised. Buds
medium to small, wide, plump, obtuse, free, with little pubescence or none.

Fruit.

Fruit about medium size. Form roundish approaching cylindrical or some-
what oblate; pretty regular and uniform in shape and size. Stem very short
to rather long, rather slender, pubescent. Cavity acute, deep, broad, indis-
tinctly furrowed, sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed, sometimes partly
open; lobes broad, obtuse. Basin small to medium, wide to rather narrow,
shallow and obtuse to rather deep and abrupt, slightly furrowed.

Skin smooth, tough, eventually becoming deep yellow blushed and mottled
with dull red striped with carmine, streaked with grayish scarf-skin and often
overspread with a light bloom giving it a peculiarly bluish cast. Dots char-
acteristic, conspicuous, very numerous, yellowish or peculiarly gray; often
with russet center, small, very numerous and crowded about the basin but less
numerous, larger and irregular toward the cavity.

Calyx tube cone-shape or approaching funnel-form with short, truncate
cylinder. Stamens median.

Core above medium to rather small, more or less abaxile; cells usually
pretty symmetrical and partly open, sometimes closed; core lines meeting
or somewhat clasping. Carpels smooth or nearly so, approaching elliptical,
often nearly truncate at the base and narrowing somewhat toward the apex.
Seeds numerous, below medium to rather large, rather narrow, plump, acute.

Flesh yellowish, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid mingled
with sweet, rich, aromatic, very good to best in flavor and quality.

Season in Southeastern New York late fall or early winter; in Western
New York it is easily kept till February or March in ordinary storage and
often some portion of the fruit remains in fairly good condition till the close
of April (31),

NEW WATER.

REFERENCES. I. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:50. 1903. 2.
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:134. 1904. 3. Ragan, O)Seenee
Bul., 56:211. 1905.

A large winter apple, striped red, moderately attractive, of mild flavor and
good quality. It is more suitable for dessert than for any other use. As
grown in this locality it comes into bearing moderately young and is a reliable
cropper yielding full crops biennially with occasional lighter crops in alternate
years. It does not appear to be superior to standard varieties of its season
either for home use or for market and for this reason it is not recommended
for planting in New York.

Historical. Received from Josiah G. Youngken, Richlandtown, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1893 for testing at this Station.

NEWTOWN SPITZENBERG

a
.

Tue Appies or New York. 227

FRuIT.

Fruit large or above medium. Form flat at base, oblate, narrowing and
often somewhat ribbed toward the basin, often oblique. Stem short. Cavity
large, acute, deep to very deep, broad, occasionally lipped, sometimes russeted.
Calyx large to medium, usually open, sometimes closed; lobes leafy, broad,
long, acute. Basin usually rather large, sometimes oblique, moderately deep,
varying from narrow or compressed to moderately wide, abrupt, often some-
what furrowed and irregular.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, rather glossy, yellow or greenish blushed with
orange-red and mottled and striped with pinkish-red over a large part of the
surface. Dots inconspicuous, medium to small, pale gray or russet. Pre-
vatling effect striped red.

Calyx tube remarkably large, varying from conical to long funnel-form and
extending to the core. Stamens basal or nearly so.

Core very small to nearly medium, varying from axile to somewhat abaxile;
cells sometimes unsymmetrical and open but usually closed; core lines meet-
ing when the calyx tube is conical but clasping if it is funnel-form. Carpels
roundish, slightly emarginate. Seeds few, dark, medium in size, wide, some-
times slightly tufted.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine-grained, crisp, tender,
juicy or very juicy, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, aromatic, good.

Season October to February or March; commercial limit January.

NICKA JACK.

REFERENCES. I. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 19:565. 1853. 2. Stanford, Horticul-
turist, 11:255. 1856. fig. 3. Downing, 1857:175. fig. 4. Hooper, 1857:65. 5.
Downing, Horticulturist, 16:40. 1861. fig. 6. Warder, 1867:445. fig. 7. Down-
ing, 1869:286. fig. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871:8. g. Fitz, 1872:143, 156,
166, 172. 10. Leroy, 1873:488. fig. 11. Barry, 1883:351.. 12. Thomas, 1885:
237. 13. Wickson, 1889:248. 14. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 15.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:245. 16. Budd-Hansen, 1903:136. fig.

Synonyms. Aberdeen (5,7). Accidental (5,7). Alleghany (5,7). Berry
(5, 7, 10, 12). Big Hill (5, 6, 7). Carolina (5, 6, 10). Carolina Spice (s,
7, 10, 12). Caroline (7). Chatham Pippin (7). Chaltram Pippin (5, 7).
Cheatan Pippin (5, 7). Cheataw (7). Dahlonega (5). Edwards (12).
Edward Shantee (7). Forsythe’s Seedling (7). Gowden (7). Gowdie (5).
Graham’s Red Warrior (7). Howard (5, 7). Hubbard (5, 7, 10). Jackson
Red (5, 6, 7). Leanham (7). Missouri Pippin (7). Missouri Red (7).
Mobbs (5, 7). Nickryack (1). North Carolina (13). Pound (5, 7). Red
Hazel (7, 12). Red Pippin (5,7). Red Warrior (5,7). Rickmans Red (5).
Ruckman (5). Ruckmans Red (7). SUMMEROUR (1). Summerour (3, 5,
6, 7, 12). Treanham (5). Trenham (7). Walb (7). Wall (5, 7, 10).
Wander (7). Winter Horse (7). Winter Rose (5, 7, 11). Wonder (3, 5).
Worlds Wonder (7).

This variety has long been known in various portions of the South and
Southwest. Its popularity in those regions is attested by its host of synonyms.
It is said to have the habit of reproducing itself so nearly from seed that its

seedlings in some cases can hardly be distinguished from the parent (7). In
VoL. I— 10

228 Tue Appies oF New York.

localities favorable to its proper development the tree is a strong grower and
very productive and the fruit is large and sometimes well colored and showy
but usually it is rather dull colored and not very attractive. It ranks only
second rate in quality but it is a remarkably good keeper. It is evidently
not well adapted for regions as far north as this. It has failed to gain favor-
able recognition among New York fruit growers and has been planted but
sparingly in this state.

Historical. This variety is supposed to have originated near a stream of
the same name in Macon county, N. C.,1 among the Cherokee Indians (1, 2,
3, 6, 7). The time of its origin is not definitely known but the fact that in
1861 it is referred to as an old variety cultivated in at least three states and
having over twenty synonyms (5) indicates that it has probably been under
cultivation for a century or more. Colonel Summerour of Lincoln county,
N. C., early disseminated this variety under the name of Winter Rose (7),
but Silas McDowell of Franklin, N. C., at about the middle of the last century
brought it to notice under the name Nickajack (2), which has now become the
generally accepted name for the variety.

TREE.

Tree large, very vigorous. Form upright, moderately spreading. Twigs
rather short, slender to rather stout, nearly straight, heavily pubescent; inter-
nodes medium to long. Bark smooth, of a rather clear dark red with some
olive-green. Lenticels moderately conspicuous, quite narrow, small, raised.
Buds small, rather projecting, sharply acute, appressed, moderately pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit above medium to large, rather uniform in size and shape. Form
inclined to roundish conic varying sometimes to roundish oblate or rarely to
roundish oblong; sides usually somewhat unequal; axis often slightly oblique.
Stem usually short and thick. Cavity acuminate to acute, deep, rather broad,
obscurely furrowed and partly covered with thin greenish-russet. Calyx
rather large to below medium, closed or somewhat open; lobes short to
medium in length, rather broad, acute. Basin often oblique, rather shallow,
medium in width to wide, obtuse to somewhat abrupt, obscurely furrowed
and slightly wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, rather smooth, sometimes a little glossy, yellow or
greenish, mottled and shaded with orange-red or red, irregularly splashed and
streaked with bright carmine and somewhat flecked with russet. It is usually
streaked over the base with grayish scarf-skin and overspread with thin
bloom, giving it a rather dull appearance. Dots numerous, usually irregular
in shape and of variable size, very conspicuous, pale or russet. Prevailing
effect grayish-red.

Calyx tube rather large, wide, varying from short and urn-shape or cone-
shape to very long, approaching funnel-form. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium or above, axile; cells closed or partly open; core lines clasp-
ing. Carpels rather concave, broadly ovate approaching roundish, tufted.
Seeds below medium to above, light to dark brown, rather short and wide,
plump, acute to somewhat obtuse, tufted.

‘Warder gives it erroneously as Macon county, Ga.

NICKAJACK

Tue AppLes OF NEw York. 229

Flesh yellowish, very firm, somewhat coarse, rather crisp, moderately tender,
juicy, mildly subacid becoming nearly sweet, slightly aromatic. It ranks good
but not high in flaver and quality.

Season December to May.

NORTHERN SPY.

REFERENCES. 1. Mag. Hort., 10:275. 1844. 2. Albany Cultivator, 2:41, 56.
1845. 3. Genesee Farmer, 1845. (cited by 6). 4. Downing, 1845:120. 5.
Horticulturist, 1:30, 144. 1846. 6. /b., 1:386, 482. 1847. 7. Hovey and Watts,
Mag. Hort., 13:72, 104, 538. 1847. fig. 8. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 14:530. 1848.
g. Thomas, 1849:169, 174. fig. 10. Cole, 1849:134. fig. 11. Allen, Horticul-
turist, 6:351. 1851. 12. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:70. 1851. col. pl. No. 23.
13. Hovey, 1:19. 1851. col. pl. and fig. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 15.
Mag. Hort., 19:68. 1853. 16. Elliott, 1854:904. fig. 17. Smith, Horticulturist,
11:242. 1856. 18. Hooper, 1857:66. 19. Hoffy, N. A. Pom., 1860. col. pl. 20.
Hovey, Mag. Hort., 29:459. 1863. 21. Warder, 1867:541. fig. 22. Downing,
1869:2890. fig. 23. Fitz, 1872:166. 24. Leroy, 1873:501. fig. 25. Barry, 1883:
351. 26. Hogg, 1884:161. 27. Wickson, 1889:248. 28. Lyon, Mich. Hort.
Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 29. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:245. 30. Taylor, dm. Pom.
Soc. Rpt., 1895:192. 31. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 3:15. 1806.
figs. 32. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:21. 1903. figs. 33. Budd-Hansen, 1903:
137. fig. 34- Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:51. 1903. 35- Beach
and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:134. 1904.

Synonyms. Northern Spy (31). Spy (31). Spy (1, 19).

Northern Spy is often known among fruit growers and fruit
buyers by the simple name of Spy. It ranks third in commercial
importance among New York apples, being surpassed in this respect
by Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening. When it is well grown it
is superior to either of these in flavor and quality and easily ranks
among the very best winter apples of New York. The fruit is large
and attractive, being of a bright red color, overspread with a delicate
bloom. The flesh is very juicy, crisp, tender and most excellent
for either dessert or culinary uses. It is not a good variety for
evaporating because it is too juicy and tender. It is well adapted
for either local, general or fancy trade. It has a well-established
reputation in market, and because of its size, beauty, fine flavor and
high quality it often sells at more than average prices. It is ready
for use in November and December, and retains its crispness and
high flavor remarkably well until the close of the season (35). Its
thin skin and juicy, tender flesh render careful handling absolutely
necessary, otherwise there is much shrinkage in storage (35). It is
particularly susceptible to attack from blue mold (Penicillium glau-

230 Tue AppLes oF NEw York.

cum Link) in storage, especially if bruised or delayed in
reaching storage. If well colored, picked, packed and handled with
great care and stored soon after picking, it may be carried in storage
as long as most winter varieties (34). Its keeping quality varies
considerably in different seasons and in different locations. In
ordinary cellar storage its season sometimes closes in February, but
more often extends to March or April, and if the temperature is
very carefully regulated it may sometimes be held till May. It
stands heat fairly well, but after being picked it should go into
storage as soon as possible. Poorly colored fruit of this variety is
not good in flavor and does not keep as well as well-ripened and
highly colored fruit. In some localities it appears to require from
two to three weeks longer than Rhode Island Greening to ripen
properly.

Both the foliage and fruit of Northern Spy are noticeably suscep-
tible to injury by the scab and thorough treatment is required to
prevent loss from this disease. It comes into bloom remarkably late.
On this account its blossoms sometimes escape destruction by late
frosts when earlier-blooming varieties are much injured. Often it
produces many small apples which are seedless or nearly so. This
indicates an improper fertilization of the blossoms. It remains to be
demonstrated whether or not this fault may be remedied by planting
near the Northern Spy some other late-blooming variety bearing an
abundance of fertile pollen.

Northern Spy is not as well adapted for general cultivation as is
either Baldwin or Rhode Island Greening because it is more or less
variable in season and quality, and in some sections is an unreliable
cropper. Usually it is rather slow in coming into bearing, although
under favorable conditions it has been known to yield profitable
crops within seven years from the time of planting. The young
trees increase in productiveness as they advance in maturity. In
favorable locations, under good care, they usually become reliable
croppers yielding from moderate to heavy crops biennially, or in
some cases almost annually. This variety succeeds better in the
cooler regions of the interior of the state than it does on the warm

slopes south of the Fishkill mountains and on the coastal plain. It

NORTHERN SPY

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THE APPLES OF NEW York. 231

generally does well on the hills and well-drained slopes in the more
elevated regions from Chautauqua lake eastward to the Catskills,
along the Champlain valley and in the uplands east of the Hudson
as far south as the Fishkill mountains. In some portions of the
regions just named it has become the leading variety in commercial
orchards, but its cultivation is by no means confined to these regions,
for it is grown quite extensively in many other localities and is gen-
erally well known throughout the state. Experienced fruit growers
frequently express a preference for warm, fertile soil, either gravelly
loam or clay loam, with well-drained subsoil, upon which to plant
Northern Spy, although in some few districts there is a decided
preference for rather heavy clay loam. In the territory best adapted
to its cultivation it is grown satisfactorily upon different slopes and
different soils. When grown in sod the trees may be less productive,
but the fruit doubtless colors better and keeps better than when the
orchard is given frequent and thorough tillage during the growing
season.

The tree is very hardy and healthy, develops a strong root system
both in the nursery and in the orchard, and has an upright, free-
growing habit. For these reasons it is much in favor as a stock
upon which to top-work varieties that are less vigorous, less hardy
or less healthy. The top tends to become dense and must be pruned
regularly and thoroughly to keep it sufficiently open to admit light
and air to the foliage in all parts of the tree; otherwise, especially
on the older trees, much of the fruit is apt to be poorly matured
and poorly colored. Pruning for this purpose should be done by
removing the laterals and limbs that cross, being careful to leave
the smaller twigs and spurs, as these are the ones upon which the
most of the fruit is borne.

The head of the young orchard tree should be formed with great
care. In the words of one of our correspondents,! the wood of this
variety is very straight-grained and the tree is liable to split when
heavily loaded. To guard against this, when the head of the small
tree is formed no two limbs should be left cpposite or nearly opposite

each other, but the three or four branches which are selected for
1E, W. Lamont, Cobleskill, N. Y.

232 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

forming the head of the tree should be distributed along the main
stem at some little distance apart. This distributes the load upon
the trunk and gives more spring to the body of the tree, thus tending
to prevent its splitting with heavy loads. Standard orchard trees of
Northern Spy should stand forty to fifty feet apart in order to pre-

vent their becoming too much crowded when fully matured.

Historical. Originated in a seedling orchard at East Bloomfield, N. Y.,
which is famous for the production of this variety, the Early Joe and the
Melon. This orchard was planted by Heman Chapin with seedling trees
grown from seeds brought from Salisbury, Connecticut, about the year 1800
(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 18). Sprouts from the original tree were taken up and planted
by Roswell Humphrey and by him the first fruit of the Northern Spy was
raised as the original tree died before bearing. In 1847 nine of the trees
set out by Humphrey were still living (6). The variety was confined to the
vicinity of its origin for many years and it was not till about 1840 that it
began to attract the attention of fruit growers in other localities (6, 12). Its
great value then came to be more widely recognized and in 1852 the American
Pomological Society not only listed it as a new variety of promise but also as
a variety worthy of general cultivation. Since that time it has become ex-
tensively planted not only in New York but in various other portions of the
more northern apple-growing regions.

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous; branches long, moderately stout, curved. Form up-
right, dense, becoming roundish with willowy, slender laterals somewhat in-
clined to droop. Twigs long to medium in length, erect, straight or some-
what creoked, slender to moderately stout; internodes long to rather short.
Bark dull, dark brownish-red mingled with olive-green lightly streaked with
thick scarf-skin; heavily pubescent. Lenticels numerous, conspicuous, small,
roundish or oblong, slightly raised. Buds deeply set in bark, medium to small,
broad, plump, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.

FRuITt.

Frit except when it is seedless is usually large or very large. Form round-
ish conical, sometimes inclined to oblong, often noticeably flattened at the
base, nearly symmetrical, sometimes regular but often noticeably ribbed. Stem
medium to long, moderately thick. Cavity large, acute, very wide and deep,
often broadly furrowed, usually with greenish-russet radiating upwards to the
brim. Calyx usually small, closed, sometimes partly open; lobes short, broad,
obtuse. Basin small to medium, narrow to medium in width, moderately deep,
abrupt, usually somewhat furrowed.

Skin thin, tender and smooth. In highly colored specimens it is glossy and
the clear pale yellow ground color is nearly concealed with bright pinkish-red
mottled and splashed with carmine and overspread with a thin delicate bloom.
Dots medium to small, not conspicuous, scattering, whitish, gray or russet.
Prevailing effect bright red or striped red. Rarely the yellow or green color
predominates. In such cases the quality of the fruit is low.

EEE

NORTHERN SPY

1,

THE APppLes OF NEW York. 233

Calyx tube sometimes large, long, cone-shape but more often narrow and
somewhat funnel-form with very narrow cylinder. Stamens basal or nearly
so.

Core usually large, sometimes medium, abaxile; cells pretty symmetrical,
open or nearly closed, often not uniformly developed; core lines clasping the
funnel cylinder. Carpels much concave, broadly roundish, emarginate, slightly
tufted. Seeds small to medium, wide, often abortive and few but sometimes
numerous, plump, obtuse, dark, somewhat tufted.

Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately fine-grained, very tender, crisp,
very juicy, sprightly, aromatic, subacid, very good to best.

NORTHWESTERN GRELENING.

REFERENCES. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:27. 2. Rural N. Y., 44:150.
1885. figs. 3. Van Deman, U.S. Pom. Rpt., 1886:271. 4. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:245. 5. Shepherd, Can. Hort., 16:205. 1893. 6. Ib., 17:84. 1894. figs.
Tepeach, Ne VY. Sta. Ana kpt. 14:254. 1895. 8: Hansen, Ss Oe Sta, Bal
76:77. 1902. fig. 9. Munson, Me. Sta. An. Rpt., 18:84, 90. 1902. 10. Thomas,
1903 :343. 11. Budd-Hansen, 1903:138. fig. 12. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt.,
1903:95. 13. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:51. 1903. 14. Beach
and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:135. 1904.

Synonyms. NortH WEstT GREENING (5, 6). NORTHWESTERN GREENING (1,
BR, a, Fo &, O, UO, 12, 1133),

Attractive in color for a green or yellowish apple but apt to be variable in
size and not uniform in shape. It is hardier than Rhode Island Greening and
on that account some consider it worthy of cultivation in districts where the
climate is too severe for the Rhode Island Greening. The fruit has a serious
fault in that the flesh within the core lines is apt to be corky and discolored.
It cooks evenly and quickly and when cooked has a fine yellow color but is not
of high flavor or quality being much inferior in this respect to Rhode Island
Greening. As a dessert apple it ranks fair to good in quality. At this
Station it has not been a satisfactory keeper in common storage, the rate of
loss being high in November and sometimes in December, moderate through
the winter and gradually rising to high or very high in the closing weeks of
its season. A large part of the fruit does not reach prime condition before
January, a considerable portion of it remains sound at the close of the winter
and some of it may keep till June. The tree is hardy, vigorous, a fine erect
grower in the nursery, and a good strong grower in the orchard. It does
not come into bearing very early but eventually becomes productive and is
a reliable biennial cropper.

Historical. Originated in Waupaca county, Wisconsin. Introduced in 1872
by E. W. Daniels (1, 11). It has been pretty widely disseminated throughout
the northern portions of the apple belt where very hardy trees are desired
(1, 4, 5, 8, 11). It has as yet been planted but very little in New York.

TREE.

Tree vigorous with moderately long, stout, crooked branches. Form up-
right becoming quite roundish or spreading, inclined to droop, dense. Twigs
moderately long, curved, stout with large terminal buds; internodes medium

234 THE Apples OF NEW York.

to long. Bark clear reddish-brown, lightly mottled with scarf-skin, lightly
pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, medium to large, oval or elongated,
raised, very conspicuous, pale and contrasting clearly with the bright smooth
bark. Buds large, broad, plump, obtuse, free, projecting, slightly pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit medium to large or very large, variable in size and form. Form com-
monly roundish but varying to oblong or to oblate and often inclined to conic,
more or less irregular, sometimes elliptical, sometimes ribbed. Stem medium
to short. Cavity rather small to large, acute to acuminate, moderately narrow
to wide, deep, often compressed or lipped, often with outspreading russet.
Calyx variable, small to large, closed or open. Basin small to large, narrow
to wide, usually abrupt, moderately deep, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, somewhat waxy, clear pale yellow or greenish, sometimes
faintly blushed. Dots varying from small to large and irregular, usually
whitish and submerged, sometimes gray with russet point. Prevailing effect
clear yellow or greenish.

Calyx tube moderately wide, conical or approaching urn-shape. Stamens
median.

Core medium or above, usually axile or nearly so; cells usually symmetrical,
closed or sometimes open; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels
broadly roundish, truncate at base, narrowing toward the apex, mucronate,
but slightly emarginate if at all. Seeds very small, variable in shape; often
some are abortive.

Flesh tinged with yellow, medium in texture, crispness and firmness, juicy,
with slight aroma, mild subacid, fair to good.

OAKLAND.

REFERENCES. 1. Garfield, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1883:120. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat., 1883:12. 3. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 4. Thomas, 1897:
647. 5. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:45. 1903. 6. Powell and Fulton, U. S.
B. P. I. Bul., 48:51. 1903. 7. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:135. 1904.

SynonyM. OAKLAND County SEEK-No-FuRTHER (1). Oakland County
Seek-No-Further (2, 4, 6, 7).

A mildly sweet apple of good medium size, attractive dark red color, pleasant
flavor and good quality. In common storage it is in season from late Novem-
ber to midwinter or later; in cold storage it may be held till April (7). The
tree is a rather slow grower. As fruited at this Station it comes into bearing
rather young and is a reliable cropper, giving full crops biennially. Probably
it would be an advantage to top-work this variety on some more vigorous
stock.

Historical. This for many years has been a popular variety in Oakland
county, Michigan, where it probably originated. In 1883 it was brought to
the notice of the American Pomological Society by Charles W. Garfield (1)
and was entered upon the list of that Society’s Catalogue as a promising
variety in Michigan (2). It was dropped from the list when the Catalogue
was, revised in 1897. In 1903 Farrand (5) stated that in some portions of
Michigan it is quite largely planted for commercial purposes. It is practically
unknown in New York.

NORTHWESTERN Greening

OAKLAND (Reduced Size)

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THE AppLes OF NEw York. 235

TREE.

Tree a slow grower with moderately long and stout branches. Form open,
spreading, becoming rather flat-topped. Twigs short, straight, stout; inter-
nodes short. Bark clear brown tinged with olive-green, lightly streaked with
scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, very small, oval, not
raised. Buds small, plump, obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium to large, pretty uniform in size. Form roundish,
usually somewhat oblate, sometimes inclined to conic, fairly symmetrical,
irregular, often obscurely angular or ribbed. Stem rather slender. Cavity
acuminate, moderately wide, moderately deep to deep, angular, sometimes
lipped, often partly russeted and with some outspreading russet. Calyx pubes-
cent, rather small, closed. Basin shallow to moderately deep, sometimes
abrupt, compressed or furrowed.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, pale green or yellow blushed and mottled with
dark red, striped with carmine and overspread with thin bloom; highly colored
specimens become deep red and almost purplish. Dots medium in size, light,
sometimes mingled with flecks of russet. Prevailing color dark red dulled
by bluish bloom.

Calyx tube rather small, narrow, funnel-form. Stamens median to basal.

Core below medium, somewhat abaxile with hollow cylinder at the axis;
cells usually symmetrical, partly open or closed; core lines clasping. Carpels
smooth, distinctly concave, elliptical, obtusely emarginate, mucronate. Seeds
numerous, variable, small to medium, obtuse.

Flesh white, very tender, fine-grained, juicy, sweet, crisp, good.

OCCIDENT.

REFERENCES. 1. Goff, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 2:35. 1883. 2. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:245. 3. Beach, W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1896:52. 4. Beach and Clark,
NY er SOs Dl 2A 8) sno Ce OOA:

This fruit is of the Yellow Bellflower type, attractive bright yellow, excel-
lent in quality and a remarkably good keeper. The tree is a little slow in
coming into bearing but it is a strong grower, a reliable cropper and very pro-
ductive. The fruit hangs well to the tree. As grown here it is not large. It
sometimes averages above medium and sometimes below medium size. Usually
it is pretty uniform for the crop both in size and shape. Apparently it would
be a desirable variety for commercial planting in New York were it not some-
what deficient in size.

Historical. Originated by L. J. Fish, Martinez, California. Said to be a
seedling of Yellow Bellflower. Scions of it were received in 1883 from EIl-
wanger and Barry for testing at this Station. It was being then regarded as
one of the promising new varieties.

Fruit.

Frutt above medium to below medium. Form roundish oblate to roundish
conic, often faintly ribbed. Stem long, stout. Cavity rather large, acuminate
to acute, deep and moderately broad, sometimes russeted. Calyx closed or

230 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

somewhat open; lobes long, acuminate, reflexed. Basin small to medium,
shallow, medium in width to narrow, often abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, clear yellow often with a shade of brownish-red, sometimes
blushed with bright red. Dots numerous, light or russet.

Calyx tube rather narrow, funnel-form. Stamens median to basal.

Core large, usually abaxile; cells usually wide open as in Yellow Bellflower ;
core lines clasp the funnel cylinder. Carpels large, broadly roundish, tufted,
slightly emarginate. Seeds long, acute, tufted.

Flesh whitish or slightly tinged with yellow, firm, fine-grained, rather tender,
crisp, juicy, sprightly, rich subacid, very good.

Season January to May; usual commercial limit in cellar storage, March or
April (4).

OEL, AUSTIN:

REFERENCES. I. Heiges, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1894:21. 2. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt.,
15:688. 1896.
SYyNoNYMS. OEL (1). Austin.

An attractive apple of the Blue Pearmain group, of fairly good
quality. It varies in size from small to above medium. It is in
season from November to March or April. It is said to be very
hardy in St. Lawrence county and a good thrifty grower, and it
may prove desirable for the home orchard in those sections of the

state where superior hardiness is a prime requisite.

Historical. Received here from A. F. Clark, Raymondville, St. Lawrence
county, in 1896. The original tree, 16 to 18 inches in diameter, was then
standing neglected in an old pasture. Mr. Clark began to propagate the
variety about 1801. He believes that it is a seedling of Stone,! a variety
which is highly esteemed locally in St. Lawrence county. It is known locally
as Austin.

TREE.

Tree rather vigorous. Form upright, somewhat spreading, rather dense.
wigs medium to long, rather slender to moderately stout, nearly straight,
somewhat pubescent; internodes short. Bark clear olive-green tinged with
reddish-brown and mottled with gray scarf-skin. Lenticels rather numerous,
small, scattering, round, raised but slightly if at all. Buds small, obtuse, ap-
pressed, pubescent.
Fruit.

Fruit small to above medium. Form broadly ovate to roundish conic,
faintly ribbed, nearly regular, symmetrical, uniform. Stem pubescent, medium
to long, moderately slender. Cavity small, acuminate, moderately shallow,
narrow, sometimes russeted, symmetrical. Caly+ medium to small, open to
nearly closed; lobes short, narrow, pubescent, converging and somewhat re-

1Stone was erroneously identified by a leading pomologist for Mr. Clark as Bethel, and
for this reason in the account given by Heiges (1) it is erroneously stated that Oel
Austin is a seedling of Bethel. Both Stone and Bethel belong in the Blue Pearmain
group, but they are quite distinct varieties. For a comparison of the two the reader is
referred to Stone.

OCCIDENT

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THE AppLes oF NEw York. 237

flexed. Basin moderately abrupt, shallow, narrow, slightly furrowed or
wrinkled.

Skin thin, yellow nearly overspread with dull, purplish-red and striped with
purplish-carmine. Dots numerous, russet, sunken.

Calyx tube rather narrow, conical or approaching funnel-form. Stamens
median.

Core abaxile, medium to large; cells open; core lines meeting or, when the
calyx tube is funnel-form, clasping the funnel cylinder.

Flesh yellowish-white sometimes tinged with red next the skin, firm, fine-
grained, crisp, juicy, mild subacid, fair to good.

OLIVE.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1869:294. 2. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
FYI SIG{O), VOI, Ss leven, (UG So 1B 12s I [Ball HaeAIC, uOwS,

A smail red apple, rather attractive in color. Unworthy of consideration
by New York fruit growers. The tree comes into bearing young and is pro-
ductive being a reliable annual cropper. The fruit hangs well to the tree.

This is not the Olive of Coxe,! neither is it the Olive from Vermont noticed
by Downing (1) and described in 1860 in Gardeners Monthly (3).

Historical. Originated in Wake county, North Carolina (1). It is there
a fall apple but as grown at this Station its season extends to midwinter and
often a considerable portion of the fruit remains sound till April or later.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form roundish, or upright spreading, rather
dense. Twigs short to above medium, slender, straight but geniculate; inter-
nodes long to medium. Bark clear brown with reddish tinge, lightly streaked
with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent near tips. Lenticels rather conspicuous,
quite numerous, small to above medium, oval or elongated, usually not raised.
Buds deeply set in bark, small, plump, obtuse, appressed, not pubescent.

FRUuIT.

Fruit small to nearly medium, fairly uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish inclined to conic, varying to obovate, obscurely ribbed, fairly sym-
metrical. Stem short to above medium. Cavity rather small, acute to acumi-
nate, moderately deep, rather narrow, usually russeted, often somewhat fur-
rowed, often lipped. Calyx medium or above, usually open; lobes often leafy.
Basin abrupt, moderately shallow, moderately narrow to rather wide, often
somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, entirely covered with bright, deep, dark red or mottled
with red and striped with carmine over a deep yellow ground color, some-
times marked with broken stripes of grayish scarf-skin. Dots numerous,
pale, often large, areolar and conspicuous.

Calyx tube short, conical or urn-shape with fleshy pistil point projecting
into the base, or approaching funnel-form. Stamens median to basal.

Core medium, somewhat abaxile; cells usually symmetrical and open; core
lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels broadly roundish, slightly emargi-

1Coxe, 1817: RGGAy

238 THe Apples OF NEW York.

nate if at all, mucronate. Seeds brownish-black, small, rather short, wide,
plump, obtuse.

Flesh deeply tinged with yellow, moderately coarse, rather crisp, somewhat
tough, juicy, rich, mild subacid or nearly sweet, distinctly aromatic, fair to
good in quality.

OLIVER,

REFERENCES. 1. Ark. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1893. 2. Heiges, U. S. Pom. Rpt.,
1895:33. 3. Rural N. Y., 54:843. 1895. fig. 4. Gard. and For., 8:520. 1895.
5. Thomas, 1897:268. 6. Van Deman, Amer. Gard., 19:823. 1898. 7. Stinson,
Ark. Sta. Bul., 49:16. 1808. fig. 8. Beach, Amer. Gard., 20:124, 166. 1899. 9.
Ib, W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1899:90, 138. 10. Stinson, Ark. Sia. Bul.,
60:130. 1899. 11. Brackett, Amer. Gard., 22:191. 1901. 12. Budd-Hansen,
1903:143. fig. 13. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:51. 1903.

Synonyms. Oliver (2). Oliver’s Red (6, 7, 10, 11, 12). SENATOR (2, 4, 5).
SCWAtOr (Ono: MO mie et 13)

An attractive dark red apple of good size and good quality. It
is of desirable shape, smooth and pretty uniform. It appears to
coincide pretty closely with Baldwin in season, but it may not keep
quite so late. Its commercial season in ordinary storage appears
to be December to midwinter; in cold storage it extends to March
or April. Among the varieties which have been introduced from
Arkansas and Missouri this appears to be one of the most promising
for the New York fruit grower, but as yet it has not been sufficiently
tested to determine its value in this region. It is doubtful whether
it can always be properly ripened in the northern portion of the
Baldwin apple belt, birt in the southern portion it appears to be more
promising. The tree is evidently hardy in Western New York. It
is healthy, vigorous, comes into bearing young, is productive and
gives promise of being an annual or nearly annual bearer. The
fruit hangs well to the tree, and there is little loss from drops or
culls.

Historical. This variety has been propagated since about 1873 in North-
western Arkansas where it has been known as Oliver Red or Oliver. It is
supposed to have originated in that region (7, 11). It has been disseminated
from the Stark Nurseries, Louisiana, Mo., under the name Senator.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, very vigorous; branches long, rather stocky. Form
roundish or somewhat spreading; top open. Twigs stocky, medium in length
and thickness; internodes medium in length. Bark dull brown and olive-
green, pubescent. Lenticels numerous, large, mostly long, conspicuous, raised.
Buds large, appressed, broad, obtuse, pubescent. Leaves medium or often
large, long and rather broad, thick, dark green; foliage rather dense.

OLIVER

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THE AppLes oF NEw York. 239

FRUIT.

Fruit large or above medium, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish or somewhat oblate, pretty symmetrical, regular or somewhat ellip-
tical or obscurely angular; sides sometimes unequal. Stem short to moder-
ately long, medium in thickness. Cavity medium to rather large, acute to
decidedly acuminate, deep, moderately broad to rather narrow, regular, smooth
and green or partly covered with greenish-russet, sometimes with outspreading
russet rays. Calyx medium to rather large, usually somewhat open; lobes
often separated at the base, short, broad, obtuse, erect or somewhat reflexed.
Basin large, usually saucer-shape, wide and abrupt, sometimes moderately
shallow and rather obtuse, somewhat wrinkled.

Skin moderately thin, tough, somewhat waxy, smooth or slightly roughened
with large russet dots, green or bright yellow, mottled and striped with red
or nearly covered with bright deep red and splashed with purplish-carmine.
Dots conspicuous, numerous, gray or russet, rather large, often somewhat
elongated or irregular about the cavity.

Calyx tube obtusely cone-shaped, rarely somewhat funnel-form. Stamens
below median to basal.

Core distant, rather small, axile or nearly so; cells closed or slit; core lines
meeting or when the calyx tube is funnel-form clasping the funnel cylinder.
Carpels roundish or somewhat elongated, narrowing toward the base and apex,
emarginate, mucronate, smooth or nearly so. Seeds irregular, large, numer-
ous, completely filling the cells, moderately long, wide, obtuse, or sometimes
acute, dark brown.

Flesh whitish with tinge of yellow or green, moderately fine and crisp, rather
tender, breaking, juicy, somewhat sprightly subacid eventually approaching
sweet, good or possibly very good.

Season December to March or April.

OLYMPIA.

This strain of the Baldwin was discovered growing among some
}aldwin trees in a small orchard of Mr. William Shincke, Olympia,
Washington. The trees grow like the Baldwin and appear to have
the general characteristics of the Baldwin, except that the twigs of
one season’s growth as compared with Baldwin twigs have darker
bark with less red and more brown or olive-brown color. Other
minor differences have been observed, such as shorter internodes,
heavier scarf-skin, less conspicuous lenticels and more abundant
pubescence on bark and buds. We have not had opportunity to
determine whether these minor differences are constant.

The fruit, so far as we are able to judge from the rather limited
quantities which we have had the privilege of examining, averages
distinctly larger than Baldwin fruit grown in the same locality, and
is clearly superior in color, both the red and the yellow tones being

240 THE Apples OF NEw York.

more brilliant. A very careful comparison of the fruit of Olympia
with that of Baldwin discloses no constant differences in structural
characters. For a technical description of the fruit aside from size
and color, the reader is therefore referred to the description of Bald-

win on page 59.

Olympia is best known in the vicinity of Olympia and is there
regarded as a valuable acquisition. It is attracting favorable atten-
tion also throughout the apple-growing districts of the state of
Washington. The fact that it is regarded so highly in a region
where the Baldwin succeeds well is a good indication that it may
succeed equally well in the Baldwin districts of New York. It is
therefore recommended as worthy of extended trial by New York
fruit growers.

Historical. The following account of this strain of the Baldwin apple has
been obtained from correspondence with W. W. Whidden, George Langridge
and William Shincke of Olympia, Washington. The original tree from which
Olympia was propagated was set forty years or more ago on the place of
William Shincke, Sr., in Olympia, Washington. It was evidently planted for
a Baldwin as it stood with other Baldwin trees. The fruit was at first sold
as Baldwin but Mr: Shincke noticed that it was larger and better colored than
that of the common Baldwin. Mr. George Langridge was supplied with scions
from this tree and when this stock came into bearing with Mr. Langridge it
was found that the fruit from these trees, like that of the original tree from
which the scions were taken, was larger and better colored than the fruit of
the ordinary Baldwin. About 1890 it was first propagated for sale but under
different names, Finally the County Horticultural Society named it Olympia.

ONTARIO.

REFERENCES. 1. Horticulturist, 1874:312. (cited by 22). 2. Downing, 1876:
61 app. fig. 3. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1880:100. 4. Brown, Can. Hort., 13:
II4, 351. 1800. 5. Ib., 14:138. 1891. 6. Nicol, Can. Hort) 152017-saee2 7
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:245. 8. Brown, Amer. Gard., 14:426. 1893. 9. Ont.
Fr. Gr. Assn. An. Rpt., 1:65. 1894. 10. Dempsey, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt.,
1:24. 1894. 11. Edwards, Can. Hort., 17:212. 1894. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.,
1895:78. 13. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 3:11. 1896. figs. 14. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat., 1897. 15. Can. Hort., 23:231. 1900. 16. Beach, EZ. N. Y.
Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:43. 17. Ib, W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:36. 18.
Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:45. 1901. 19. Budd-Hansen, 1903:143. 20.
Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:51. 1903. 21. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:136. 1904. 22. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:220. 1905.

Fruit in many respects intermediate in character between its
parents, Northern Spy and Wagener. Like Wagener, it is oblate
and ribbed; like the Spy, it has a large, deep cavity and its color

ONTARIO

af

Tue Apptes or New York. 241

when highly developed is pinkish-red with carmine stripes over a
clear, pale yellow background. As grown at this Station we have
not been favorably impressed with it because it is inferior to
Northern Spy both in color and quality. In fact it has been too
deficient in color to rank as a good commercial sort. It is in season
from November to March or April. So far as tested here it appears
to follow Northern Spy in that it shows considerable variation in
different seasons in its keeping quality (21). It has been a strictly
biennial bearer, yielding heavy crops in alternate years. It appears
to be superior to Northern Spy in productiveness, but is less pro-
ductive than Wagener. It is hardier and longer-lived than Wagener.
In portions of Ontario it is regarded as one of the best apples both
for commercial purposes and home use (18). As grown in that
region and also in some parts of Michigan it is on the average
larger and more highly colored than we have found it to be at this
Station. Doubtless there are localities in New York where it would
succeed much better than it does at Geneva. On account of its good
record in Canada as to its hardiness and productiveness it is cer-
tainly worthy of trial in Northern New York and in those portions
of the state where the Spy succeeds best.

Historical. Originated by Charles Arnold, Paris, Ont., by crossing Northern

Spy with Wagener.
TREE.

Tree medium to large, vigorous. Form upright, becoming spreading. Twigs
rather short to moderately long, rather slender to moderately stout, quite
pubescent; internodes medium or above. Bark dull, dark reddish-brown over
olive-green, lightly mottled with scarf-skin. Lenticels rather numerous, small
to medium, or sometimes large, usually oblong. Buds medium size, plump,
acute to somewhat obtuse, projecting, pubescent. Leaves usually long and
rather large.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to very large, uniform in size and shape. Form oblate to round-
ish inclined to conic, distinctly ribbed or even angular, pretty symmetrical.
Stem medium in length and thickness. Cavity characteristically like that of
the Northern Spy, large, acute or approaching acuminate, deep, wide to mod-
erately wide, often thinly russeted and with outspreading rays of russet.
Calyx small to medium, closed or slightly open; lobes rather narrow, acute.
Basin small to medium, deep, narrow to rather wide, abrupt, often furrowed
and wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, bright pale yellow or greenish more or less washed
with brownish-red faintly splashed with carmine, in highly colored specimens
becoming bright pinkish-red striped with bright carmine; often coated with

242 THE Apples OF NEW York.

whitish bloom and mottled and streaked with whitish scarf-skin, particularly
over the base. Dots rather numerous, small, whitish, gray or russet.

Calyx tube narrow, funnel-form. Stamens median to basal.

Core usually rather small, abaxile with a rather large hollow cylinder at the
axis; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core lines clasping the funnel
cylinder. Carpels smooth or nearly so, roundish, narrowing toward the apex,
often nearly truncate at the base, slightly emarginate. Seeds medium in size,
moderately wide to wide, obtuse to acute, rather dark.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, rather firm, moderately fine or a little
coarse, crisp, tender, very juicy, sprightly, rather brisk subacid, more so than
Northern Spy, aromatic, good to very good; especially desirable for culinary
use.

OPALESCENT.

REFERENCES. I. Rural N. Y., 58:224. 1899. 2. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1901.
(cited by 4). 3. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1903:12. 4. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul.,
56:220. 1905.

When well grown Opalescent is a very attractive apple, being
large, shapely, clear yellow, nearly or quite covered with brilliant
red, in highly colored specimens becoming deep purplish-red. It
has not been tested in New York sufficiently to show whether it may
be considered a promising variety for this region. It does not

appear to be as good a keeper as Baldwin.

Historical. Introduced about 1899 by McNary and Gaines, Xenia, Ohio.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form roundish, open. Twigs long to medium in length,
erect, slender to moderately stout, curved or irregularly crooked; internodes
short to above medium. Bark dark dull reddish-brown mingled with some
olive-green and covered with a heavy coat of mottled scarf-skin, pubescent.
Lenticels rather inconspicuous, scattering, medium in size, roundish, some-
times raised. Buds prominent, large to below medium, broad, plump, obtuse
to somewhat acute, free or nearly so, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to very large. Form roundish conic, symmetrical or sometimes
with sides unequal, obscurely ribbed. Stem short to medium, moderately
slender. Cavity pretty large, acuminate, very deep, sometimes partly russeted,
usually symmetrical but sometimes compressed. Calyx below medium or
small, usually partly open; lobes small, obtuse to acute, reflexed. Basin small
to medium in size, often oblique with the brim decidedly prominent on one
side, narrow to moderately wide, moderately deep to deep, abrupt, sometimes
slightly furrowed.

Skin moderately: thick, rather tough, glossy, takes a brilliant polish; color
bright pale yellow nearly or quite overspread with dark deep red with scarcely
perceptible streaks of purplish-carmine. Dots numerous, small to large, red,

OPALESCENT

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THe AppLes oF NEw York. 243

yellowish or russet, often submerged, frequently mingled with irregular lines
and flecks of russet. Prevailing effect brilliant deep red.

Calyx tube medium to rather small, cone-shape or short funnel-form.
Stamens median to basal.

Core small to medium, abaxile; cells sometimes unsymmetrical, closed or
open; core lines meeting or nearly meeting. Carpels smooth, roundish or
broadly obcordate. Sceds acute, medium in size, form and color.

Flesh distinctly tinged with yellow, rather firm, moderately tender, a little
coarse, juicy or moderately juicy, agreeable mild subacid, aromatic, good to
very good.

Season November to February or March.

ORNAMENT,

REFERENCES. I. Thompson, Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1842:29. (cited by 2).
Ze leetoy, 18737520. fg. 3-eChurchill, N- Y.. Sta, An.-kpt,. 823555 E880. 4.
Beach, N. VY. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:590. 1894. 5. Ib., 14:254. 1895. 6. Burrill and
McCluer, /l. Sta. Bul., 45:334. 1896. 7. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I.
Bul., 48:52. 1903.

SYNONYMS. ORNAMENT DE TABLE (4, 5, 6). Ornament de Table (7).
ORNEMENT DE TABLE (2).

A rather attractive dessert apple of good form and fairly good color but
hardly attractive enough for a good commercial variety. The flesh is tender,
juicy and mildly subacid or nearly sweet; good in quality but surpassed by
other dessert apples of its season. The tree comes into bearing rather young,
is a reliable annual cropper and productive or moderately productive. It does
not appear to be worthy of the attention of the fruit growers of New York.

Historical. This is a European variety of uncertain origin (1, 2). It has
been disseminated but sparingly in America.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form roundish or spreading, rather dense. Twigs below
medium to short, straight, slender; internodes medium or below. Bark dark
brownish-red partly streaked with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels
scattering, small, oblong or roundish, sometimes raised. Buds rather promin-
ent, medium or below, broad, plump, obtuse, free or nearly so, quite pubescent.

FRuIt.

Fruit medium or above, pretty uniform in shape and size. Form roundish
inclined to conic or somewhat oblate, pretty regular and symmetrical. Stem
short, rather slender. Cazity medium to rather small, acuminate or nearly so,
rather deep, moderately narrow to rather wide, often partly russeted. Calyx
medium in size, usually open, pubescent; lobes long, acute, separated at the
base, reflexed. Basin often somewhat oblique, shallow and obtuse to moder-
ately deep and somewhat abrupt, slightly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin rather thin, tough, smooth, clear yellow or greenish washed and mottled
with dull red or orange-red and sparingly marked with narrow stripes of
carmine. Dots numerous, small, gray or russet, not very conspicuous. Pre-
vatling effect red and yellow, the red usually predominating.

244 THE Apples OF NEw York.

Calyx tube short funnel-form with moderately broad limb. Stamens below
median to above.

Core medium or below, axile or nearly so; cells usually closed; core lines
clasp the funnel cylinder. Carpels broadly roundish, obtusely emarginate,
mucronate. Seeds few, dark, medium or above, wide, rather obtuse, often
slightly tufted.

Flesh whitish with slight yellow tinge, firm, fine-grained, tender, moderately
juicy, pleasant, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, good.

Season October to February or March.

ORTEEY.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:169. 2. Lindley, Trans. Royal Hort. Soc. Lon-
don, 6:415. 1825. (cited by 4, 5). 3- Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:39. 4.
Kenrick, 1832:49. 5. Floy-Lindley, 1833:57. 6. Mag. Hort., 1:364. 1835. 7.
Manning, 1838:57. 8. Downing, 1845:142. 9. Floy-Lindley, 1846:412 app.
10. Kirtland, Horticulturist, 2:545. 1848. 11. Downing and Ernst, Horti-
culturist, 4:74. 1849. fig. 12. Horticulturist, 4:144. 1849. 13. Thomas, 1849:
183, 188. fig. 14. Cole, 1849:130. 15. Phoenix, Horticulturist, 4:472. 1850.
16. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:78. 1851. col. pl. 17. Elliott, 1854:05. fig.
18. Downing, 1857:90. 19. Hooper, 1857:67. 20. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 27:60.
1861. 21. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 22. Warder, 1867:673. fig. 23. Fitz,
1872:150. 24. Barry, 1883:351. 25. Hogg, 1884:249. 26. Wickson, 1889:246.
27. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:296. 28. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:245.
29. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:252. 30. Burrill and McCluer, J/l. Sta. Bul., 45:
334. 1896. 31. Budd-Hansen, 1903:144.

Synonyms. Crane’s Pippin (11, 17). Detroit (11, 13, 17, 19). Detroit of
the West (13, 14). Golden Pippin (11, 19, of some 17). Greasy Pippin (11,
17, 18). Green Bellflower (11, 15, 17). Hollow Core Pippin (11, 17, 19).
Hollow Cored Pippin (18). Inman (17). Jersey Greening (13, 17 but not
of Coxe 11). Melting Pippin (11, 17). Ohio Favorite (11, 17, 18). Ortley
(16, 25). OrtTLEY APPLE (5). Ortley Apple (8, 11, 14). ORTLEY PipPin
(7,19). Ortley Pippin (8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18). Tom Woodward Pippin (17).
Van Dyme (16). Van Dyne (11, 17, 25, of some 8). WARREN Pippin (16).
Warren Pippin (11, 13, 17). WHITE BELLEFLEUR (10, II, 12). White Belle-
fleur (17, 23). WHITE BELLFLOWER (15, 29). White Bellflower (11, 13,
14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26). White Detroit (11, 13, 17, 18, 27). White Pippin
(11, 18, erroneously 17). Willow Leaf Pippin (17, 18). Woodman’s Song
(18). Woodward's Pippin (11, 17). Wooiman’s Lone (8, 14, 23, 25).
Woolman’s Long (10, 11, 13, 17, 24). WooLtMan’s Lone Pippin (1). Wool-
nary Long (6). Yellow Pippin (11, 17).

A pale yellow apple of the Yellow Bellflower type which has long
been known in cultivation. Scattering trees of it are found in some
of the very oldest orchards of the state, but it has never been grown
to any considerable extent in New York and is now seldom or never
planted, being less successful here than the Yellow Bellflower. It
does better farther south and west. As grown in the North the

Tue AppLtes oF NEw York. 245

fruit tends to be more oblong, smaller and of a paler yellowish-
white color, coarser texture and sprightlier flavor than when grown
farther south (17). The fruit has less acidity than Yellow Bell-
flower and is more pleasant in flavor for dessert use. The skin
being whitish and tender, is easily bruised or discolored in handling.
It is also apt to be marred on the tree by the chafing of the limbs.
The wood is brittle and the bearing limbs are often broken by the
weight of the fruit (22). Ortley is quite subject to attacks of
various insects and of the scab fungus, and requires thorough treat-

ment to protect it from these troubles.

Historical. This is an old New Jersey variety which Coxe described under
the name Woolman’s Long Pippin (1). In 1825 Floy sent fruit of it to the
Royal Horticultural Society, London, under the name of Ortley and in the
Transactions of the Society for that year Lindley described it under this name
giving Woolman’s Long as a synonym. Kenrick (4), Manning (7), Thomas
(13), Elliott (17), Charles Downing (18), and other American pomologists
have followed Floy instead of Coxe and describe the variety under the name
Ortley. Emmons (16) gives Ortley as identical with Warren Pippin of Coxe
but it is quite doubtful whether he was correct in this case. In portions of
the South and West Ortley is an old favorite for planting in home orchards
and has there been known under many different names prominent among
which are White Bellflower and White Detroit.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous and medium in size or under favorable conditions
large. Form at first upright with long slender shoots but when mature the
tree becomes roundish or spreading. Twigs below medium to above, rather
slender, straight, quite pubescent; internodes short. Bark dull reddish-brown
often overlaid with thick scarf-skin. Lenticels small and scattering but rather
conspicuous, mostly roundish, raised. Buds below medium, moderately pro-
jecting, roundish, slightly pubescent, free.

FRUIT.

Fruit large or medium, not very uniform in size or shape. Form oblong
conic and flattened at the base, varying to somewhat roundish conic, regular
or obscurely ribbed. Stem long, often slender. Cavity often large, acute or
approaching acuminate, deep, varying from moderately narrow to wide, usually
partly russeted, somewhat furrowed. Calyx rather small to medium, closed
or somewhat open; lobes long, acute, usually converging and reflexed. Basin
small to medium, shallow to moderately deep, narrow to moderately wide,
usually abrupt and wrinkled or slightly furrowed.

Skin moderately thin, tough, smooth, waxy, pale whitish-yellow varying to
rich yellow in well developed fruit, rarely with a faint pinkish-red blush.
Dots inconspicuous, usually whitish and submerged.

240 THE AppLes OF NEW York.

Calyx tube funnel-form approaching cylindrical, sometimes constricted at
the base of the limb and enlarging below, often characteristically elongated
and extending to the core. Stamens median.

Core large, widely abaxile; cells usually symmetrical and wide open, some-
times closed; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels roundish ovate,
elongated, emarginate, mucronate. Seeds numerous, characteristically small
and pointed, roundish, plump, light to medium brown,

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, moderately fine, crisp, tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid, very good.

Season October to February.

PALMER,

REFERENCES. 1. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:224. 1905.
Synonym. Parmer or N. Z.

A New Zealand apple received in 1897 for testing here from G. B. Brackett,
U. S. Pomologist, Washington, D. C. The fruit is large or above medium,
rather attractive in appearance for a yellow apple, brisk subacid in flavor and
good in quality.

TREE.

Tree vigorous with long, moderately stout branches. Form roundish,
rather dense. Twigs long, curved, moderately stout; internodes short. Bark
dull brown, tinged with green, heavily streaked with scarf-skin, heavily pubes-
cent. Lenticels scattering, small, round, not raised. Buds large, broad, plump,
obtuse, free, pubescent.

FRuITt.

Fruit medium to above or sometimes large. Form roundish varying to
roundish oblate or to slightly oblong, irregular. Stem long, moderately thick.
Cavity acuminate, deep, rather broad, sometimes faintly russeted, not sym-
metrical. Calyx open or nearly so, rather large. Basin deep, wide, abrupt,
slightly wrinkled.

Skin rather attractive yellow or greenish-yellow. Dots conspicuous, large
and small, russet, sometimes areolar.

Calyx tube long, moderately wide to wide, funnel-shape or urn-shape.
Stamens marginal.

Core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open; core lines slightly clasping.
Carpels broadly roundish varying from somewhat elliptical to slightly cordate,
tufted. Seeds large. moderately narrow, plump, acute, rather dark brown.

Flesh tinged with yellow or greenish-yellow, moderately coarse, rather
tender, breaking, juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid, good.

Season winter.
PARAGON,

REFERENCES. I. Van Deman, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1891:123, 159. 2. Bailey,
An. Hort., 1892:246. 3. Heiges, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1895:30. 4. Babcock, Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:190. 5. Amer. Gard., 16:410. 1895. 6. Ib., 17:12, 28,
33, 42, 65, 97, 146, 152, 194, 210, 306. 1896. fig. 7. Van Deman, Rural N. Y.,
55:243. 1896. 8. Watts, Tenn. Sta. Bul., 1:24. 1896. fig. 9. Powell, Del. Sta.
Bul., 38:19. 1808. 10. Stinson, Ark. Sta, Bul., 49:7. 1898. 11. Bruner, N. C.
Sta. Bul., 182:21. 1903. 12. Thomas, 1903:712. 13. Budd-Hansen, 1903:144.

PARAGON

io

mee:

Tue Appites or New York. 247

fig. 14. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:52. 1903. 15. Beach and
Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:137. 1904.

Synonyms. Black Twig (8, 14), but erroneously. Mammoth Black Twig
(8, 13, 15), but erroneously. Twitty's Paragon (8).

This is a southern variety of the Winesap type. In the apple-
growing regions of the South where it has been tested it has proven
to be an excellent variety in many respects, but it is not generally
regarded by the orchardists of that region as being especially
promising for commercial orchards. The fruit evidently does not
develop to as high a degree of perfection in New York as it does
in more southern latitudes. It is not probable that it will prove
successful as a commercial variety here, though it has sufficient

merit to make it worthy of testing to a limited extent.

Historical. The Paragon originated on the farm of Major Rankin Toole
near Fayetteville, Lincoln county, Tennessee (3, 6, 7, 8). The early history
of the tree is not very clear but it probably came from a seed planted about
1830. Grafts from the original tree were taken in 1870 by Mr. Twitty, a local
nurseryman, and later introduced to the public. It was badly confused for
a while with an Arkansas seedling now properly known by the name of
Arkansas but then passing under the name of Mammoth Black Twig. Some
believed that the Arkansas was identical with Paragon. An extensive dis-
cussion and the testimony of many persons has since brought out the fact
that these are two distinct although similar seedlings of Arkansas and Ten-
nessee origin respectively. Many have thought that Paragon may be a seed-
ling of the Winesap crossed by Limbertwig as it possesses some of the char-
acteristics of both of these varieties.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous with rather short, stout, twisted branches. Form
roundish to spreading, inclined to droop, rather dense. Twigs medium to
rather long, nearly straight, stout to rather slender; internodes short to
medium. Park very dark reddish-brown, mottled with thin scarf-skin, pubes-
cent. Lenticels scattering, medium in size, roundish to oval, raised. Buds
large, prominent, broad, plump, acute to somewhat obtuse, curved, free, gener-
ally pubescent. Leaves medium in size, broad.

FRulIt.

Fruit medium or above, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
or sometimes oblate, slightly conic, rounding toward stem and calyx; sides
often a little unequal. Stem medium in length and thickness. Cavity nearly
obtuse to acute, medium in width and moderately shallow to sometimes rather
wide and deep, usually symmetrical, often furrowed or compressed, occasion-
ally lipped, usually russet and with outspreading russet rays. Calyx rather
small, closed. Basin rather shallow and obtuse varying occasionally to abrupt
and medium in width and depth, often furrowed and wrinkled.

248 THe AppLes oF New York.

Skin tough, smooth, grass-green or yellowish, largely covered with rather
du!l, deep red and indistinctly striped with darker red. Dots gray or whitish,
small, sometimes rather conspicuous. Prevailing effect dark red.

Calyx tube rather small, varying from conical to funnel-form. Stamens
median to slightly marginal.

Core rather small; cells partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels much
concave, roundish varying to nearly cordate, slightly emarginate. Seeds
rather large, long, acute, dark; often some are abortive.

Flesh greenish or tinged with yellow, firm, a little coarse, rather tender,
juicy, mild subacid, somewhat aromatic, good to very good.

Season January to May.

PARK. SPICE,

REFERENCES. 1. Carpenter, Horticulturist, 19:114. 1864. figs. 2. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt., 1867. (cited by 5). 3. Downing, 1869:298. 4. Thomas, 1897:648.
Bhagat (Us 90h. alee bil 3505225600:

Synonyms. Park (5). Park Apple (3, 4,5). Park Spice (5).

As described by Carpenter, Downing and Thomas (1, 3, 4) the fruit of
the Park Spice apple is medium to rather large, yellowish shaded with red
and striped with crimson; the flesh is yellowish-white, fine-grained, crisp,
juicy, mild subacid, pleasantly aromatic, very good in quality; in season from
December to March.

Historical. Originated on the Park farm in Harrison, Westchester county,
New York. In 1864 Carpenter stated that the original tree, then supposed to
be over a hundred years old, was still vigorous and productive (1). So far
as we can learn the variety 1s now obsolete.

PARLIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Heiges, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1894:21. 2. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1899. (cited by 4). 3. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1901:97. 4. Ragan,
USB. Pl Bul 2 1562255 TOs:

SyNoNyM. Partin’s Beauty (3). Parlin’s Beauty (4).

An attractive red apple of pretty good quality for dessert but being mildly
sweet in flavor is less suitable for culinary uses. It has not as yet been tested
sufficiently to determine its value for this region.

Historical. In 1894 the original tree over fifty years old was still standing
at Norridgewock, Maine, still vigorous, healthy and productive (1). The
variety has as yet been but little disseminated in New York.

TREE. ’

Tree not a strong grower, below medium size; branches rather short and
moderately stout. Form upright and somewhat spreading or roundish. Twigs
short, straight, moderately stout with large terminal buds; internodes long
to medium. Bark brown tinged with red, partly overlaid with rather thick
scarf-skin; pubescent near tips. Lenticels scattering, medium to small, round-
ish or elongated, raised but slightly if at all. Buds large to medium, prom-
inent, broad, plump, acute, free, pubescent.

THE Apples OF NEw York. 249

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large, pretty uniform in size. Form rather variable,
roundish to oblate, often inclined to conic, more or less irregular, somewhat
angular; sides sometimes unequal. Stem medium or sometimes long, rather
slender. Cavity acute, usually deep, moderately wide or wide, often furrowed
or compressed, marked with yellowish-russet which sometimes extends beyond
the cavity, sometimes lipped. Calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes small,
narrow, reflexed. Basin rather small, deep, narrow to moderately wide, very
abrupt, nearly symmetrical or slightly furrowed, sometimes wrinkled.

Skin rather thin, tough, smooth, bright pale yellow blushed and mottled
with pinkish-red and striped with darker red, highly colored specimens being
nearly overspread with bright red becoming on the exposed cheek nearly as
dark red as Jonathan or Gano, often irregularly veined with russet. Dots
usually small, yellowish or pale gray, sometimes large.

Calyx tube funnel-form.

Core medium to small, axile; cells closed or nearly so; core lines clasping
or meeting. Carpels smooth, wide at the middle, emarginate, often approach-
ing obcordate. Seeds below medium or small, irregular, dark, obtuse.

Flesh whitish with yellow tinge, moderately firm, tender, moderately fine-
grained, not crisp, moderately juicy, sweet or very mildly subacid, slightly
aromatic, good or sometimes very good.

Season October to midwinter or later.

PARSON.

REFERENCES. I. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246. 2. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr.
Rpt., 1896:132.
SyNonyM. Parson’s SwEeET (1). Parson's Sweet (2).

A large, handsome, dark red, early winter apple of excellent flavor. It has
not been sufficiently tested in this vicinity to determine its value for this
region. Professor John Craig states that it resembles the Sweet Winesap but
is of much purer quality.

Historical. Said to have originated near Springfield, Mass., as a seedling
in one of the old orchards of that locality. Fowler Brothers brought the
stock to Geneva, New York, about 1880 where it was propagated for their
own sales as it was known only locally in the vicinity of Springfield. Mr.
A. L. Root, of the Fonthill Nurseries, Welland, Ontario, who obtained the
variety from Fowler Brothers, sent scions of it to this Station for testing
in I9QOT.

TREE.

Tree vigorous with long, moderately stout branches. Form upright and
somewhat spreading or roundish, open. wigs long, stout, slightly curved;
internodes short. Bark very dark brown lightly streaked with scarf-skin,
pubescent. Lenticels numerous, medium in size, oblong, slightly raised, rather
conspicuous. Buds deeply set in bark, large, broad, flat, obtuse, appressed,
pubescent.

FRUIT.

The following is Craig’s description of the fruit (2). “ Large, roundish,

oblique, conical. Skin moderately smooth; colour, yellow, nearly covered with
VoL. I—1II

250 THe AppLes OF NEW York.

rich dark red, marked with large white or russet-coloured dots marbled on the
shaded side. Cavity, deep, narrow, regular; stem half to three-quarters inch
long, deeply inserted, curved, slender. Basin large, slightly ribbed; calyx, large,
open. Flesh white, tender, flaky, fairly juicy, very sweet; core small. A large
handsome sweet early winter apple. One of the best of the class.”

PAWPAW.

REFERENCES. 1. Horticulturist, 13:149. 1858. 2. Warder, 1867:728. 3.
Downing, 1869:299. 4. Thomas, 1875:508. 5. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:206. 6. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:42. 1903.

Synonyms. Ball Apple (3). Pawpaw SEEDLING (1). Rubicon (3, 5).
Western Baldwin (3).

A late-keeping winter apple of medium size, attractive red color and
good quality. A hardy, moderate grower and regular bearer; must have
suitable soil and good culture (5). It is not recommended for planting
in this state.

Historical. Origin Paw Paw, Michigan (1, 3). It has long been cultivated
in Michigan to a limited extent, but is practically unknown to New York fruit
growers.

FRUIT.

Fruit large. Form roundish or somewhat oblong, inclined to conic, faintly
ribbed; axis slightly oblique; sides unequal. Stem medium in length, moder-
ately slender. Cazity acuminate, deep, rather broad, compressed, irregularly
russeted. Calya medium in size, slightly open. Basin medium in depth and
width, somewhat abrupt, slightly furrowed and wrinkled, compressed.

Skin smooth, rather glossy, yellow overspread and mottled with attractive
red irregularly splashed and striped with carmine. Dots moderately numerous,
variable in size, russet or light colored, rather conspicuous, often areolar. Pre-
vailing color red.

Calyx tube short, conical. Stamens basal.

Core medium in size, axile; cells closed or partly open; core lines meeting
or slightly clasping. Carpels broadly roundish, slightly emarginate, slightly
tufted. Seeds numerous, above medium size, rather wide, plump, acute, irreg-
ular, somewhat tufted, rather dark brown.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine-grained, rather tender, juicy,
subacid, good to very good.

Season December to June.

PAYNE.

REFERENCES. 1. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246. 2. Wild, Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1902:203. 3. Stinson, Mo. Fr. Sta. Bul., 3:23. 1902. fig. 4. Budd-Hansen,
1903 :146.

Synonyms. Payne’s Keeper (1, 2, 3). Payne Late Keeper (4).

An attractive apple, valued in the Ozark region because of its
excellent keeping qualities. It is somewhat deficient in size, good
in quality and nearly sweet. It is duller in color than Ben Davis,

but better in flavor and quality. It has not yet been sufficiently

THe AppLes OF NEw York. 251

tested in New York to indicate its value for this region, but it is

probably not well suited to the conditions existing in this state.

Historical. Originated on the Payne farm near Everton, Missouri. It is
supposed to have originated from seed brought from North Carolina about
1840.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium to above medium, sometimes rather large. Form
roundish conic, somewhat elliptical, ribbed very obscurely if at all. Stem
short, usually not exserted, rather slender. Cavity large, remarkably acumi-
nate, very deep, often somewhat furrowed or compressed, usually covered with
thin outspreading russet. Calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes often flat
and convergent, sometimes separated at the base. Basin commonly very small
to medium, often oblique.

Skin smooth, moderately thick, very tough, yellow or greenish washed and
blushed with red and pencilled with narrow, obscure, carmine stripes, more
or less streaked over the base with thin, dull scarf-skin. Highly colored speci-
mens are almost wholly covered with bright deep red. Dots scattering, moder-
ately conspicuous, rather large, pale gray or whitish often with russet point.

Calyx tube small, funnel-form or nearly so. Stamens median to basal.

Core medium in size, slightly abaxile; cells often not quite uniform in size
but usually symmetrical, partly open or closed; core lines clasp the funnel
cylinder. Carpels tender, slightly tufted, ovate, mucronate, but slightly emar-
ginate if at all. Seeds medium or above, wide, rather flat, obtuse, tufted,
often adhering to the carpels, rather dark.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, a little coarse, moderately juicy to some-
what dry, moderately tender, pleasant in flavor, mild subacid becoming nearly
sweet, good to very good.

Season January to June.

ERACH.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1869:299. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246. 3.
Burrill and McCluer, J/). Sta. Bul., 45:335. 1896. 4. Beach and Clark, N. Y.
Sta. Bul., 248:137. 1904.

Synonyms. Peach of Kentucky (3). Winter Peach (3).

Fruit white-skinned, often with delicate pink cheek overspread
with whitish bloom. In general appearance it is quite attractive,
but it does not always average good marketable size. It has a per-
fumed, subacid flesh of pretty good quality. The tree is long-lived
and a pretty reliable biennial cropper, but hardly as uniformly pro-
ductive as is desirable in a commercial variety. Although it has
long been known in cultivation and is considered by some a profit-
able sort, generally speaking it has won but little recognition among
fruit growers. It is not recommended for general planting, but it
may be valuable locally.

252 THe Apples oF NEw York.

Historical. Origin unknown (1). It is but very little grown in New York.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous to vigorous with moderately long,
slender, crooked branches. Form roundish or nearly upright, open. Twigs
medium to short, straight, moderately stout; internodes medium to short.
Bark brown or somewhat tinged with red, lightly streaked with scarf-skin,
pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous but not conspicuous, small, roundish or
elongated, not raised. Buds medium to small, plump, obtuse, free or nearly
so, pubescent.

FRuIrT.

Fruit below medium to above. Form oblate varying to roundish, flat at
base, inclined to conic, somewhat ribbed and often irregularly elliptical; sides
often unequal. Stem short to long, sometimes swollen. Cavity rather large,
acute, moderately deep, rather broad, furrowed, usually russeted. Calyx small
to above medium, closed or partly open. Basin small to medium, shallow to
moderately deep, narrow to moderately wide, abrupt to rather obtuse, some-
times furrowed, often wrinkled.

Skin moderately thin, rather tender, smooth, clear pale yellow or whitish,
often with a faint blush sometimes deepening in part to pink, mottled about
the cavity with whitish scarf-skin and overspread with a white bloom which
produces a delicate and beautiful effect. Dots numerous, whitish or areolar
with russet point, often submerged.

Calyx tube usually funnel-shape and rather narrow with wide limb, some-
times conical. Stamens basal.

Core medium or below medium in size, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical,
sometimes open; core lines clasping or meeting. Carpels elliptical to some-
what obcordate, emarginate, smooth. Seeds few, above medium to rather
small, wide, obtuse.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, very firm, moderately fine-grained, break-
ing, tender, very juicy, rather briskly subacid, perfumed, slightly astringent,
good or sometimes very good in quality.

Season December to May or June.

PEARMAIN.

The term Pearmain, like the term Pippin, has been applied to very
many different varieties of apples. In this country it is used now
much less than it was formerly. Hogg states that it “ signifies the
Great Pear Apple. In olden times it was variously written Peare-
maine or Peare-maine, being the Anglicised equivalent of Pyrus
Magnus, just as Charlemagne is of Carolus Magnus. A Pearmain,
therefore, ought to be a long or pear-shaped apple.”

Among the varieties described in this volume with the term Pear-
main appearing either in the accepted names or in synonyms are
those listed below. Synonyms appear in italics.

THE ApPLes OF NEw York. 253

Autumn Pearmain. See Winter Pearmain.
Blue Pearmain.

Cannon Pearmain.

Cogswell Pearmain. See Cogswell.

Green |Vinter Pearmain. See Winter Pearmain.
Great Pearmain. See Winter Pearmain.
Hollow Crown Pearmain. See Wine.

Hoopes Pearmain. See Greyhouse.

Large Striped Pearmain. See McAfee.

Large Striped Winter Pearmain. See McAfee.
Lop-sided Pearmain. See Greyhouse.

Old Pearmain. See Winter Pearmain.
Pearmain. See Winter Pearmain.

Pearmain Herefordshire. See Winter Pearmain.
Pryor’s Pearmain. See Pryor.

Red Winter Pearmain. See page 279.

Red Winter Pearmain. See Westfield Seek-No-Further.
Russet Pearmain. See Hunt Russet.

Striped Winter Pearmain. See McAfee.

White Pearmain.

White Winter Pearmain. See White Pearmain.
Winter Pearmain.

Winter Pearmain. See McAfee.

Winter Pearmain. See Milam.

PECK PLEASANT

REFERENCES. I. Kenrick, 1832:50. 2. Bull, Mag. Hort., 6:172. 1840. 3.
Downing, 1845:126. fig. 4. Floy-Lindley, 1846:411 app. 5. Hovey, Mag. Hort.,
14:249. 1848. 6. Thomas, 1849:183. 7. Horticulturist, 4:344. 1849. 8. Cole,
1849:125. 9. N. Y. Agr. Soc. Rpt., 1849:355. fig. 10. Emmons, Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 3:84. 1851. col. pl. and fig. 11. Elliott, 1854:97. fig. 12. Hooper, 1857:
69. 13. Mag. Hort., 26:101. 1860. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 15. Mag.
Hort., 30:162. 1864. 16. Warder, 1867:641. fig. 17. Downing, 1869:301. 18.
Fitz, 1872:168. 19. Barry, 1883:351. 20. Rural N. Y., 46:202. 1887. 21. ID.,
47:749. 1888. 22. Wickson, 1889:247. 23. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:
296. 24. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246. 25. Munson, Me. Sta. An. Rpt., 1893:
133. 26: Daft, Mich. Sta. Bul., 105:109. 1894. 27. Alwood, Va. Sta: Bul.,
130:135. 1901. 28. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 60:37. 1901. 29. Budd-Hansen,
1903:147. 30. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:52. 1903. 31. Beach
and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:137. 1904.

Synonyms. Dutch Greening. PECK (26). Pk&cK’s PLEASANT (I, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Oh), G5, 8h Oh, WOs Ti, WA, 11g), AWE GIG, Ske), Zo), Bir, 2a, Dey Ail, A. By Bhey, GO). AMolizs
Apple (17). Watts Apple (12).

This variety evidently belongs in the same group with Green
Newtown, Rhode Island Greening and Perry Russet. It is an old
favorite for home use in many parts of the state. It is more highly
esteemed for dessert than for culinary uses. The flesh is tender,

254 THE Apples OF NEW YORK.

pleasantly flavored and ranks very good to best in quality. The
color is good for a yellow apple, being at first predominantly green,
but as the fruit approaches full maturity it becomes waxen-yellow
with an orange or pinkish blush. The fruit very often scalds in
storage, but it is less apt to do so if placed in cold storage immedi-
ately after picking. Its season for home use extends from October
to March. Ordinarily February is its commercial limit in Western
New York, but in cold storage it may be held till April (31). The
tree is somewhat subject to root-rot and canker and it is not consid-
ered as long-lived nor as healthy as either Baldwin or Rhode Island
Greening. It has the reputation of being often a shy bearer. In
some localities it may bear pretty regularly, but it is only occasion-
ally that it gives full crops. The better grades of the fruit are of
good size and attractive appearance, but there is apt to be a rather
high percentage of loss from ill-shapen, undersized or otherwise
unmarketable fruit.

It is said to be known locally in some portions of the state under
the name Dutch Greening.

Historical. In 1845 Downing expressed the opinion that Peck Pleasant
originated in Rhode Island and stated that it had long been cultivated in that
state and in Northern Connecticut (3). It has been pretty thoroughly dis-
seminated throughout New York state but it is found chiefly in the older
orchards and is now seldom or never planted. In 1890 Lyon (23) reported
concerning the status of this variety in Michigan that it was generally and

deservedly popular, the fruit being beautiful and excellent, and the tree in
habit like Rhode Island Greening but less vigorous.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous or a rather slow grower. Form
upright spreading or roundish, rather dense. Twigs medium to short, nearly
straight, moderately stout; internodes medium to short. Bark brown tinged
with red often mingled with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin;
slightly pubescent near tips. Lenticels quite numerous, small, oblong or round-
ish, not raised. Buds very deeply set in bark, medium to small, broad, plump,
obtuse to acute, appressed to nearly free, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to sometimes large, somewhat variable in shape and size.
Form oblate to roundish, sometimes a little inclined to conic, often obscurely
ribbed or irregularly elliptical, sometimes with furrow on one side. Stem
medium to short and usually thick or fleshy. Cavity variable, obtuse or some-
times acute, rather wide, shallow to deep, nearly symmetrical or a little fur-
rowed, often lipped or compressed, sometimes partly russeted. Calyx pubes-

PECK PLEASANT

Tue Appies oF NEw York. 255

cent, medium to rather large; lobes long, open or closed, sometimes distinctly
separated at the base, rather obtuse. Basin varies from broad to rather narrow,
from obtuse to abrupt, and from nearly symmetrical to irregular and furrowed
or wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, green becoming bright waxen yellow
with orange-red blush, sometimes partly deepening to pink. Dots numerous,
whitish and submerged or with russet point. Prevailing effect yellow.

Calyx tube funnel-form. Stamens basal.

Core medium to rather small, abaxile to nearly axile; cells not uniformly
developed, usually closed or slit; core lines clasp the funnel cylinder. Carpels
rather tender, broadly roundish, often nearly truncate, emarginate, mucronate.
Seeds numerous, rather dark, long, narrow, acute, below medium or above,
sometimes slightly tufted.

Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, pleasant subacid,
aromatic, very good to best. Toward the close of the season it becomes
inferior in quality although it may appear to be still in good condition.

PENNOCK.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:145. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:132. 3. Buel, N. Y.
Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:477. 4. Fessenden, 1828:131. 5. Cat. Hort. Soc. Lon-
don, 1831:27. 6. Mag. Hort., 1:364. 1835. 7. Manning, /b., 7:47. 1841. 8.
Downing, 1845:125. g. Kirtland, Horticulturist, 2:545. 1847. 10. Longworth,
Ib., 3:395. 1848. 11. Phoenix, Jb., 4:470. 1849. 12. Thomas, 1849:170. 13.
Cole, 1849:128. 14. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:59. 1851. col. pl. 15. Elliott,
1854:176. 16. Hooper, 1857:68. 17. Horticulturist, 15:183. 1860. 18. Warder,
1867:449. 19. Downing, 1869:302. 20. Hogg, 1884:171. 21. Lyon, Mich. Hort.
Soc. Rpt., 1890:296. 22. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246.

Synonyms. Big Romanite (15, 16, 19). Gays Romanite (19). Large
Romanite (15, 16, 19). Netsley’s Winter (15). Neisley’s Winter Penick
(19). Pelican (19). Penick. Pennick. Pennock (8). PENNOCK’s RED
WINTER (2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16). Pennock’s Red Winter (12, 15, 18, 19, 20).
Phoenix (16). Pomme Roye (19, of some West, 15). Prolific Beauty (15,
19). Red Ox (19). Red Pennock (15, 19). Romanite (18). Roman Knight
(19).

A rather large, red winter apple, pretty uniform in size and shape
and attractive in appearance, but only fair to good in quality. It is
much subject to the trouble commonly known as “ Baldwin Spot,”
for which no remedy is known.) The tree is hardy, very long-lived
and a strong grower. It comes into bearing rather young and is a
reliable cropper, usually yielding heavy crops biennially and bearing
some fruit every year. Generally speaking it is not regarded with
favor as a commercial variety because the fruit ranks but second or

third rate in quality and, as above mentioned, is subject to the

<a

256 THE APPLES OF NEW York.

Historical. This old variety has been long known among New York fruit —
growers by the names Pennock, Pennick, Penick and Phoenix. The true
Phoenix is a distinct variety which apparently has never been known among
New York fruit growers. Pennock is said to have been first cultivated by
Joseph Pennock, of Springfield township, Delaware county, Pennsylvania.
It was formerly grown to a considerable extent in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey and was at one time popular in the Philadelphia market (1, 2). In
1867 Warder remarked that it was then universally cultivated in nearly all
parts of the country. In New York state it is found principally in old orchards
and is now seldom planted.

TREE.

Tree large or medium, often very vigorous. Form regular, symmetrical,
upright spreading.

FRUIT.

Fruit large, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish to oblate or slightly
oblong, often inclined to conic, sometimes obscurely ribbed or elliptical but
usually pretty regular; axis sometimes oblique. Stem short, moderately thick,
not exserted. Cavity medium in size, acute or approaching acuminate, moder-
ately narrow to rather broad, deep, usually symmetrical, green or russeted,
sometimes with outspreading russet rays. Calyx medium to rather large,
closed or partly open; lobes medium to long, acute, connivent or varying to
flat and convergent, pubescent. Basin medium in size, shallow to medium
in depth, rather narrow to moderately wide, somewhat abrupt, sometimes
obtuse, often a little furrowed or slightly wrinkled.

Skin rather thick, tough, smooth, yellow or greenish washed and mottled
with red rather indistinctly striped with carmine and somewhat mottled and
streaked with thin scarf-skin. Well-colored specimens are almost wholly
covered with bright deep red. Dots numerous, conspicuous, large, gray or
yellowish, often areolar with russet point.

Calyx tube rather large, moderately wide, usually conical, sometimes ap-
proaching truncate funnel-shape. Stamens basal to nearly median.

Core small, axile; cells uniformly developed, closed; core lines meeting or
slightly clasping. Carpels ovate to roundish obcordate, emarginate, sometimes
tufted. Seeds medium to large, moderately narrow, rather long, plump, some-
what acute, rarely tufted.

Flesh yellowish, firm, somewhat coarse, rather crisp, tender, rather juicy,
subacid to mild subacid or nearly sweet; flavor lacking in character; quality
fair to good.

Season December to April or May.

PERRY RUSSET,

REFERENCES. I. Willey, Horticulturist, 17:168. 1862. 2. Warder, 1867:468.
fig. 3. Downing, 1869:303. 4. dm. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 5. Thomas, 1875:
509. 6. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:296. 7. Harris, U. S. Pom. Rpt.,
1892:271. 8. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246. 9. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:84.
1902. 10. Budd-Hansen, 1903:149. 11. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul,
248:137. 1904.

PENNOCK

THE Apples OF NEw York. 257

Synonyms. Golden Russet (1, 3), but erroneously. Pineapple. Pineapple
Russet. Poughkeepsie Russet (1), but erroneously. Rhode Island Russet.
Winter Russet (1).

This variety evidently belongs in the same group as Peck
Pleasant, Rhode Island Greening and Green Newtown. The fruit
is of good size, pretty uniform and fairly attractive in appearance
for a yellowish apple. It has a crisp, subacid flavor and easily ranks
good in quality for either dessert or culinary purposes. It is in
season from December to midwinter or later. Its commercial limit
in ordinary storage is November or December; in cold storage it
may be held till March. It does not stand heat well before going
into storage. In going down it often shrivels, becomes mealy and
goes down quickly. It varies greatly in keeping quality in different
seasons and in different localities, and is not regarded favorably for
storage purposes. The tree is very hardy, healthy, very long-lived
and a reliable cropper, giving good crops biennially or in some cases
almost annually. The fruit hangs well to the tree, being borne on
slender twigs. It is perhaps worthy of attention for planting in the
home orchard where very hardy varieties are particularly desired,
but is seldom regarded as a profitable commercial variety in New
York state.

Historical. This variety has long been cultivated locally in the vicinity of
Berwyn, Onondaga county, N. Y., where some trees of it nearly one hundred
years old are said to be still very productive. It has always been known there
under the name of Rhode Island Russet only! and not until 1904, when it was
identified by U. S. Pomologist Brackett, was it discovered that it was identical
with Perry Russet. The fact that long before it was known as Perry Russet
it had the local name Rhode Island Russet indicates that it was probably
known in Rhode Island before it was introduced into New York.

Warder (2) publishes a description which was made from a specimen ex-
hibited by Mr. Utters at a meeting of the Northwestern Fruit Growers in
1850. Willey (1), writing from Madison, Wisconsin, made the following
statement concerning it in 1862. “ Perry Russet is a sort sent from the East
under various cognomens, as Winter Russet, Poughkeepsie Russet, Golden
Russet, etc. It is universally hardy, succeeding in all locations, and much
esteemed everywhere. Tree good grower, forms a round even head; fruit
large, fair and excellent; keeps well through the winter. Too many cannot
be had, as it is the best of all the Russets.”” We are also informed that it has

been known under the names Pineapple Russet and Pineapple.2) Downing,

in 1869 stated that this variety “was many years since carried from Perry,

1Letters, L. L. Woodford, 1904.
*Report by F. Newhall and Sons, Chicago, Ill., 1904.

258 THE APPLES OF NEW YorRK.

Wyoming county, New York, to the West under the name of Golden Russet,
but as it was entirely distinct from the true Golden Russet it soon became
known as Perry Russet.”

TREE.

Tree medium to large or eventually very large. Form symmetrical, roundish
or spreading. Jzwrgs medium to short, straight, slender; internodes medium.
Bark reddish-brown, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels
scattering, very small, oval. Buds small, plump, obtuse, free, pubescent.

FRUvIT.

Fruit above medium to nearly large, pretty uniform in size and shape.
Form roundish oblate to oblate conic, slightly ribbed. Stem often swollen at
base, short, thick or moderately so. Cavity very obtuse to acute, shallow to
medium in depth, broad, often thinly russeted and with outspreading russet
rays, a little wavy and often rather strongly lipped. Calyx medium in size,
somewhat open; lobes often separated at the base, narrow, acute to acuminate.
Basin medium in depth to deep, medium to rather wide, abrupt, somewhat
furrowed, not symmetrical, irregular.

Skin thick, tough, nearly smooth or roughened more or less with russet,
rather pale yellow with rather dull blush of bronze or brownish-red and some-
times with obscure dark reddish splashes. Dots very numerous, usually small,
sometimes rather large, prominent, russet, irregular and mingled with russet
flecks or netted russet. Prevailing color yellowish.

Calyx tube rather wide, short, conical. Stamens median.

Core medium size, axile; cells closed; core lines meeting or slightly clasping.
Carpels broadly ovate, tufted. Seeds medium, narrow, rather long, acute to
acuminate.

Flesh whitish a little tinged with yellow, medium to rather fine-grained,
moderately tender or somewhat tough, juicy, with an agreeable subacid russet
flavor, sprightly, aromatic, good.

PEW AUKEE,

REFERENCES. 1. Willey, Horticulturist, 1870. (cited by 2 and 20). 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1871:51. 3. Downing, 1872:26 app. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,
1875:12. 5. Barry, 1883:351. 6. Thomas, 1885:520. 7. Can. Hort., 14:139.
1891. 8. [b., 14:260. 1891. 9g. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246. 10. Can. Hort.,
17:69. 1804. ‘11. [b., 17:251. 1804. 12. Ib., 18:370: 1895. “¥3. Munson ole:
Sta. An. Rpt., 1896:71. 14. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 61:31. 1897. 15. Dickens
and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:54. 1902. 16. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:85.
1902. 17. Budd-Hansen, 1903:150. fig. 18. Powell and Fulton, U.S. B. P. J.
Bul., 48:52. 1903. 19. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:137. 1904. 20.
Ragan, U:°S: BPs Bul (56:23 1005.

SYNONYM. PEEWAUKEE (7, I0).

Fruit above medium to large; often it is poorly colored, being
greenish striped with dull red. When well colored it is of fairly

good yellow color largely washed and mottled with red and splashed
with dark carmine. It is overspread with a heavy bluish bloom

(az1S peonpay) FAMNVMAd

ALS

THe AppLes oF NEw York. 259

which produces a rather dull effect, but it becomes bright and glossy
when polished. Its quality ranks fair to good for either culinary
or dessert uses.

Pewaukee varies much in keeping qualities in different seasons
(19). In ordinary storage its commercial limit varies from Novem-
ber to January, or under favorable conditions till February. The
rate of loss in the stored fruit is often high in November, then
becomes lower till midwinter, after which it rises again. Its season
in cold storage is variously reported as extending from November
to February or March, or exceptionally to May (19).

This variety was produced by crossing Oldenburg with Northern
Spy. As might be expected from its parentage, it is very hardy,
although it has not proven as hardy in the North and Northwest
as was at first expected, being inferior to Wealthy in this respect
GIG; 3077)..

Pewaukee makes a moderately vigorous root development in the
nursery, but in the orchard it becomes a good, strong grower and
succeeds well under ordinary care. Usually it is healthy and long-
lived, but in some localities it is said to suffer from canker. The
tree comes into bearing rather early and is a reliable cropper, bearing
biennially or almost annually and often yielding heavy crops. It is
not generally considered a desirable variety for commercial planting
in New York, except in those portions of the state where hardiness
is a prime requisite, for in spite of its vigor, hardiness and produc-
tiveness it is usually found less profitable than standard commercial
varieties because it is deficient in color and in quality and generally
is not very well known in market.

Historical. Originated by George P. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wisconsin, by cross-
ing Oldenburg with Northern Spy. It was first brought to the notice of fruit
growers about 1870 (1, 2, 3). It has been sparingly disseminated through this

state but has not been cultivated largely in any locality and its planting does
not appear to be increasing.

TREE.

Tree vigorous or moderately vigorous, medium to large, with stout curved
branches. Form upright spreading or roundish, open. Twigs long to below
medium, curved or irregularly bent, moderately stout; internodes long. Bark
clear dark reddish-brown lightly mottled and streaked with gray scarf-skin;
slightly pubescent near tips. Lenticels conspicuous being of a clear light color,
scattering, usually medium or below, elongated, not raised. Buds large, broad,

260 THE Apples OF NEW YORK.

plump, obtuse, free or nearly so, much pubescent; the shoulder of the bud is
flattened so that it bulges slightly on the sides.

FRUuIT.

Fruit above medium, cften large, fairly uniform in size but not in shape.
Form roundish oblate, sometimes approaching roundish ovate, characteristically
rounded toward the cavity, ribbed, more or less irregularly elliptical. Stem
usually short, often fleshy and often inserted under a lip. Cavity varies from
moderately large to small, sometimes being scarcely at all developed, narrow
to wide, very shallow to moderately deep, often furrowed and sometimes
thinly russeted. It is acuminate at the insertion of the stem but the outer
portion is often moderately obtuse. Calyx below medium to large, partly
open or sometimes closed. Basin medium in depth and width, usually some-
what abrupt, wrinkled.

Skin smooth, moderately thin, rather tough, grass-green becoming yellow
washed and mottled with orange-red or red, striped and splashed with car-
mine, often covered with bloom. Dots moderately conspicuous, pale gray or
whitish, some being large, obscurely defined and areolar.

Calyx tube funnel-form varying to cone-shape. Stamens median to basal.

Core below medium to large, axile to somewhat abaxile; cells irregularly
developed, usually closed or slit; core lines clasp the funnel cylinder. Carpels
obcordate, tufted. Seeds numerous, medium to large, rather long, moderately
narrow, acute, plump, tufted, light brown.

Flesh nearly white, moderately firm, slightly coarse, rather tender, very
juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic, fair to good.

Season variable; commonly November to April in Northern and Western
New York.

PICKARD RESERVE,

REFERENCES. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1863. (cited by 9g). 2. Warder, 1867:
413. fig. 3. Downing, 1869:304. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 5. Bailey, An.
Hort., 1892:246. 6. Burrill and McCluer, J//l. Sta. Bul., 45:335. 1896. 7.
Thomas, 1897:648. 8. Sharpe, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1901:543. 9. Ragan,
Ue SB PI Bus 02232-10052

Synonyms. Picarp (7). Picard’s Reserve (7). Pickarp (4). Pickard’s
Reserve (9).

A large, green or yellow fruit with reddish-bronze cheek which in highly
colored specimens becomes in part pinkish-red. It is evidently allied to the
Green Newtown group of apples. This is indicated by the elliptical form,
occasional oblique axis, truncate base, the color and markings of the skin,
particularly the outspreading russet rays about the cavity, the gray dots and
the brownish-pink blush; also by the texture, aroma and quality of the flesh.
Although inferior to Green Newtown in aroma and quality it is excellent in
both. It does not appear to show any marked resemblance to the group which
includes Ortley and Yellow Bellflower and it is strikingly different from this
group in its core characters.

As fruited at this Station the tree has not come into bearing very young
but with advancing maturity has proved a reliable bearer giving full crops in
alternate years. So far as we can learn it has not been sufficiently tested in

Tue APPLES OF NEw York. 261

New York to determine its value for this region either for the home or for
market purposes but so far as it has been tried it has proved desirable for
home use, and it appears worthy of trial for commercial planting where a
yellow fruit of this class is desired. Its culture in the Middle West is said
to have declined in recent years on account of the susceptibility of the variety
to the attacks of the apple scab. We have found no difficulty in protecting it
from this disease by the ordinary line of treatment with bordeaux mixture.

Historical. Originated in Park county, Indiana, from seed brought from
North Carolina (2). Professor W. H. Ragan has kindly supplied the follow-
ing statement concerning its history and habits of growth in Indiana. “It
originated with the late Wm. Pickard, of Park county, Ind., and about 4o
miles from the place of my birth. Wm. Pickard was a Friend (Quaker) and
had a pioneer seedling orchard. By chance he had several fairly good varieties
and he boasted that he had as good fruit as those of his neighbors who had
cultivated varieties. To convince them of this fact he invited his friends to
a test of his varieties. To them he presented several varieties which in turn
were pronounced good, bad and worse. Finally he brought out his ‘best,’
that is in his own opinion, but only announced that this was the last. On
testing it they were all charmed with its high quality and it was suggested
that this was ‘ Pickard’s Reserve,’ it having been reserved until the last of
the feast.

“Your inquiry concerning its quality, and your mention in that connection
of Grimes Golden indicates that you know of its high character as a fruit.
There is no mistake on this point, and yet I am hardly prepared to claim that
it is the equal of that fine variety. But it ranks ‘very good’ if not quite
‘best.’

“ The tree is upright and inclines to make splitting forks that are liable to
split down and thus destroy the tree. It is fruitful almost to a fault, and if
not overloaded, the fruit is of good size, averaging about with Yellow New-
town in this particular, which it somewhat resembles in appearance. Its flesh
is, however, much more tender and less acid than the Yellow Newtown. Its
parentage is not certainly known, though it has been suggested that it may
have been from seed of ‘Ortley.’ It was one of the very first (along with
the Ortley itself) to yield to the attack of the apple scab, when it first in-
vaded our country, and hence its culture has been largely discontinued with
us.”

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches long, moderately stout, liable to split at the forks.
Form upright spreading, open. Twigs moderately long, straight, rather stout;
internodes medium to short. Bark dull brown tinged with red, heavily coated
with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels rather conspicuous, numerous,
medium size, somewhat elongated, slightly raised. Buds medium to below
medium, broad, plump, obtuse to somewhat acute, free or nearly so, pubescent.

FRuIT.

Fruit large, fairly uniform in shape and size. Form inclined to oblate,
rather irregularly elliptical, sometimes broadly or obscurely ribbed, often lop-
sided or with one side bulging; axis often oblique. Stem short, usually rather
slender. Cavity pretty large, acuminate, irregular, wide, very deep, often com-

262 THE APPLES OF NEW YorK.

pressed and sometimes lipped, russeted and with very conspicuous, outspread-
ing russet rays. Calyx small to medium, partly closed or sometimes open;
lobes acuminate, reflexed. Basin small to medium, narrow to rather wide,
deep, rather abrupt, furrowed, slightly wrinkled.

Skin smooth or slightly roughened with russet dots, green changing to
yellow when fully ripe, often with faint streaks of brownish or pinkish blush.
Bright and rather attractive for a yellowish apple. Dots russet and gray.

Calyx tube conical or approaching truncate funnel-form. Stamens median
to basal.

Core small to medium, usually axile or nearly so; cells often not uniform
in size but symmetrical, closed or partly open; core lines meeting when the
calyx tube is cone-shape, clasping when it is funnel-form. Carpels elongated,
pointed ovate, smooth or nearly so. Seeds acute to slightly obtuse, long,
medium size, brown, sometimes tufted.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid
becoming mild subacid, somewhat aromatic, sprightly, very good.

Season in Western New York November to February or March.

PIFER.

REFERENCES. I. Mag. Hort., 19:210. 1853. 2. Horticulturist, 8:342. 1853.
3. Warder, 1867:728. 4. Downing, 1869:304. 5. Burrill and McCluer, /Il.
Sta. Bul., 45:336. 1896. 6. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:52.
1903. 7 Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:138. 1904.

Synonyms. Pfeifer (4, 7). PFEIFFER (1, 2, 3). PIPER (6).

A dull red fruit of medium size and fair quality. Its chief merit is that
it keeps fresh and firm till very late in the season. The tree does not come
into bearing very young but so far as tested here it appears to be a reliable

bearer yielding full crops biennially. Not recommended for planting in New
York.

Historical. Originated in Springfield township, Pennsylvania. Brought to
the attention of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society in 1853 (1, 2). It
does not appear to be known among New York fruit growers.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous with moderately long, slender, curved branches.
Form upright to roundish, rather dense. Twigs medium in length to very
short, straight or nearly so, slender, with large terminal buds; internodes
rather short. Bark clear reddish or olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-
skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, small to very small, elon-
gated, usually not raised. Buds rather small, plump, acute, appressed, slightly
pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium to above, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
inclined to oblate, regular or sometimes obscurely ribbed, usually symmetrical ;
sides sometimes unequal. Stem short to medium, rather slender. Cavity
acute to acuminate, rather shallow to moderately deep, moderately broad,
smooth and greenish or occasionally slightly russeted. Calyx small to medium,
closed or partly open; lobes long, recurved. Basin varies from moderately

THE AppLes OF NEw York. 263

deep and abrupt to rather shallow and obtuse, rather narrow to moderately
wide, slightly furrowed or wrinkled.

Skin tough, leathery, smooth, dull greenish-yellow blushed with dull red,
becoming deep pinkish-red in highly colored specimens, with numerous narrow
stripes of dark carmine, and overspread with a thin bloom which gives a dull
effect. Dots small, gray.

Calyx tube long, very narrow below, funnel-shape. Stamens median to
basal.

Core medium in size, axile or nearly so; cells usually partly open; core lines
clasping. Carpels obcordate, emarginate. Seeds numerous, medium or above,
rather wide, plump, somewhat acute.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, hard, pretty coarse, somewhat crisp, not
tender, juicy, mild subacid, somewhat aromatic, fair or possibly good.

Season January to July.

PINE ST UME:

REFERENCES. I. Berckmans, dm. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1891:160. 2. Lyon, Mich.
Sta. Bul., 143:201. 1897. 3. Massey, N. C. Sta. Bul., 149:318. 1808.

As fruited at this Station this is a dull red apple hardly medium in size.
It is in season from November to February. It originated in Granville county,
North Carolina. In that region it is in season from the middle of September
to early winter and it is said to be a very showy fruit and an excellent market
apple of fine flavor and good quality (1, 3). It does not appear to be adapted
to New York conditions and is not recommended for planting in this state.

PIPPIN.

The word Pippin, from the old English word Pippin, a seed, or
the French Pepin, a pip or kernel, formerly signified a seedling
apple in distinction from a budded or grafted tree. Hogg remarks
that, “ Leonard Mascal, writing in 1572, says, ‘ Then shall you cover
your seedes or pepins with fine erth so sifting al over them’; and
‘when the winter is past and gone, and that ye see your Pepins rise
and growe’; and again, ‘ When so euer ye doe replante or change
your Pepin trees from place to place, in so remouing often the
stocke the frute there of shall also change; but the frute which doth
come of Graffing doth always kepe the forme and nature of the tree
whereof he is taken’.

“It is evident from this last quotation that Pippin is synonymous
with seedling, and is used to distinguish a tree raised directly from
seed from one that has been raised from grafts or cuttings. The
Golden Pippin, which, by the way, was raised in Sussex, where
Mascal also was born, means simply Golden Seedling.

264 THE AppLes oF NEW York.

“ But there was another meaning attached to the word. Ir Henry
IV., Shallow says to Falstaff, “Nay, you shall see mine orchard;
where in an arbour we will eat a last year’s pippin of my own
graffng.’ And this is interpreted by what Sir Paul Neile says in
his Discourse of Cider, written in the time of the Commonwealth,
wherein speaking of ‘ pippin cider, he says, ‘For by that name
I shall generally call all sorts of cider that is made of apples good
to eat raw, and that is evidently the signification in the above
quotation from Shakspeare.

‘Coming to more modern times, we have the word kernel, which
is the English equivalent of Pepin, also used to signify a seedling
apple tree; as, for example, Ashmead’s Kernel, the seedling raised
by Dr. Ashmead, of Gloucester ; Cook’s Kernel, Knott’s Kernel, and
many others.”

In this country the term Pippin has been applied to very many
different varieties of apples. In Eastern and Southeastern New
York when this word is used alone it signifies either the Green
Newtown or Yellow Newtown specifically, or the group of green or
yellow skinned apples to which these belong, while in Central and
Western New York it refers to either the Fall Pippin specifically
or to the group to which that variety belongs. In certain portions

of the Middle West it is understood as referring to Missouri Pippin.

POMME GRISE.

REFERENCES. I. Forsyth, 1803:53. 2. Ronalds, 1831:32. 3. Manning, Mag.
Hort., 7:51. 1841. 4. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1842. 5. Downing, 1845:124.
6. Thomas, 1849:184. 7. Cole, 1849:129. 8. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 17:17. 1851.
fig. 9. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:94. 1851. fig., col. pl. No. 77. 10. Elliott,
1854:99. 11. Hooper, 1857:70. 12. Downing, 1857:180. 13. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat., 1862. 14. Warder, 1867:469. fig. 15. (?) Leroy, 1873:684. figs. 16.
Barry, 1883:352. 17. Hogg, 1884:179. 18. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:
296. 1g. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246. 20. Dempsey, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt.,
2:34. 1895. 21. Budd-Hansen, 1903:152. fig. 22. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bul, 248:138. 1904.

Synonyms. (Bec de Lievre, 15)? (Belle Fille, 15)? (De Cuir, 15)?
French Russet (22). Gray Apple (5, 6, 10, 12, 21). Grise (5, 8, 10, 12).
Leather Apple of Turic (12). (Leder, 15)? (De Maroquin, 15)? (De
Peau, 15)? Pomme de Cuir (12). POMME GREE (1). PoMME Gris (3, 9,
13, 18, 19, 20, 21). (Prager Reinette Franche de Grandville, 15)? (Reinette
de Darnetal, 15)? (REINETTE GRISE, 15)? (Reinette Grise de Darnetal,

asi¥S AWNOd

™

Tur AppLes oF New York, 265

15)? (Reinette Grise Double, 15)? (Reinette Grise extra, 15)? (Reinette
Grise Francaise, 15)? (Reinette Grise de Grandville, 15)? (Reinette Grise
d’Hiver, 15)? (Reinette toute Grise, 15)?

A little russet apple valued only because of its excellent dessert
quality. Its keeping quality varies much in different seasons. In
cold storage its season extends from December to February or
March, and in ordinary storage, from the middle of October to
January or possibly February. After midwinter it is apt to deteri-
orate in quality, although it may remain apparently in good condi-
tion till March or April It has the reputation of developing
particularly fine flavor when grown in the St. Lawrence valley. In
New York it is seldom produced profitably in large quantities for
the general market, not being attractive enough in size and color to
command remunerative prices, but it is sometimes grown success-
fully to a limited extent for local or special trade. It is recom-
mended for home use because of its juiciness and fine dessert quality.
The tree is hardy, healthy and moderately long-lived. In favorable
locations it is a pretty good bearer, the fruit hangs well to the tree
and is fairly uniform in size and appearance.

The Swazie is an apple of the Pomme Grise type. It is described
on a subsequent page.

Historical. The Pomme Grise or fruit of this type has long been known in
cultivation among the French in the vicinity of Montreal and in other portions
of the St. Lawrence valley. According to Forsyth (17) it was introduced
into England from Canada. Possibly it is identical with the Reinette Grise
of Leroy (15) but we have not had the opportunity of determining this point
definitely. If it is in fact the Reinette Grise it has been cultivated in Europe

for more than 250 years.
TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form dense, roundish or spreading. Twigs
short, straight, rather slender with large terminal buds; internodes short to
medium. Bark clear reddish-brown mingled with olive-green lightly streaked
with gray scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels clear in color, quite numerous,
medium to small, generally elongated, slightly raised. Buds rather prominent,
medium in size, broad, plump, obtuse to acute, free, pubescent.

FRuiIt.

Fruit below medium to small, fairly uniform in size and shape. Form
oblate varying to roundish, sometimes inclined to conic, slightly ribbed, pretty
symmetrical. Stem usually slender, much pubescent, often bracted and streaked
with reddish-brown. Cavity pretty large, obtuse, deep, usually rather wide,

266 Tue Appies oF New York.

often compressed or gently furrowed. Calyx small to medium, usually closed;
lobes long, narrow, acuminate, pubescent. Basin variable, pubescent, often
somewhat saucer-shaped, narrow to rather wide, moderately shallow, obtuse
to moderately abrupt, furrowed.

Skin moderately thick, rather tough, deep yellow or greenish partly or en-
tirely covered with russet. In highly colored specimens the cheek is often
partly smooth and yellowish-brown mottled and striped with bright dark red.
Dots gray or whitish, scattering and usually inconspicuous.

Calyx tube cone-shape. Stamens basal or nearly so.

Core medium in size, slightly abaxile; cells symmetrical, usually closed or
partly so; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish, narrowing toward the apex,
slightly emarginate. mucronate, smooth or slightly tufted. Seeds medium in
size, plump, irregular, moderately obtuse, slightly tufted.

Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, moderately fine-grained, juicy, rich, subacid,
aromatic, very good to best.

POUND SWEET.

The apple most commonly known in Central and Western New
York under the name of Pound Sweet is large, roundish, marbled
with light and dark green, eventually becoming more or less yellow
and conspicuously streaked over the base with whitish scarf-skin. It
is in season from October to January. The name now generally
accepted by pomologists for this variety is Pumpkin Sweet. It is
also known by some as the Lyman Pumpkin Sweet. It is described
under the name Pumpkin Sweet in the succeeding volume.

Several distinct varieties of apples have been known in cultivation
under the name Pound Sweet, but so far as we have been able to
discover only the one above referred to is green, all others being
either more or less russeted or marked with distinct red.

PRATT SWEET,

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1869:312. 2. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:241.
1905.

SYNONYMS. Pratt (2). Pratt Sweet (2).

A sweet winter apple which originated on the farm of Daniel Pratt, Rich-
land, Oswego county, N. Y. We have not seen this variety. According to
Downing (1) the tree is vigorous and annually productive; the fruit large,
roundish conical, vellow striped and shaded with clear pinkish-red; the flesh
is yellowish-white, breaking, tender, juicy, rich and very good in quality. So
far as we can discover it is not now known among New York fruit growers,
nor do we find any record of its having been grown outside of the locality
of its origin. Humrickhouse, in a list of new American seedling apples pub-

THe AppLes oF New York. 267

lished in 1853, mentions a fall variety under the name of Pratt.1 Since Pratt
Sweet appears to have been but a local variety and since it was not brought
to notice in New York till 1869, and since its season is given as December to
March, it would seem that it is distinct from the Pratt of Humrickhouse.
Ragan at first listed them as identical (2) but now considers them as “ possibly

identical.’’2
PRIESTLY.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:146. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:132. 3. Buel, N. Y.
Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:476. 4. Wilson, 1828:136. 5. Kenrick, 1832:51. 6.
Downing, 1845:126. 7. Horticulturist, 2:483. 1848. 8. Emmons, Nat. Hist.
NE Vie S72) Lost. OQ. lliott)) 18542170.) 10s Llooper, 1857.72), tr. Warder,
1867 :720.

SYNONYMS. PRIESTLEY (3, 5, 10). Priestley’s American (6,9). Red Cat-
head (Q).

Fruit medium to large, blushed or faintly striped with red. Although it
ranks only fair to good in quality it is an agreeable dessert apple especially
in the spring when it is fresh, juicy and nuldly subacid. It is less desirable
for culinary uses because it lacks acidity. The tree is a pretty vigorous grower,
hardy, healthy, long-lived and commonly. bears good crops annually. The
fruit hangs well to the tree. It is surpassed by standard varieties of its season
and is not recommended for planting.

The following is Coxe’s description of this variety: “This apple is said
to be a native of the county of Bucks in Pennsylvania, where it was first cul-
tivated by a person from whom it has obtained its name. The tree has a hand-
some, upright form, vigorous growth, and large leaves; it is well suited to
light soils—the fruit is large, of an oblong form—the skin smooth, the colour
usually a dull red, streaked faintly with green, with spots of the same colour;
the flesh is white, has a pleasant spicy taste—it is an excellent table and kitchen
apple; hangs late on the tree; is an abundant bearer, and makes good cider
late in the season, but not of the first quality.”

FRUIT.

Fruit large to medium. Form roundish oblate to roundish oblong, usually
quite regular and symmetrical. Stem long, usually rather slender. Cavity
acute to acuminate, moderately deep to very deep, broad, russeted and with
outspreading russet rays, sometimes faintly furrowed. Calyx large, usually
closed, sometimes partly open; lobes connivent, erect or reflexed, broad, acute.
Basin very shallow to moderately deep, wide, obtuse or somewhat abrupt,
distinctly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin tough, smooth, green or yellow washed and blushed with red and
inconspicuously striped with dark carmine; highly colored specimens are nearly
covered with deep red. Dots rather numerous toward basin, larger and more
scattering toward cavity, gray or russet.

Calyx tube rather wide, conical. Stamens median or below.

Core medium to small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines meeting
or clasping. Carpels roundish, emarginate. Seeds large, wide, flat, obtuse to
somewhat acute, very dark brown.

1Mag. Hort., 19: 164. 1853.
*Letter, 1905.

268 Tue Appites oF NEw York.

Flesh yellowish, firm, rather coarse, crisp, juicy, agreeable mild subacid,
somewhat aromatic, medium to good in quality.
Season December to April.

PRINCE ALBERT.

REFERENCES. I. Hogg, 1884:128. 2. Bunyard, Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc., 1898:
356, 359. 3. Can. Hort., 12:10. 1889. 4. Garden, 64:322. 1903. fig. 5. Ragan,
OAS: Bs P: 1. Buls56:%72;, 1005.

Synonyms. LANE ALBERT (5). LANE’s PRINCE ALBERT (I, 2, 3). Lane
Prince Albert (5). PRINCE ALBERT (LANE) (2).

Fruit large, grass-green eventually becoming yellowish with part of the ex-
posed cheek covered with a thin blush and splashed with bright carmine.
The general appearance is rather attractive for a green apple. It is too
briskly subacid in flavor for a dessert apple but is valued for culinary uses.
So far as tested at this Station the tree sustains the reputation which it has
gained in England of coming into bearing young and being a reliable cropper
and very productive (1, 4). Its season has not been proved here but it
evidently extends from midautumn to midwinter. Hogg gives its season as
December to March. Further testing is required to determine whether it is
a desirable variety for this region.

This variety is found in common cultivation in some parts of England and
it is there usually called the Lane Prince Albert (4). Bunyard lists it first
as Prince Albert (Lane) and afterwards as Lane Prince Albert (2). Ragan
has abbreviated the name to Lane Albert (5). We prefer to follow Bunyard
in calling it Prince Albert as that appears to approach more closely to the
name by which it is commonly known in England.

Sharpe lists a Prince Albert of Prussia which is distinct from Prince
Albert

Historical. Introduced by H. Lane & Son, Berkhampstead, England, and
exhibited by them at a meeting of the British Pomological Society, October
26, 1857 (1, 4). The original tree was still in existence in a Berkhampstead
garden in 1903 (4). In 1881 Prince Albert received a first-class certificate
from the Royal Horticultural Society (2). In an article on “ Progress in
Fruit Culture in Queen Victoria’s Reign 1837-1897,’ Bunyard presents a list
of fruits introduced into cultivation in England in the last sixty years likely
to prove permanent additions which includes but ten varieties of apples and
one of them is Prince Albert (2). This variety is but little known as yet in
America.

TREE.

Tree very vigorous. Form spreading, rather dense. Twigs stocky, moder-
ately long. Bark dark greenish-brown. Lenticels numerous, roundish, medium
in size, conspicuous. Buds large, plump, obtuse, pubescent. Leaves large,
broad; foliage dense.

Fruit.
Fruit pretty uniformly large, sometimes very large. Form roundish some-

what flattened at the base and inclined to conic with broad obtuse ribs toward
the basin, somewhat irregular. Stem medium to short, moderately thick.

1Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1900:457 and letter, 1905.

THe Apples OF NEW York. 269

Cavity acute, varying from slightly obtuse to slightly acuminate, medium in
depth or sometimes deep, rather broad, somewhat furrowed, frequently com-
pressed, sometimes faintly russeted. Calyx below medium to above, closed
or slightly open; lobes rather short and wide, inclined to acute. Basin usually
below medium in size, often oblique, medium in depth to rather deep, rather
narrow to medium in width, abrupt, irregular, deeply furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, moderately thick, tough, grass-green becoming yellowish with
part of the exposed cheek shaded with red and striped with carmine, mottled
and streaked with scarf-skin. Dots small, often submerged, whitish or some-
times with russet point, numerous toward the basin, larger and more scattering
toward the cavity.

Calyx tube rather short, moderately wide, cone-shape or approaching funnel-
shape. Stamens median to basal.

Core large to very large, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical, open or some-
times closed; core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels elongated or
broadly roundish, obtusely emarginate, often tufted. Seeds numerous, medium
or above, moderately narrow to rather wide, obtuse to acute, rather dark.

Flesh tinged with yellow or green, firm, moderately fine, crisp, tender, very
juicy, briskly subacid or sour; suitable for culinary uses but has too much
acidity for a good dessert apple.

PRYOR,

REFERENCES. I. Kenrick, 1832:59. 2. Mag. Hort., 10:207. 1844. 3. Byram,
Horticulturist, 2:18. 1847. 4. Rice, /b., 4:289. 1849. 5. Phoenix, Ib., 4:471.
1849. 6. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:67. 1851. 7. Horticulturist, 6:181.
1851. 8. Mag. Hort., 19:242. 1853. 9g. Elliott, 1854:99. fig. 10. Downing,
1857:96. 11. Hooper, 1857:72. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1860. 13. Downing,
Horticulturist, 16:42. 1861. 14. Mag. Hort., 30:162. 1864. 15. Warder, 1867:
627. fig. 16. Fitz, 1872:143, 149, 172. 17. Leroy, 1873:780. fig. 18. Barry,
1883:352. 19. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:247. 20. Clayton, Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:8.
Te9g. 2. Powell and Bulton, Ue .S. BP. I. Bul, 48252) 1903) 922. Bruner
N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:21. 1903. 23. Budd-Hansen, 1903:155. fig. 24. Ragan,
OSs IB IP, Me IBM. FOAL, UCOS.

SynonyMs. Bersford (24). Big Hill (9, 10, 17, 24). Bonford (24). Con-
ford (24). Pitzer Hill (9, 10, 17, 24). Prior's Rep (10). Prors Red (3,
0, 24). Prior's Late Red (24). Pryor’s Pearmain (24). Pryor’s Rep (1, 2,
Sh Zk, Ge ©, Fy Oy Ws Uy Teh, GS IG), TKS a), JeisvOrr Ii) (3), /2anore IRAG!
(17, 24). Red Russet (of some 24). RouGE DE Pryor (17).

A southern apple of good size and rich subacid flavor; in season from
December to February. Although it has long been known in cultivation it is
seldom found in New York orchards, which is evidence that it is not well
adapted to this region (13).

Historical. This is said to have originated in Virginia (4, 12). Hooper
remarks that “it varies much in its appearance, being sometimes green
russeted, then sometimes dull orange-russet with a trace of red, and again
deeply red or striped, and sometimes almost black with depth of color” (11).
Warder (15) remarks “it is singularly affected by change of soil and climate;
thus, on the Ohio River, it is seen quite flat and regular, with a dull green

270 THe Apples oF NEW York.

russeted skin, becoming yellow and ruddy; in one part of the state of Indiana,
on limestone, it is gibbous, round, often very large, and. covered with a rich
cinnamon russet, while on the coal measures, west of the center of the state, it
is smaller, regular, and distinctly striped deep red on red, with very little
russet. Specimens from Rochester, New York, have been shown with scarcely
a trace of russet, and having the stripes as distinct and almost as beautiful
as those of a Dutchess of Oldenburgh, so that no southern or western man
would have recognized it for his home favorite. The distinctive /eather-
cracking about the eye was present, however, in all.”

TREE.

The tree as described by Byram (3), Warder (15), Downing (10, 23),
Rice (4), and others attains large size and is productive when old, requiring
a deep, rich soil and a warm season or southern climate for its proper develop-
ment. Form upright, somewhat spreading, twiggy; branches sometimes form
peculiarly acute angles. Twigs slender, clear reddish-brown with some olive-
green. Lenticels large, conspicuous, gray. Foliage scattering, folded, grayish-
green, subject to leaf-blight.

FRuIT.

The following description of the fruit is taken from Byram (3), Elliott
(9), Downing (10), Hooper (11), and Warder (15).

Fruit medium to large. Form variable but usually roundish oblate; axis
often oblique and sides unequal. Stem short, thick to moderately thick.
Cavity small, acute to acuminate, often lipped, russeted and with some out-
spreading brownish-russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin small, shallow,
regular.

Skin thick, greenish to brownish-yellow tinged with dull red, rather indis-
tinctly striped with dark crimson, slightly russeted. Dots numerous, large,
gray or greenish.

Core closed; core lines meeting. Seeds numerous, angular, acute.

Flesh yellowish-white, tender, fine-grained, juicy to rather dry, subacid, very
good to best.

Season December to March.

RALLS,

REFERENCES. I. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:22. 2. Kenrick, 1832:59. 3-
Mag. Hort., 1:149. 1835. 4. Hovey, Ib., 10:207. 1844. 5. Byram, Horticul-
turist, 2:19. 1847. fig. 6. Springer, [b., 2:147. 1847. 7. Ib., 2:291, 388, 483.
1847. 8. Mallinckrott, 7b., 3:369. 1848. 9. Phoenix, Jb., 4:470. 1849. 10.
Cole, 1849:136. fig. 11. Thomas, 1849:170. 12. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
3:63. 1851. 13. Elliott, 1854:100. fig. 14. Downing, 1857:99. 15. Hooper,
1857:75. 16. Mag. Hort., 26:102. 1860. 17. Ib. °27:101. 186i.) aeaeoneege
262. 1861. 19. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 20. Mag. Hort., 30:162. 1864. 21.
Warder, 1867:517. fig. 22. Downing, 1869:32!. fig. 23. Howsley, Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt., 1871:74. 24. Fitz, 1872:141, 143, 147, 149, 156, 165, 175, 177. 25:
Leroy, 1873:713. 26. Downing, 1881:11 index,app. 27. Barry, 1883:353. 23.
Wickson, 1889:248. 29. Lyon, Mich. Hort..Soc. Rpt., 1890:296. 30. Bailey,
An. Hort., 1892:242. 31. Ib., 1892:247. 32. Mathews, Ky. Sta. Bul., 50:32.

U2) STAVE

Ture Apples or New York. 271

1894. 33. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:198. 34. Heiges, Mechan's
Monthly, 6:136. 1896. 35. Gard. and For., 9:310. 1896. 36. Munson, Me. Sta.
An. Rpt., 18:95. 1902. 37. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:88. 1902. 38. Stinson,
Mow Hr SiG Bul 3327201002) 3095) Powell and Fulton Us Sa 8B. b. I. Bul
48:53. 1903. 40. Budd-Hansen, 1903:156. fig. 41. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul.,
182:27. 1903. 42. Beach and Clark, N.Y. Sta. Bul., 248:139. 1904. 43. Ragan,
CR See Deut Dil ac Oke OOS:

SyNonyMsS. Genet (23). Geneton (21, 23). GENITON (8). Geniton (39).
GENNETIN (4). Genneting (14). Gennetting (42). Ginet (23). Indiana
Jannetting (13, 14, 22). JANET (30). Janet (31, 37, 40, 41, 42). Janetting
(21). Jefferson Pippin (23, 26). Jenmton (22, 27, 37, 38). Jennett (14,
22). Jennette (13). Jenniton (42). Missourr JANET (18). Missoun
Janet? (22). Never Fail (21). Neverfcil (4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 33, 37,
30, 40, 41, of Ohio 10). Ratts GENET (33, 35, 37, 49, 41). alls Genet (39,
42). Rais JANET (36). Raule Jannet (12). RaAuLe’s GENET (24). RAULE’S
JANET (13, 15). Raute’s JANETT (5). Raves JANETTE (10). RAULE’S
JANNET (14). Raule’s Jannette (13). Raule’s Jannetting (14, 22). Raule’s
Jenuetting (10). Raut’s GENNETTING (6, 22). Raul’s Gennetting (13).
RAWLE’S GENET (23, 24, 26). Rawle’s Genet (22). RAwLe’s JANET (9, 16,
17, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 20, 31, 32, 38). Rawle’s Janet (30, 35). RAWLE’S JANETT
2, 3). RAwte’s JANNET (11). Rawle’s Jannet (22). Rawle’s Jennet (8).
Rawle’s Jenneting (11). Rawle’s Jennette (13). Rawl’s Janet (13). Red
Neverfal? (22). RockreMaIn (12). Rockremain (6, 11). Rock Remain
(13, 14, 22). Rockrimmon (10). Rock Rimmon (13, 14, 21, 22). Royal
Janette (33). Winter Genneting (13). Winter Jannetting (14, 22). Yellow
Janette (13). Vellow Janett (14, 22).

Ralls, although a southern variety, often develops pretty good
quality when grown as far north as Western New York and
Southern Michigan. As grown here it seldom reaches marketable
size unless it is thinned and it is rather dull in color being at the
best only moderately attractive but it has the merit of being a good
keeper and holds its flavor well till late in the season. In ordinary
storage it is in season from December to May with April as the
commercial limit (42).

In districts farther south and west and, generally speaking,
throughout the Ben Davis apple regions it produces fruit of superior
quality, is generally held in high esteem for home use and has a
recognized standing in market. It has there been cultivated exten-
sively either under the common names of Jeniton or Ralls Janet or
under some variation of these names. It has also been grown to a
limited extent under the names Neverfail and Rock Rimmon. The
younger trees frequently bear annually and yield fruit of fairly good
size but with increasing age the trees often become biennial or oc-
casional croppers and in bearing years are apt to be so overloaded

272 THe Apples oF NEw York.

that the fruit is small. On account of the lateness of its blooming
season Ralls frequently sets a good crop of fruit when earlier
blooming varieties fail on account of unfavorable weather during
the blossoming season,

Ralls is but little known among New York fruit growers and is
not recommended for planting in this state.

Historical. The first that is definitely known of this variety is that trees
of it were growing on the farm of Mr. Caleb Ralls in Amherst county,
Virginia, something over a hundred years ago. There is no evidence to show
whether it was a local seedling or an importation from some other section.
Howsley (23) states that it was brought from France to President Jefferson
by M. Genet at that time the minister from that country. This claim does
not seem to have been made in print till about one hundred years after the
time of its alleged occurrence and as there are no records to verify it, its
truth seems problematical. We regard it as probably a Virginia seedling.
Spreading from Virginia it has come into more or less common cultivation
southward into the Carolinas and Georgia, northward into Southern Michigan
and westward across the Mississippi valley to and beyond the Ozarks, but it
remains practically unknown among New York fruit growers.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous. Form upright becoming spread-
ing and inclined to droop, dense. wigs short, curved, moderately stout;
internodes short. Bark dull brown mingled with olive-green, lightly mottled
with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels numerous, small, oblong, not
raised. Buds medium in size, broad, plump, obtuse, free or nearly so, slightly
pubescent.

FRuIT.

Fruit below medium to above, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish oblate varying to roundish inclined to conic, rather symmetrical.
Stem often long and slender. Cavity obtuse to acute, deep, sometimes com-
pressed or somewhat furrowed, often russeted. Calyx small to medium,
usually somewhat open. Basin often a little oblique, wide, rather shallow to
moderately deep, inclined to abrupt, wrinkled.

Skin smooth, yellow or greenish blushed and mottled with pinkish red, in-
distinctly striped with dull carmine, overspread with a light bloom which
together with broken stripes of thin whitish scarf-skin combine to give the
fruit a rather dull appearance. Dots numerous, small, whitish or russet.

Calyx tube broad cone-shape or frequently funnel-shape. Stamens marginal
or nearly so.

Core medium in size, axile or slightly abaxile; cells closed or partly open;
core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels rather flat, broadly roundish,
emarginate, slightly tufted. Seeds medium or above, narrow, plump, acute,
dark.

Flesh whitish, firm, moderately fine-grained, crisp, moderately tender, juicy,
subacid with a slight mingling of sweet, aromatic, pleasant, very good for
dessert.

Tue Apples OF NEw York. 272

RAMBO.

REFERENCES. 1. Dom. Encyc., 1804. (cited by 40). 2. Coxe, 1817:116. fig.
3. Thacher, 1822:134. 4. Buel, N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:476. 5. Wilson,
1828:136. 6. Fessenden, 1828:131. 7. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:28. 8.
Kenrick, 1832:37. 9. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:49. 1841. 10. Downing, 1845:
93. fig. 11. N. VY. Agr. Soc. Trans., 1846:191. fig. 12. Elliott, Horticulturist,
1:388. 1847. 13. Kirtland, /b., 2:544. 1848. 14. Thomas, 1849:151. 15. Cole,
1849:116. fig. 16. Phoenix, Horticulturist, 4:472. 1850. 17. Humrickhouse,
Mag. Hort., 15:28. 1849. fig. 18. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:29. 1851. 19.
Elliott, 1854:102. fig. 20. Horticulturist, 10:87. 1855. 21. Am. Pom. Soc.
Gat. 18565) 22. looper OS 72735) (23-0 O57 7 2A Green 1857557.) 25.
Horticulturist, 13:144. 1858. 26. Alag. Hort., 30:162. 1864. 27. Warder, 1867:
454.fig. 28. Downing, 1869:319. fig. 29. Fitz, 1872:163. 30. Barry, 1883:352.
31. Hogg, 1884:184. 32. Wickson, 1889:245. 33. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:206. 34. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:247. 35. Mathews, Ky. Sta. Bul., 50:
32. 1894. 36. Burrill and McCluer, J/l. Sta. Bul., 45:337. 1896. 37. Budd-
Hansen, 1903:158. fig. 38. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:53.
1903. 39. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:140. 1904. 40. Ragan, U. S.
I5y, 12, We Sails ADEA YO),

SyNoNyMS. American Seek-No-Further (7). Bread and Cheese (27, 40,
of New Jersey 18). Bread and Cheese Apple (2, 19, 28, of New Jersey Io,
15 and 17). Delaware (28, 40). Fall Romanite (28, 40). Gray Romanite
(28, 40). Large Rambo? (28, 40). Rambo (5). Rambouillet (28, 40).
RAMBOULETTE (23). Ramboulctte? (40). ROoMANITE (5). Romanite (2, 4,
7, 8, 15, 19, 28, 40, of New Jersey 10, 14, 17, 18 and 27). Seek-No-Farther
(19, of Philadelphia 2). Seek-No-Further (4, 28, 40, of New Jersey I0, 17
and 18, of Pennsylvania 22, of Philadelphia 8 and 35). Striped Rambo (17,
28, 40). Terry's Redstreak (19, 28, 40). Trumpington (40, ? 28).

The accompanying plate shows the whole fruit of Rambo. The
section is shown on the same plate as that which shows the whole
fruit of Walbridge.

This fruit belongs in the same group as the Domine. Downing
states! that “ Domine so much resembles the Rambo externally,
that the two are often confounded together, and the outline of the
latter fruit may be taken as nearly a facsimile of this. The Domine
is, however, of a livelier color, and the favor and season of the two
fruits are very distinct,—the Rambo being rather a high-flavored
early winter or autumn apple, while the Domine is a sprightly,
juicy, long-keeping winter fruit.” Rambo when well grown is an
apple of excellent quality but in this state it does not take first rank
for any purpose. It is less attractive in size and color and less
desirable for market than Baldwin or Northern Spy. For culinary

1Downing, 1869: 147.

7A Tue Apples or NEw York.

uses it is easily surpassed by Rhode Island Greening and for dessert
by Tompkins King, Hubbardston and other apples of Rambo sea-
son. When well colored it is rather attractive, the prevailing color
being a good bright red which forms a pleasing contrast with the
yellow ground color. Very often, however, the red color is not
predominant and the fruit is rather dull and not particularly attract-
ive. Often a considerable portion of the fruit does not reach good
marketable size, particularly when borne on old trees that are over-
loaded. The tree is less hardy than some standard varieties of this
region and in unfavorable locations it 1s sometimes more or less
injured by winter. It seems to do particularly well on rather light,
rich soils, either sandy or of limestone formation with well-drained
subsoil. The wood is rather brittle and the trees often break with
heavy crops.

Warder (27) says that “It is a fall and early winter fruit, and
some pomologists on the southern borders of its culture object to
it that it wil not keep long, and that it soon becomes dry and
mealy when put away. When grown further north it is smaller,
but more solid, and remains juicy until spring. It should be
gathered early, even before it is well colored, and kept cool to make
it retain its flavor and juiciness.”

As grown at this Station its commercial limit appears to be
November, although some of the fruit may be kept till March in
apparently good condition. Storage men give its season as ex-
tending in cellar storage to November and in chemical cold storage
to February. It does not stand heat well before going into storage
and goes down quickly, losing in quality and firmness, shriveling,
becoming mealy and bursting (39). It was formerly grown to some
extent for market in some portions of the state but during the last
half century it has gradually lost ground in competition with other
better commercial sorts. It is not now recommended for planting
in commercial orchards in New York, but on account of the agree-
able dessert qualities of the fruit it will doubtless continue to be
grown to a limited extent for home use.

Historical. Origin unknown. In 1817 Coxe (2) remarked that it was
much cultivated in Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The extent of

its cultivation at that time indicates that it must have originated at least fifty
years previous to that date. According to Coxe it takes its name from the

a

WALBRIDGE

RAMBO

THe AprLes OF NEw York. 275

families by whom it was brought into notice (2). It was introduced into
Ohio by the early settlers from Pennsylvania and its cultivation gradually
spread westward with the tide of emigration (27). In many localities in the
central portion of the Mississippi valley it is still a favorite fruit. Wiickson
(32) says that on the Pacific Coast it has failed to sustain the reputation
which it gained in the East. Generally speaking, it appears to be less popular
and certainly less widely planted to-day than it was a quarter of a century
ago.
TREE.

Tree medium size, moderately vigorous to vigorous. Form upright spread-
ing, open. The old bark is peculiarly rough. Twigs medium to long, moder-
ately stout, broad; imternodes medium. Sark brownish-red mingled with
olive-green, lightly blotched and irregularly streaked with scarf-skin, slightly
pubescent. Lenticels numerous, small to’ medium, round, not raised. Buds
medium, broad, plump, obtuse, free or nearly so, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or sometimes large, often averaging no more than medium
size, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form usually roundish and somewhat
oblate but varies to roundish oblong approaching truncate, symmetrical,
usually regular but sometimes faintly ribbed. Stem short to medium in
length, rather slender. Cavity pretty regular, moderately wide, rather deep,
acute or acuminate, sometimes smooth but usually with some outspreading
russet. Calyx small to medium, usually closed; lobes medium to long, rather
narrow, acute to acuminate. Basin wide, moderately deep, rather abrupt,
often furrowed and somewhat wrinkled.

Skin thin, a little tough, smooth or slightly roughened with russet dots,
pale greenish-yellow, mottled with red, striped with carmine and overspread
with grayish bloom. Dects conspicuous, rather large, whitish, gray or russet.
In highly colored specimens the red is predominant.

Calyx tube funnel-form, rather long with wide limb. Stamens median to
marginal.

Core medium to small, axile; cells closed; core lines clasping. Carpels
roundish to broadly obovate, emarginate, slighly tufted. Seeds medium to
rather large, broad, rathcr flat, obtuse, slightly tufted, light and dark brown.

Flesh whitish with tinge of yellow or green, firm, rather fine, very crisp,
tender, juicy, mildly subacid, aromatic, good to very good. Particularly

desirable for dessert.
RED CANADA,

REFERENCES. I. Thacher, 1822:131. 2. Fessenden, 1828:131. 3. Manning,
Mag. Hort.,.7:47. 1841. 4. Hovey, Ib., 13:75. 1847. fig. 5. Watts and Down-
ing, Horticulturist, 1:482. 1847. 6. Downing, Jb., 2:289. 1847. 7. Hovey,
Mag. Hort., 14:124. 1848. 8. Horticulturist, 2:483, 544. 1848. 9. Thomas,
1849:171. fig. ro. Cole, 1849:127. 11. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:101. 1851.
col. pl. No. 42. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. ‘Cat., 1852. 13. Mag. Hort., 19:68) 1853.
14. Elliott, 1854:102. fig. 15. Hooper, 1857:76. 16. Downing, 1857:97. fig.
17. Warder, 1867:542. 18. Regel, 1868:465. 19. Barry, 1883:353. 20. Wick-
son, 1889:247. 21. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:296. 22. Bailey, An.
Hlort., 1892:247. 23. Amer. Gard., 20:104. 1899. 24. Budd-Hansen, 1903:161.

276 THe Apples OF NEW York.

fiz. 25. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:53. 1903. 26. Beach and
Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:140. 1904.

Synonyms. Bristol of some. Canada Red (25). Canada Redstreak (26).
NonesucH (2). Nonsucu (1, 3, 8,13). Nonsuch (9). O.tp Nownsucu (7,
10). Old Nonsuch (6, 9, 14, 15, 21, of Massachusetts 8 and 16). Red Canada
(13, of Western New York 8 and 10). Red Winter (26). Richfield Nonsuch
(10, II, 14, 15, 16, 19, of Ohio 9). Steele’s Red Winter (20, 24, 25, 26, of
Michigan 16). Steel’s Red (17). Winter Nonsuch (10). Not the Canada
Red of some portions of Ontario. See Roseau, page 292.

This is a red winter apple which belongs in the same group with
Baldwin and Esopus Spitzenburg. When well grown and in prime
condition it is one of the best apples of its season for dessert use
on account of its desirable size, attractive form and color and
superior quality. It is well adapted to either general or special
markets and often brings more than average prices. The quality
of the fruit varies much in different seasons and in different locali-
ties. When grown on heavy clay soils its quality in some seasons
is decidedly inferior to that of Baldwin and would be rated only
fair to good; but when grown on certain fertile soils of a gravelly
or sandy nature in favorable seasons it develops color, flavor and
quality fully equal to that of Esopus Spitzenburg. It stands heat
well before going into storage and goes down gradually (26). Its
season is somewhat variable. The commercial limit in ordinary
storage is January or February, and in cold storage, April. Its
season for home use usually extends from November to March or
later. Although the fruit may remain apparently sound it is apt to
lose much of its high flavor after midwinter. The tree is somewhat
lacking in hardiness and is but a moderate grower. It should be
top-worked on some hardier and more vigorous variety such as Bald-
win or Northern Spy. In some cases it is an annual bearer but
more often it is not a sure cropper.

Waugh recognizes Roseau as the correct name for an apple which
is commonly known in Ontario under the name of Canada Red.
It is quite distinct from the variety above described.1_ For further
consideration of this matter the reader is referred to Roseau, page 202.

Historical. This variety probably originated in New England but its origin

is obscure. Thacher (1) in 1822 described it under the name Nonsuch and
later Fessenden (2), Manning (3), Hovey (7) and other New England writers

*Can. Hort., 18:184. 1895. Waugh, Rural N. Y., 62:143. 1903. Rural N. Y., 62:238,
282. 1903.

VOVNVO d3u

THE Apples oF New York. 2777,

recognized this name for the variety. In 1849 Cole (10) described it as the
Old Nonsuch. It appears to have been brought into Western New York from
the vicinity of Toronto, Canada, and afterwards cultivated in this region under
the name Canada Red. The earliest mention we find of the variety under
the name Red Canada or Canada Red, as these names appear to have been
used interchangeably, is that of Watts and Downing in 1847 (5). In Michigan
it has been often cultivated under the name of Steele’s Red Winter. In some
portions of Eastern New York it is grown under the name Bristol. It has
been pretty generally distributed throughout the state. In some few localities
its cultivation in commercial orchards is increasing but seldom has it been
planted to any considerable extent, and, generally speaking, it is found only in
old orchards.
TREE.

Tree medium to large, moderately vigorous to vigorous; branches short,
stout, curved, crooked. Form upright to roundish, rather dense. Wigs
medium in length, straight or nearly so, rather slender to moderately stout;
internodes below medium to long. Bark olive-green tinged with reddish-
brown, netted or streaked with thin scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels
scattering, not very conspicuous, small, round, slightly raised. Buds promin-
ent, large to medium, long, narrow, plump, acute, free or nearly so, slightly
pubescent. Leaves medium to broad, rather thin.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to nearly large, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish inclined to conic and somewhat flattened at the base, nearly sym-
metrical and pretty regular but sometimes elliptical or obscurely ribbed and
with sides a little unequal. Stem medium to rather slender, pubescent.
Cavity usually large, acuminate, deep, wide, often partly russeted and with
radiating green or russet rays, usually symmetrical, sometimes slightly fur-
rowed. Calyx small, closed or partly open, pubescent. Basin small, usually
narrow, shallow to moderately deep and rather abrupt, furrowed and some-
times slightly wrinkled, often somewhat oblique.

Skin tough, nearly smooth especially toward the cavity, slightly rough about
the basin, rather clear light yellow or green largely overspread in well-colored
specimens with a fine deep red blush, indistinctly striped with deeper red.
Dots conspicuous, grayish or fawn colored. Toward the cavity they are scat-
tering, large and often elongated as in Baldwin and Esopus Spitzenburg, but
as they converge toward the apex they become more numerous and smaller.
Prevailing effect very attractive bright deep red.

Calyx tube elongated cone-shape or somewhat funnel-form. Stamens
marginal.

Core sessile, axile or nearly so, medium to rather small; cells symmetrical,
closed or slit; core lines clasping. Carpels usually smooth, roundish, narrow-
ing somewhat toward the apex, mucronate, but slightly emarginate if at all.
Seeds very numerous, medium to rather large, angular, long, moderately wide,
plump, obtuse.

Flesh whitish with yellow or greenish tinge, firm, crisp, rather fine-grained,
tender, juicy, aromatic, rich, agreeably subacid but becoming rather too mild
toward the close of the season, good to best.

278 THe Aprpres or New York.

RED RUSSET.

REFERENCES. 1. Cole, 1849:131. 2. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:95. 1851.
3. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 19:125. 1853. 4. Downing, 1857:97. 5. Hovey, Mag.
Hort., 29:260. 1863. fig. 6. Warder, 1867:628. 7. Thomas, 1875:229. 8.
Barry, 1883:353. 9. Can. Hort., 11:283. 1888. 10. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1890:296. 11. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:247. 12. Maynard, Putnam and
Fletcher, Mass. Hatch. Sta. Bul., 44:4. 1897. 13. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B.
P. I. Bul., 48:53. 14. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:140. 1904.

This is one of the russet Baldwins referred to on page 59. It originated
as a sport on a Baldwin tree on the farm of Mr. Aaron Sanborn, Hampton
Falls, N. H., about 1840. It was introduced to notice by Cole in 1849 (1, 3).
It is distinct from the Red Russet of Hooper! which is the Golden Pearmain
of Elliott?, Downing? and other pomological writers. Instances are known
where it has borne smooth fruit intermingled on the same twigs with russet
fruit4 The Red Russet is almost universally considered less valuable than
Baldwin both by fruit growers and fruit dealers. It is known in many parts
of New York but is nowhere planted extensively and is gradually going out
of cultivation.

For a technical description of the tree and fruit the reader is referred to
the description of Baldwin on page 509.

REDSTREAK,

REFERENCES. I. Forsyth, 1803:56. 2. Coxe, 1817:157. fig. 3. Thacher, 1822:
133. 4. Forsyth, 1824:123. 5. Wilson, 1828:136. 6. Floy-Lindley, 1833:81.
7. Downing, 1845:146. 8. Thomas, 1849:171. 9. Cole, 1849:137. to. Emmons,
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:74. 1851. fig. 11. Townley, Horticulturist, 6:406. 1851.
12. Elliott, 1854:177. 13. Warder, 1867:718. 14. Fitz, 1872:147, 150. 15.
Leroy, 1873:781. fig. 16. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt., 1881:65. 17. Hogg, 1884:188.

SynonyMs. ENGLISH RED SrREAK (16). ENGLISH REDSTREAK (10, 13).
Herefordshire Red Streak (7, 12). Herefordshire Redstreak (15,17). John-
son (17). RED STREAK (1, 3, 4 7, 9; 11, 12, 17). Red Streak (15)5 -ROUGE
RAYEE (15). Scudamore’s Crab (7, 15, 17). Scudamous Crab (12).

An English cider fruit formerly cultivated extensively in some portions of
New York but now practically obsolete here. Downing (7) remarks that it
is a capital English cider apple which thrives admirably in this country and
is very highly esteemed as it makes a rich, high-flavored, strong liquor, and
the tree is a handsome grower and a great bearer. He describes the fruit (7)
as of medium size, roundish, with small calyx, rather deep basin, rather
slender, short stem; skin streaked with rich red anc with a few spots and
streaks of yellow; flesh yellow, rich, firm, dry, good.

Coxe published the following description of it in 1817 (2). “This tree was
originally brought from England, where it possessed a high reputation as a

1 Hooper, 1857:78.

2Elliott, 1854:171.

3Downing, 1869:194.

4At the meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society December, 1903, Mr. H. H.
Aultfather exhibited samples of russeted Red Russet and smooth-skinned Red Russet
grown by Mr. W. P. Myers, Minerva, Ohio. Fruits of the two types grew on different
parts of the tree and were intermingled on the same twigs.

RED RUSSET

DY eee

i]

}
a

THe AppLes OF NEw York. 279

cider fruit; it has been cultivated extensively in this country, by the descend-
ants of the English settlers in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The
climate of America is supposed to have revived the character of this apple,
which had deteriorated in its native soil, from the long duration of the
variety—the fruit is rather small; the form is oblong, flattened at both ends,
the stem and crown both sunk—the skin is red, faintly streaked and spotted
with yellow—the flesh is yellow, rich, firm, and dry; it hangs late, and re-
quires to be matured by housing to make the finest cider. The character of
the cider, when properly made and fined, is very high, both for strength and
flavour—the apple keeps well through the winter, and is much esteemed as
an excellent kitchen fruit in the latter part of the winter. The tree is of
handsome, regular growth, and a great bearer; the opinion of dealers is, that
this cider is difficult to fine fit for bottling: when perfectly cleared, it ranks
among our first fruit liquors.”

RED WINTER PEARMAIN.

REFERENCES. I. Elliott, 1854:141. fig. 2. Elliott, 1854:115. fig. 3. Down-
ing, 1857:182. 4. Downing, 1869:329. fig. 5. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1870. 6.
RaganwiCionbe ie levis 56:2505 1005:

Red Winter Pearmain is not now accepted by pomologists as the correct
name of any apple but it is recognized as a synonym for several different
varieties. The following is a list of synonyms as corrected by Ragan (6).

Red Winter Pearmain (3, 4). Synonym of Buncombe.

Red Winter Pearmain (1). Synonym of Long Red.

Red Winter Pearmain (5). Synonym of Milam.

Red Winter Pearmain (2). Synonym of Westfield Seek-No-Further.

REINET TE.

The term Reinette, as designating a certain class of apples, has
been introduced into English from the French. Leroy! tells us that
French horticultural literature shows that the word has been in use
about four hundred years. Starting in with only one variety
of this name the number has gradually increased until to-day there
are several hundred. Leroy thinks they are all descended from the
original variety, the Reinette franche or Reéinette Blanche, which is
the French Reinette of Downing.2 The derivation of the word is
a disputed point, certain etymologists holding that it is the diminu-
tive form of Reine, or queen, and others thinking that it is a cor-
ruption of Rainet, a colloquial French word meaning a small frog.
While European pomologists speak of the Reinettes as a distinct

type, an examination of the technical descriptions of the various

1 Leroy, 1873:614.
2 Downing, 1869:184.
VoL. I — 12

280 THE Appites oF NEw York.

Reinettes does not show that they have any constant characters
which are in any way peculiar to themselves. Diel gives the follow-
ing eight characters by which Reinettes can be recognized.t

“1. They have a fine-grained, delicate, crisp, firm flesh.

“2. They are mostly the ideal of a handsomely shaped apple; in
them the convexity or bulge of the middle of the apple towards the
eye is the same as that towards the stalk, or not much different.

“3. They are all gray dotted, or have russety patches, or com-
pletely covered with russet.

“4. They have rarely an unctuous skin.

“5. They have all the rich, aromatic, sugary, and brisk flavor,
which is called the Reinette flavor.

“6. They decay very readily, and must, of all apples, hang longest
on the tree.

“7, The really sweet and at the same time aromatic apples belong
to the Reinettes, only as regards their shape, their character, and
their fine and firm flesh.

“8. Apples with fine, firm, crisp flesh, which cannot of themselves
form a distinct class; for instance, the Pippins belong to this class.”

This classification of Diel is evidently an arbitrary one and differs
in spirit at least from the conception of Leroy that the Reinettes

represent one family descended from a single original variety.

REINET TE PIPPIN:

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1869:332. 2. Leroy, 1873:724. fig. 3. Powell
and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:54. 1903. 4. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bul., 248:140. 1904.

SynonyMs. REINETTE PEPIN (2). Reinette Pippin (2).

Fruit pretty uniform in size but often a little unsymmetrical with
sides unequal. It is green in autumn but eventually becomes
more or less tinged with pale yellow. It is an uncertain keeper in
storage. It sometimes keeps well till midwinter but it often shows
a high rate of loss during November. Early November is the
common commercial limit for handling this variety in ordinary
storage, although its season extends from October to March. The
commercial limit in cold storage appears to vary from February first

1Warder, 1867:370.

REINETTE PIPPIN

a

i
rr os

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: Ps ee lie ae

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_
Fuad

‘

THE Apples OF NEw YorK. 281

to March first. As grown at this Station the tree is healthy, strong
and a reliable cropper, yielding moderate to heavy crops annually.
In fact it is one of the most productive of the varieties thus far tested
here, often bearing so heavily that a considerable portion of the
fruit is below medium size. Although Reinette Pippin is excellent
in quality, Rhode Island Greening surpasses it for culinary use as it

also does in size and symmetry.

Historical. This variety originated in France where it has been known in
cultivation for more than one hundred years (2). It appears to be but little
known in this country.

TREE.

Tree medium to rather large, vigorous; branches short, curved; laterals
willowy, slender and somewhat drooping. Form roundish to upright and
rather spreading, open. Jzigs medium to short, straight or somewhat curved,
stout to moderately slender; internodes medium to short. Bark reddish-brown
mingled with olive-green, partly streaked with thin scarf-skin, heavily pubes-
cent. Lenticels scattering, medium, roundish or oblong, slightly raised. Buds
very deeply set in bark, below medium to small, broad, flat, very obtuse, ap-
pressed, quite pubescent.

FRvuIt.

Fruit above medium, sometimes large or very large, pretty uniform in size
but variable in shape. Form oblate, occasionally roundish, rarely slightly in-
clined to conic, often irregularly elliptical or obscurely angular; sides char-
acteristically unequal as shown in the accompanying colored plate. Stem short
to very short. Caz?ty medium or below, acute or acuminate, deep, moderately
wide or rather narrow, often slightly furrowed, sometimes compressed, some-
times with outspreading rays of thin greenish-russet. Calyx small to above
medium, open to nearly or quite closed; lobes long, acute to acuminate, re-
flexed. Basin variable, small to rather large, moderately shallow to rather
deep, narrow to rather wide, rather abrupt, slightly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, green or pale yellow or often whitish
especially toward the cavity, occasionally very slightly blushed. Dots numer-
ous, whitish or russet, areolar.

Calyx tube large, deep, flaring, cone-shape to almost funnel-form. Stamens
median to basal.

Core small to nearly medium, usually more or less abaxile; cells irregular
in size, sometimes unsymmetrical, partly open or closed; core lines clasping.
Carpels roundish to elliptical, obtusely emarginate, smooth. Seeds variable,
irregular, often large, wide, obtuse.

Flesh whitish slightly tinged with yellow, firm, tender, rather crisp, moder-
ately coarse-grained, subacid, rich, juicy, good for either dessert or culinary

| REPKA MALENKA,

REFERENCES. 1. Budd, Ja. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1880:525. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt., 1881:118. 3. Webster, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1883:113. 4. Budd, Ja. Agr.
Coll. Bul., 1885:16. 5. Ib., 1890:24. 6. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:248. 7.

282 Tue AppcLes oF NEw York.

Taylor, Me. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1892:57. 8. Harris, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1892:274.
g. Budd, Ja. Sta. Bul., 19:541. 1892. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:20. 11.
Ragan, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., t901:49. 12. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:02.
1902. fig. 13. Budd-Hansen, 1903:163. fig. 14. Ragan, U.S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:
ISI. 1905. 15. Ragan, U.S. B. P_J. Bul_,-56:260> 1905;

Synonyms. Dept. No. 418 (4). Green Sweet (12). LitTLE REpKA (14).
LITTLE SEEDLING (2). Little Seedling (3, 12, 14, 15). No. 410 (1, 5, 9, 12,
13). Retpka Melenkaya (14). Repka Malenka (14).

Repka Malenka is said to be one of the best keepers among the Russian
varieties but the fruit is too small to be valuable (7).

Hansen (12) gives the following description of this variety: “ Fruit below
medium, conical to roundish conical, obscurely angular, somewhat irregular
and unequal; surface yellow, striped, splashed, mixed and dotted dull red on
sunny side; dots obscure, few, very minute, white; cavity regular, obtuse, with
considerable radiating russet; stem medium to long; basin abrupt, narrow,
shallow, slightly corrugated and wrinkled; calyx open or closed, segments
erect convergent, very long. Core closed, clasping; cells round; tube funnel-
shaped, sometimes linear (long and very narrow); stamens marginal or
median; seeds about ten, large, plump, packed tightly in the small cells; flesh
white, firm, mild subacid, good. Late winter and spring.”

RHODE ISLAND GREENING.

REFERENCES. 1. Coxe, 1817:129. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:134. 3. Buel, N. Y.
Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:476. 4. Fessenden, 1828:131. 5. Cat. Hort. Soc. Lon-
don, 1831:32. 6. Kenrick, 1832:52. 7. Floy-Lindley, 1833:37. 8. Ib., 1833:86.
g. Mag. Hort., 1:326, 364. 1835. 10. Manning, 1838:56. 11. Ib., Mag. Hort.,
7:51. 1841. 12. Downing, 1845:128. fig. 13. Horticulturist, 1:257. 1846. 14.
[b., 1:361, 407, 431. 1847. 15. [b.; 2:545. 1848. 16. [D5 3°202) aGAGe en 7a
Thomas, 1849:184. 18. Cole, 1849:123. fig. 19. Elliott, Horticulturist, 3:420.
1849. 20. Phoenix, /b., 4:472. 1850. 21. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:90.
1851. col. pl. No. 22. 22. Hovey, 2:79. 1851. 23. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852.
24. Elliott, 1854:104. fig. 25. Bivort, An. de Pom. Belge, 1855:60. 26. Gregg,
1857:58. 27. Hooper, 1857:79. 28. Horticulturist, 13:144. 1858. 29. JIL.
Handb. Obst., 1:265. 1858. 30. Warder, 1867:414. fig. 31. Regel, 1868:
453. 32. Mas, Le Verger, 1868:11. 33. Leroy, 1873:853. fig. 34. Lauche,
1: col. pl. No. 62. 1882. 35. Barry, 1883:353. 36. Hogg, 1884:194. 37. Rural
N. Y., 43:681. 1884. 38. Wickson, 1889:246. 39. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:296. 40. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:248. 41. Bredsted, 1893:171. 42. U.
S. Pom. Bul., 7:354. 1898. 43. Adams, Amer. Gard., 22:599. I90I. 44.
Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:425. 45. Budd-Hansen, 1903:163. fig. 46. U.S. Dept.
Agr. Yr. Bk., 1903:233. col. pl. No. 26. 47. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. J.
Bul., 48:54. 1903. 48. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:141. 1904.

Synonyms. Burlington Greening (1, 6, 12, 24, 33, 36). Greening (17 and
common colloquial usage). GREEN NEwTowNn Pippin (7) erroneously,
corrected by Floy. Green Newtown Pippin (36, erroneously 33). HaAmp-
SHIRE GREENING (33). Hampshire Greening (24). JERSEY GREENING (1,
3). Jersey Greening (6, 24, 33, 36, ?2, and 12). RuopeE IsLanp (47).
RHODE IsLAND GREENING (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, IO, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,

RHODE ISLAND GREENING

vf i

THE AprLes oF NEw York. 283

Ee elOne2O 20s 22 eeu One eh e2O. 27) 25. 30) 3K 32.33. 95. 30), 137, 38, 30), 40,
41, 44, 46, 48). Rhode Island Greening (47). Verte de l’'Ile de Rhodes (33).
VERTE DE RHODE ISLAND (33). :

Rhode Island Greening is grown more extensively in New York
than any other apple except the Baldwin and in a few sections of
the state it surpasses even Baldwin. Its range of distribution on this
continent is nearly coextensive with that of Baldwin.

In accordance with the usage of the American Pomological
Society (23) the word Greening in the name of this variety is put
in italics as the first step toward shortening the name to Rhode
Island. Fruit growers and fruit dealers know the variety very well
by the name Rhode Island Greening but commonly call it by the
simple name Greening. Among these classes of people it will doubt-
less continue to be known by the name Greening or Rhode Island
Greening as long as it remains in cultivation.

The apple, as the name indicates, is green in color. It is com-
monly deep grass-green in autumn, and later, as it ripens, develops
more or less of a yellow color. It often has a dull blush and oc-
casionally develops a rather bright red cheek but is never striped.
Generally it is a reliable cropper and productive. The fruit has a
recognized standing both in domestic and foreign markets and sells
readily at good prices. It is generally regarded as one of the very
best cooking apples grown being almost the peer of Esopus Spitzen-
burg and decidedly superior to Baldwin for all culinary purposes.
It is also very good in quality for dessert use. Hovey well remarks
(22): “As a cooking apple, the Greening is unsurpassed; and as
a dessert fruit of its season, has few equals. To some tastes it is
rather acid; but the tenderness of its very juicy flesh, the spright-
liness of its abundant juice, and the delicacy of its rich and fine
flavor is not excelled by any of the numerous varieties that we at
present possess. In addition to these merits, it ripens up of a fine
mellow shade of yellow, and its entire flesh, when well matured, is
of the same rich tint.’ It is a favorite variety in nearly all of the
apple-growing sections of the state but it succeeds particularly well
in Central and Western New York and in the middle portion of the
Hudson valley. When grown farther south it is less desirable for
commercial purposes because it ripens earlier and is not so good a
keeper. In the North it is a little less hardy than Baldwin. It is a

284 THE APPLES OF NEW YorRK.

good variety to grow with the Baldwin in commercial orchards
because, being a little earlier in season, it can be picked and marketed
before it is necessary to pick Baldwin. Moreover it bears good
crops some years when there is but a light crop of Baldwins or per-
haps none at all.

In regions best adapted to its cultivation it thrives on different
slopes and on a variety of soils, but generally, it appears to do par-
ticularly well on fertile gravelly or sandy loam with well-drained
clay subsoil. The tree is long-lived and eventually becomes large
although it is not an exceptionally rapid grower. It is hardy,
strong, vigorous, and usually pretty healthy but unless thorough
preventive treatment is given, both the foliage and the fruit are
often injured by the apple-scab fungus. In some locations the limbs
are rather susceptible to the disease known as canker.!

The tree does not come into bearing very young and in many cases
it is classed as a biennial cropper, but in favorable locations with
good care it becomes almost an annual bearer yielding moderate to
heavy crops. The fruit hangs well to the tree until it begins to ripen,
but then is apt to drop to a considerable extent especially in high
winds. The tree has a tendency to form a rather dense head particu-
larly when the soil is kept fertile and well tilled and the foliage is
thoroughly protected from the attacks of insects and fungi. In
pruning, special care should be taken to keep the head sufficiently
open so that the light may reach the foliage in all parts of the tree.
Sometimes the orchardist makes the mistake of cutting out large
branches from the center of the tree thereby exposing the remaining
limbs to injury by sunscald. A better way is, thin the top every
year by removing as many of the smaller branches as may be neces-
sary to make it uniformly open. In training the young tree it is
well to form the head rather high because as it matures the branches
become long, wide-spreading and more or less drooping, and where
the tree is headed low the lower branches eventually are so much
in the way that it is necessary to remove them. Moreover when
loaded with fruit these bend so close to the ground as to interfere
with the free circulation of the air beneath the tree, and thus condi-

1Paddock, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 18:331. 1899. Ib., 19:342. 1900.

THE Apples OF NEw York. 285

tions are produced which favor the development of the apple scab
and other fungous diseases. When well grown, Rhode Island
Greening produces a large percentage of high-grade fruit that is
smooth, uniform and pretty large with little loss from undersized
or other low-grade apples. It appears to be somewhat more subject
than Baldwin to the attacks of apple scab and unless thorough pre-
ventive treatment is given this trouble is apt to cause very serious
loss both by direct injury to the fruit and by opening the way to
the attacks of other fungi, notably the pink-rot fungus.t

In ordinary storage it is in season from October to March or
April and its common commercial limit is January or early February.
It may be held commercially in cold storage till March or April (48).
It ripens rapidly during periods of warm weather in autumn and
does not stand heat well before going into storage as this induces
scald. If put in cold storage in good condition the fruit keeps well
and goes down gradually but if affected by scald or disease it goes
down quickly. In going down, it scalds badly in storage, loses in
quality, turns yellow, becomes mealy and large specimens are liable
to burst (48). The markets of the East prefer the green-colored
fruit probably because this color is regarded as an indication that
the apples are not over-ripe. In some western markets however
the more attractive yellow and blushed fruit sells well. Some fruit
growers follow the practice of picking the fruit while it is still quite
green in order to hold its green color. Such fruit does not have as
good flavor and quality as that which is allowed to become properly
ripened on the tree and probably it is more liable to scald but storage
men differ in their opinions on this point. It is very important that
fruit of this variety which is intended for cold storage should be
hurried into storage as soon as it is picked. This practice is more
essential with Rhode Island Greening than with the average
variety (48).

Historical. The locality of the origin of Rhode Island Greening is not
known with certainty but there is little reason to doubt that it originated in
the State of Rhode Island and probably in the vicinity of Newport near the

place now known as Green’s End (43), “ where, in olden times, there was a
tavern kept by Mr. Green, who raised apple trees from seed. Among the trees

1Eustace, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 22:108. 1903.

286 Tue Appies oF NEw York.

thus produced was one which bore a large green apple. The scions of this
tree were in such demand by the people who stopped there as guests, that
the tree died from excessive cutting and exhaustion. The fruit which resulted
from grafting with these scions was known by different names—in Rhode
Island as the ‘apple from Green’s Inn,’ while in adjoining States it was called
the ‘Green’s Inn apple from Rhode Island” * * * In the town of Foster,
upon the farm of Thomas R. Drowne, at Mt. Hygeia, stands an old Rhode
Island Greening tree, which is supposed to be nearly 200 years old. * * *
This tree, to the knowledge of members of the family now living, has borne
uninterruptedly until within a few years. * * * On the farm of Frederick
W. Winslow, a few rods southwest of the lime kiln on the northern verge of
Fruit Hill, stands a Rhode Island Greening tree, which is locally known as
the ‘Daughter Tree.’ This tree is a limb of the mother tree, which was
broken off in the September gale of 1815, and which upon being thrust into
the rich moist soil, took root and became an independent tree. The mother
tree was planted * * * in 1748. It was, therefore, 141 years old when it
was cut down in 1889. * * * Authentic records of trees of this variety
that were planted about 150 years ago in the soil of North Providence, on
the farm of the late Lemuel Angell, are still in possession of that family.
It was introduced into the old Plymouth colony from Newport in 1765; from
there (?) it was carried into Ohio in 1796 by General Putnam.”

While we have no record of its earliest introduction into this state it is
well known that Rhode Island Greening was pretty widely disseminated in
the older settled regions of New York during the eighteenth century. It is
often found in the very oldest orchards now in existence in New York and
it also ranks as one of the most important varieties in recently planted
orchards.

TREE.

Tree large or above medium, strong, vigorous. Form wide-spreading, some-
what drooping, rather dense. Twigs medium to long, often somewhat crooked,
rather stocky; internodes usually short. Bark olive-green with reddish-brown
tinge, thinly covered with lines of gray scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels scat-
tering but rather conspicuous, medium in size to rather large, usually roundish,
raised. Buds medium to large, broad, plump, obtuse, appressed, pubescent.
Leaves rather large, broad; foliage rather dense.

FRuIT.

Fruit above medium to large or very large, quite uniform in shape and size.
Form roundish to roundish oblate or sometimes slightly inclined to conic,
regular or a little inclined to elliptical, sometimes obscurely ribbed, symmetrical
or sides slightly unequal. Stem medium in length and thickness, partly green,

1This tree on the Drowne farm is supposed by some to be the original Rhode Island
Greening tree. An illustrated description of it appeared in the Providence Sunday Journal
October 2, 1898. Witkin recent years a sprout has grown out from the base of this old
tree. In 1900 Senator T. R. Drowne very kind‘y furnished this Station with scions from
this sprout and also from the upper branches of the tree. A comparison of the trees
propagated from these scions, which are now growing at this Station, shows that the trees
from scions taken from the upper branches of the old tree are the true Rhode Island
Greening, but those grown from scions taken from the sprout at the base of the old tree
are very different, thus demonstrating that the old tree on the Drowne farm is not growing
on its own roots and, therefore, is not the original Rhode Island Greening tree.

Tue AppLes or New York. 287

pubescent. Cavity medium in size, acute, medium in depth and width, sym-
metrical or rarely lipped, usually smooth, sometimes russeted and with narrow,
outspreading russet rays. Calyx below medium to rather large, usually closed,
sometimes partly open, pubescent; lobes moderately long, acute. Basin small
to medium, shallow and obtuse to moderately deep and abrupt, regular or
slightly furrowed.

Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, waxy, grass-green varying to rather
yellow, sometimes with brownish-red blush which rarely deepens to a distinct
bright red (37). Dots greenish-white or russet, especially numerous toward
the basin and often submerged. Prevailing effect green or yellowish.

Calyx tube rather wide, usually cone-shape with fleshy pistil point project-
ing into the base but occasionally funnel-form. Stamens median to basal.

Core medium or below, somewhat abaxile to axile or nearly so; cells pretty
uniform, symmetrical, closed or partly open; core lines meeting if the calyx
tube is cone-shape, otherwise clasping. Carpels rather thin, flat, emarginate,
roundish to roundish cordate, sometimes tufted. Sceds few; often some are
abortive. The plump ones are large, moderately narrow, long, acute to acumi-
nate and sometimes tufted.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, rich,
sprightly subacid, peculiarly flavored, very good in quality,

RIDGE,

REFERENCES. I. Genesee Farmer, 1833. (cited by 10). 2. Emmons, Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 3:46. 1851. col. pl. No. 55. 3. Downing, 1857:184. 4. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat., 1862. 5. Warder, 1867:536. 6. Thomas, 1875:510. 7. Barry, 1883:
354. 8. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:248. 9. Budd-Hansen, 1903:166. 10. Ragan,
CS Ba ee le Bike 56202) 1905

Synonyms. R1IpGE Prerin (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). RipGE Pippin (9). Ridge
Pippin (10). RripGEp Prppin (2). Not the RipGe of Bul. 248 of this
Station.

Fruit of good yellow color, not particularly attractive in form, a
late keeper and good in quality for either dessert or culinary uses.
It averages pretty uniform in size with comparatively few culls.
The tree is healthy, hardy, long-lived and a reliable cropper yielding
good crops biennially. Some growers consider it a fairly profitable
variety for local markets.

Since Bulletin 248 was published it has been discovered that the
variety therein mentioned under the name of Ridge or Ridge Pippin
is in fact Ribston. It appears that the name Ridge Pippin is used
by some dealers as a trade synonym for Ribston, and this use of it
led us into the error of publishing a duplicate report on Ribston
under the name Ridge.

Historical. According to Warder (5) this variety originated in the vicinity
of Philadelphia but Downing (3) regarded this as uncertain. Although it has

288 THe Apples OF NEw York.

long been known in cultivation it has gained but little recognition in New
York state either for home or for commercial orchards.

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous. Form upright. Twigs erect, long to below medium,
somewhat stout, straight or somewhat bent toward the tip and rather blunt;
internodes medium. Bark dull brownish-red overlaid with a thin to rather
heavy scarf-skin, quite pubescent. Lenticels not conspicuous, scattering,
medium to small, slightly raised, roundish or elongated. Buds medium, mod-
erately projecting, roundish, quite pubescent, appressed.

FRuvIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form flat at the base, roundish conic to
oblong conic, prominently and irregularly ribbed; axis sometimes oblique.
Stem short to long, pubescent. Cavity small to large, acute to acuminate, very
shallow to deep, usually furrowed, often with outspreading russet rays. Calyx
small to sometimes medium, usually closed. Basin rather small, often oblique,
moderately shallow to rather deep, moderately wide, abrupt, characteristically
ridged and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, glossy, clear yellow, often with a faint blush which sometimes
deepens to a pinkish-red shade similar to that seen in a highly colored Yellow
Newtown, sometimes veined and flecked with russet. Dots numerous, fine to
moderately coarse, russet, or pinkish-white and areolar or submerged.

Calyx tube rather large, wide at top, cone-shape to funnel-form. Stamens
marginal to median.

Core axile, rather small; cells usually closed; core lines meeting or slightly
clasping. Carpels roundish, rather wide, broadly emarginate, slightly tufted.
Seeds light and dark reddish-brown, short to moderately long, wide, plump,
obtuse, sometimes tufted.

Flesh tinged with yellow, very firm, somewhat coarse, crisp, moderately
tender, juicy, slightly aromatic, mild subacid, good. :

Season February to April or May.

ROCK PIPPIN Of EASTERN NEY eres

A variety is grown under this name in Eastern New York, particularly in
Dutchess county, which we have been unable to identify as any other named
variety. G. B. Brackett, U. S. Pomologist, writes us that it certainly is not
Lansingburg of which Rock is given by Downing! as a synonym and adds
that he is unable to identify it. It is neither the Rock of New Hampshire,
the Rock of Pennsylvania? nor the Rock Pippin of Ohio.2.2 It somewhat
resembles Tewksbury but is distinct from that variety. It also bears some
resemblance to Yellow Newtown but is smoother and has a redder cheek. It
is know. to some under the name Winter Blush.4 All of the descriptions of
Winter Maiden Blush or Winter Blush which we have been able to find are
brief and unsatisfactory. So far as we can determine none of them refer to
the variety under discussion. Fruit of what appears to be the same variety

1 Downing, 1881:12 index, app.

2Downing, 1869 :338.

® Warder, 1867:691.

*Letter, C. H. Deuell, Bangall, N. Y., 1904.

RIDGE

ee —
7 o

i

THE AppLes OF NEW York. 289

as this Rock Pippin has been sent us from Pullman, Washington, under the
name Rock.

W. H. Hart of Poughkeepsie informs us that Rock Pippin is found in
many orchards in Dutchess county but in no large blocks. He considers it
a good variety to grow for profit because tt keeps very late and is a good
export apple to succeed the Newtown at the end of the season. In some
seasons it is inclined to scab. It does not average as large as Baldwin and
grades less No. 1 fruit than that variety. Its commercial season in ordinary
storage extends to April and in cold storage to June or July. Mr. Hart re-
ports that the tree is large, very vigorous, upright, with long, erect, stout,
yellowish-brown twigs. It is hardy, very healthy, long-lived, a reliable cropper
and, if kept free from scab, yields good to heavy crops biennially. The tree
does not come into bearing very young. The fruit hangs to the tree exception-
ally well.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium to above, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
oblate to roundish, not inclined to conic, regular or nearly so; sides sometimes
unequal. Stem short to medium, moderately thick, pubescent. Cavity small
to above medium, acute to somewhat acuminate or sometimes approaching
obtuse, moderately deep to deep, narrow to moderately broad, furrowed
obscurely if at all, usually somewhat russeted. Calyx medium to small,
closed; lobes convergent to connivent. Basin scarcely depressed and very
obtuse or varying to moderately deep and abrupt, wide, slightly furrowed
and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth or slightly roughened with russet
dots, rather glossy, green or light yellow thinly washed with pinkish-red often
deepening to a distinct bright blush, streaked and mottled with pale scarf-skin
toward the cavity. Dots numerous, mostly irregular, submerged and whitish
around the basin, sometimes areolar with fine russet point; the russet ones
are larger, more irregular and scattering toward the cavity. Prevailing effect
pale yellow.

Calyx tube small, conical to funnel-form. Stamens median to basal.

Core medium to small, axile; cells closed; core lines clasping. Carpels thin,
broadly roundish to somewhat obcordate, emarginate, somewhat tufted. Seeds
rather dark brown, medium to large, rather wide, acute to obtuse, sometimes
tufted, compactly filling the cells.

Flesh whitish or slightly tinged with yellow, very firm, rather hard, a little
coarse, somewhat crisp, rather tender, aromatic, juicy, sprightly subacid, good
but not high in flavor.

ROMANITE,

REFERENCES. I. (?) Phoenix, Horticulturist, 4:471. 1850. 2. Downing, 1869:
339: fe. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat, 1871:8. 4. Fitz, 18722143. 5. Wickson,
1889:247. 6. Bailey, dn. Hort., 1892:248. 7. Clayton, Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:6.
1893. 8. Stinson, Ark. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:47. 1894. 9. Budd-Hansen, 1903:166.
fig.

Synonyms. Broad River (2). Little Red Romanite. (RED ROMANITE, I) ?
ROMANITE of the South (3, 4). RoMANITE, SoutH (9). Southern Romanite
(Saye

290 THE AppLes OF NEW York.

The name Romanite has been and is still applied to several different varie-
ties of apples. In the earlier history of orcharding in this country it was
applied very generally to the Rambo, but this synonymy has now become
practically obsolete. The Gilpin or Carthouse apple has also passed under the
name of Romanite and it is still so called in a great many districts. The
true Romanite of to-day, according to the accepted nomenclature of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, is the old southern variety of this name. It is also
known in various parts of the South under the name of Little Red Romanite.
The fruit of this variety is small but has a good color, is of good quality
and keeps remarkably well, this last characteristic being one of its chief recom-
mendations in the South where it is usually quite difficult to get varieties that
are late enough for their long seasons. It is not recommended for planting
in this state being evidently not well adapted to regions as far north as this.

Historical. The origin of this apple is unknown although it is probable
from the region in which it was being grown when it first became known to
pomologists that it originated in one of the Carolinas or in Georgia. So far
as we know it is not grown in New York.

ROME.

REFERENCES. I. Ohio Convention of Fr. Gr. Rpt., 1848. (cited by 2). 2.
Hodge, Horticulturist,6:181. 1851. 3. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:102. 1851.
fig. 4. Ellictt, 1854:106. fig. 5. Horticulturist, 9:193. 1854. 6. Mag. Hort., 20:
241. 1854. 7. Ib., 22:130. 1856. 8. Wood, Horticulturist, 12:149. 1857. 9.
Downing, 1857:102. fig. 10. Gregg, 1857:57. 11. Hooper, 1857:81. 12. Mag.
Hort., 26:101. 1860. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 14. Warder, 1867:458.
fig. 15. Fitz, 1872:172, 175. 16. Leroy, 1873:124: fig. 170 Thomas 4675 225
18. Barry, 1883:341. 19. Wickson, 1889:248. 20. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:296. 21. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:248. 22. Mathews, Ky. Sta. Bul., 50:
32. 1894. 23. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:254. 1805. 24. Rural N. V., 55:1.
1896. 25. Ib., 56:244. 1897. 26. Massey, N. C. Sta. Bul., 149:317. 1898. 27.
Beach, IV”. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:36. 28. Lazenby, Columbus Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1900:138. 29. Beach, W. N. Y. Hort: Soc. Rpts aq01-7oa0-mveu
Deman, Rural N. Y., 60:209. 1901. 31. Coxe, [b., 60:266. I901. 32. Alwood,
Va. Sta. Bul., 130:136. 1901. 33. Black, Rural N. Y., 61:185. 1902. 34. Stin-
son, Mo. Fr. Sta. Bul., 3:27. 1902. 35. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul.,
106:55. 1902. 36. Budd-Hansen, 1903:167. fig. 37. Powell and Fulton, U. S.
B. P. I. Bul., 48:54. 1903. 38. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:22. 1903. fig. 39.
Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:142. 1904.

SyNonyMs. BELLE DE RoE (16). Faust’s Rome Beauty (23). Gillett’s
Seedling (4, 9, 14, 16). Phoenix, erroneously (29). Roman Beauty (4, 16).
Rome Bzauty (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) 7 eee
23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35). Rome Beauty (16, 27, 37, 39). ROME
Beauty (36, 38).

When well grown this fruit is of good size, uniform, fair,
smooth and handsomely colored. It is thick-skinned, stands handling
remarkably well and is a good keeper. It is held in cold storage
till May or later. It goes down gradually in storage and if properly

ROME

>

4h

THe AppLes OF NEw York. 291

colored is not subject to scald (39). It has an established reputa-
tion in market and sells at good prices. As compared with Baldwin
it is not quite so good in quality either for dessert or for culinary
uses but the tree comes into bearing at a much earlier age and under
right conditions is more nearly an annual cropper. It is not as well
adapted as Baldwin for general cultivation in New York state, the
fruit often being less reliable and less satisfactory in size and color,
the foliage less healthy and the tree less vigorous and not so large.
Although it is an old variety it has not been sufficiently tested in
New York to determine the range of its proper cultivation. Gener-
ally speaking it succeeds better farther south, as, for example, in
some districts in New Jersey and along the Ohio river. It appears
to be better adapted to bottom lands and to fertile sandy or gravelly
loams than to heavy clay soils. Evidently it develops proper size,
color and quality more often when grown in Southeastern New
York than it does in cooler and more elevated regions in the interior
of the state yet in some localities in Western New York on warm,
fertile, well-drained soils it attains good size and good color and
gives promise of being satisfactory in commercial orchards. The
tree is apt to overbear and in unfavorable locations as it advances
in maturity there is often a considerable loss in undersized or poorly
colored fruit. Although it is a good grower there appears to be
some advantage in top-grafting it upon some more vigorous stock.
When top-worked on bearing trees it usually produces some fruit
within two or three years from the time of grafting or budding.
The fruit is supported by a long stem and usually hangs to the tree
remarkably well even in high winds. It is somewhat subject to the
attacks of the scab and requires thorough and careful preventive
treatment in order to protect it from injurious insects and diseases.

Historical. Originated by H. N. Gillett in Lawrence county, Ohio. Brought
to the notice of the Ohio Convention of fruit growers in 1848 as a new variety
(1, 14). It is holding its own as a profitable commercial variety in that section
of the country (31) and also in certain other southern apple-growing districts
(30, 34, 38), but Stinson reports that in Missouri it is an uncertain bearer
and not a safe variety to recommend for general planting although some
Missouri fruit growers recommend it for planting in some locations (34).
Although occasionally old trees of this variety are found in New York, Rome
is as yet but little known among New York fruit growers. Within recent
years it has been planted or grafted in commercial orchards to a limited extent
and for the most part in an experimental way.

292 THE Apples OF NEW York.

TREE.

Tree not a very strong grower in the nursery but in the orchard it is rather
vigorous and attains good medium size. Form at first upright but later it is
roundish to somewhat spreading and drooping, with rather slender lateral
branches. Twigs moderately stout, sometimes slender, moderately long; inter-
nodes short. Bark mottled brownish-red and green, rather bright. Lenticels
medium to large, scattering, conspicuous, round to oblong, raised. Buds
deeply set in bark, very short, broad, obtuse, appressed. Leaves rather long;
foliage not particularly robust.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to very large, usually averaging above medium, pretty uni-
form in size and shape. Form roundish to roundish conic or slightly oblong,
regular or faintly ribbed, usually symmetrical but sometimes with sides un-
equal. Stem characteristically long, slender, and often oblique. Cavity
medium to rather large, characteristicaily obtuse and smooth, moderately
shallow to rather deep, wide, sometimes compressed or lipped, often gently
furrowed, green or red, never russeted. Calyx rather small to medium, closed
or somewhat open; lobes usually converging above but slightly separated
toward the base. Basin small to medium, shallow to moderately deep, narrow
to medium in width, sometimes abrupt, usually a little furrowed or wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow or greenish, more or less mottled with
bright red which in highly colored specimens deepens to almost solid red on
the exposed cheek, striped with bright carmine. Dots rather numerous,
whitish or brown, small. Prevailing effect red or red mingled with yellow.

Calyx tube cone-shape or approaching short truncate funnel-form, often
with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base. Stamens marginal to median.

Core medium to large, abaxile; cells sometimes unsymmetrical, open; core
lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels roundish to ovate, narrowing both
toward base and apex, sometimes obtusely emarginate, mucronate. Seeds
numerous, medium in size, plump, acute to somewhat obtuse, slightly tufted,
light and dark brown.

Flesh nearly white with slight tinge of yellow or green, firm, moderately
fine-grained to a little coarse, rather crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic, agreeable
mild subacid, commonly good but not high in quality.

Season November to April or May.

ROSEAU.

REFERENCES. 1. North American Pomological Convention, 1849. (cited by
6). 2. Downing, 1869:340. 3. Plumb, Can. Hort., 18:184, 1895. 4. Waugh,
Rural N. Y., 62:141, 143, 282. 1903. figs. under name Canada Red. 5. Rural
IN: Y., 623238) 1003. 6: Ragan, Uz SB. 22k Bul 5OE2O7eaoOos:

SynonyMs. BALTIMORE (3). CANADA RED (5). Canada Red of Ontario,
not Rep CaNnapaA of Western New York (4). FLusHING SPITZENBURG (3).
French Spitzenburg of Vermont (4). Pomme de Fer of Quebec (4). Red
Canada of Ontario, not RED CANADA of Western New York (3). RossEAu
(6). Winesap of Vermont (4).

A variety is known in portions of Ontario under the name of Red Canada
or Canada Red which is said to be quite different from the Red Canada of

ROXBURY

i

ROXBURY

Ve

—_—

THE ApPLes OF NEW York. 293

Western New York described on page 275. Waugh identifies this variety as
the Roseau of Downing and remarks that it is really an important applet
He states that it is known in some parts of Vermont as the Winesap and that
it is the Pomme de Fer of Quebec (4). Plumb (3) gives Flushing Spitzen-
burg as its correct name and calls it identical with the variety described by
Downing under the name Baltimore. We have not had an opportunity of
verifying the conclusions of either Waugh or Plumb with regard to this
matter.

The following is Waugh’s description of the variety.

“The distinguishing good qualities of this variety are its peculiarly firm,
solid flesh, making it a late keeper and a good shipper, and its fine solid red
color, which makes it attractive in the barrel. It is unusually hardy in tree,
so that it may be grown in northern latitudes with great success. So far as
I know it is as hardy as Duchess of Oldenburg. Here is the technical descrip-
tion of the variety made from Vermont specimens: Fruit irregular, oblate, size
medium to large, cavity irregular, medium deep, stem medium long, basin
shallow, usually smooth, calyx small, closed, color two shades of dull red,
mottled and splashed, nearly covering dull green ground, dots many, yellowish,
very conspicuous, bloom thin, skin tough, flesh white, core medium, slightly
open, flavor subacid, quality good, season midwinter.”

ROXBURY.

REFERENCES. 1. Thacher, 1822:136. 2. Fessenden, 1828:130. 3. Kenrick,
1832:53. 4. Mag. Hort., 1:364. 1835. 5. Manning, 1838:62. 6. Mag. Hort.,
7:48. 1841. 7. Downing, 1845:133. fig. 8. Floy-Lindley, 1846:411 app. 9g.
Horticulturist, 1:52, 341, 361. 1846-47. 10. [b., 2:483. 1848. 11. Hovey,
Mag. Hort., 14:112, 173. 1848. 12. Thomas, 1849:185, 190. fig. 13. Cole, 1849:
135. fig. 14. Phoenix, Horticulturist, 4:472. 1850. 15. Emmons, Nat. Hist.
N. Y5°3:06. 1851. col. pl; No. 18. 316: Am: :Pom: Soc. Cat. 1852. 17: Elliott,
1854:106. 18. Hooper, 1857:73, 82. 19. Gregg, 1857:59. 20. Horticulturist,
T3IEh4A Pe L5On ete Midge Ont.) 20:05 s1OMesrS0O4) | 225 ib) s29:4372 1803"
23. Ill. Handb. der Obstk., 8:157. 1865. 24. Warder, 1867:25, 491. fig. 25.
Regel, 1868:444. 26. Thompson, Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1:31. 1870. 27.
Leroy, 1873:153. fig. 28. Gardiner, Me. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1882. (cited by 35).
2g. Barry, 1883:354. 30. Hogg, 1884:27. 31. Wickson, 1889:245. 32. Lyon,
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:296. 33. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:248. 34. Mun-
son, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:133. 35. Kncwlton, We. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1894:126.
36. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 118:62. 1895. 37. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An.
Rpt., 3:13. 1806. fig. 38. Bunyard, Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc., 1898:356. 39.
Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:434. 40. Budd-Hansen, 1903:169. fig. 41. Powell and
Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:55. 1903. 42. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:142. 1904.

Synonyms. Belpre Russet (17, 18, 27). Boston Russet (25, 27, 30).
Boston Russet (9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 24, 37). Marietta Russet (17, 18, 27).
Putman’s Russet (27, 30). Putnam Russet (23, 39). Putnam Russet (9,
10, 117, 18, 24, 27, of Ohio 12, 13rand 15). “Roxbury Russe ¢4, 5..6. 8.
OstOke, E213 £4, 07,18. 19) 20, 2-22 2A 220. 3h, 32, 33. 34). Raxbury
Russet (3, 27, 30, 40, 41, 42). RoxsBury RUuSSETING (1, 2, 3). Roxbury

1Letter, 1905.

294. THE APPLES OF NEW YorK.

Russeting (7, 27). Rox or Rox Russet (colloquial). Russet, BOSTON OR
Roxpury (7). Russet (27). Shippen’s Russet (27, 30). Sylvan Russet
(AZ, S277)

The Roxbury is the most popular russet apple cultivated in New
York. When well grown it is of good marketable size, and rather
attractive for a russet, but it varies greatly in size and appearance
in different localities. Being an excellent keeper it is well liked for
southern trade. It also sells well in western and northwestern
markets. The recent increase in cold storage facilities has had the
effect of lessening the demand for long-keeping russet apples, and
neither the Roxbury nor the Golden Russet is being planted as
extensively as they once were, but within recent years there has
been increasing demand for them for export. Roxbury fruit that
is grown in Central and Western New York keeps better than that
produced in more southern localities, and for this reason is preferred
by fruit buyers. This variety has consequently been planted more
extensively in this region than in any other. It generally has the
reputation of being a biennial bearer and when grown on rich soils
in favorable locations it is a pretty reliable cropper, but in many

places it has proved but a moderate cropper and not very satisfactory.

Historicai. It is generally supposed that this variety originated in Rox-
bury, Massachusetts, early in the seventeenth century. Soon after 1649 it was
taken to Connecticut. About 1797 it was introduced from Connecticut into
Ohio and afterwards disseminated there under the name Putnam Russet,
Marietta Russet, etc. (9, II, 24).

TREE,

Tree medium to large, moderately vigorous to vigorous. Form roundish
spreading or flat. wigs above medium to short, straight or nearly so, stout,
often with large blunt terminal buds; internodes medium to rather long.
Bark rather light, dull, reddish-brown and olive-green, streaked lightly with
grayish scarf-skin, much pubescent. Lenticels not conspicuous, scattering,
medium to above, roundish, oval or elongated, sometimes raised. Buds large,
broad, plump, obtuse, free or nearly so, slightly pubescent.

FRuIT.

Fruit usually above medium to nearly large, sometimes large, variable in
size and shape. Form oblate to oblate inclined to conic, often broadly and
obscurely angular and sometimes remarkably elliptical as shown in the accom-
panying half-tone illustration; sides sometimes unequal. Stem short to medium
rather thick or swollen, pubescent, often red on one side. Cavity acute rarely
acuminate, rather deep, medium in width to rather wide, sometimes lipped.
Calyx sometimes small but usually medium to rather large, pubescent, closed

GOLDEN RUSSET

ROXBURY

THE AppLes OF NEw York. 295

or partly open; lobes variable; medium to rather large and long; sometimes
short, obtuse or acute. Basin variable, usually medium in width and depth,
varying from narrow to rather wide, and from obtuse to abrupt, furrowed and
often slightly wrinkled.

Skin tough or moderately tender, sometimes almost smooth, but usually
largely covered with greenish to yellowish-brown russet. Highly colored
specimens develop a bronze blush which rarely deepens to red. Dots russet
or gray.

Calyx tube rather large, moderately wide, with fleshy pistil point projecting
into the base, usually conical, sometimes funnel-shape. Stamens basal to
median.

Core above medium to small, axile; cells usually symmetrical, closed, rarely
partly open; core lines meeting if the calyx tube is conical but clasping if it
is funnel-shape. Carpels rather flat, elongated and narrowing toward the
apex, or roundish ovate, sometimes slightly emarginate, mucronate, tufted.
Seeds few, often abortive, medium or above, long, plump, acute, tufted.

Flesh tinged with yellow or greenish, firm, somewhat coarse, moderately
tender, breaking, juicy, sprightly subacid, good to very good.

Season December to May or in cold storage to July (42).

RoxBURY COMPARED WITH GOLDEN RUSSET.

As compared with the Golden Russet the Roxbury tree is larger,
more spreading and more productive. The dots on the shoots of
the Golden Russet are more conspicuous and more numerous than
on the Roxbury. The fruit of Roxbury is larger, more oblate and
it may be characteristically elliptical as shown in the accompanying
half-tone plate; that of the Golden Russet is less variable in color
and more uniform in size and shape. The Roxbury stem is thicker
than that of Golden Russet, often tinged with red on one side and
often swollen. The stem of the Golden Russet is usually shorter,
not swollen and not tinged with red. The cavity of Roxbury is
more often furrowed; that of the Golden Russet more often green
and marked with greenish-gray dots. The flesh of the Golden
Russet is more sprightly subacid, finer-grained and of richer flavor,
that of the Roxbury being rather coarser, yellower, and more mildly
subacid. The seeds of the Golden Russet are shorter than those of
Roxbury and not so dark colored.

RUSSIAN BALDWIN.

REFERENCES. I. Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 53:573. 1804. 2. Can. Hert., 18:222,
266. 1895 3. Heiges, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1895:32. 4. Can. Hort., 20:242. 1897.
5. Budd-Hansen, 1903:170.

290 Tue Apples OF NEw York.

A Russian apple commended very highly by Dr. T. H. Hoskins, Newport,
Vermont, who was instrumental in introducing Yellow Transparent and Scott.
He believed this to be worth more than both of the others and said of itl
“The Russian Baldwin has all the merits with none of the defects of the old
Baldwin—being as large and handsome, as good a bearer, better quality, and
a much better keeper.”

FRulIt.

Fruit medium or above medium. Form roundish oblate, faintly ribbed.
Stem short, moderately thick. Cavity deep, narrow to moderately wide,
russeted, somewhat furrowed, sometimes lipped. Calyx above medium to
small, usually partly open; lobes short, wide. Basin small, shallow, narrow,
somewhat furrowed.

Skin thin, smooth, almost entirely mottled and splashed with bright red over
a clear yellow background, becoming deep red on the exposed cheek with some
indistinct streaks of purplish-carmine. Dots small, pale or russet.

Core above medium to large, wide; cells partly open; core lines clasping.
Seeds numerous, small, plump, dark brown.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, moderately fine, crisp, moderately juicy,

mild subacid, good.
RUTLEDGE.

REFERENCES. 1. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:248. 2. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:
PHB, ite, Sy inate, (UL, Se Je, JE, I, Ieilh, Gea, Glos

This evidently belongs in the same group as the Bethel and Blue Pearmain.
Its affinity to the Blue Pearmain group is shown by the texture, flavor and
quality of the flesh and by the bloom, conspicuous dots and characteristic
yellow and red colors of the skin. It is less highly colored than either Blue
Pearmain or Bethel but is a better keeper than either. The fruit is pretty
uniformly of good size and desirable form. The tree is a good strong grower,
does not come into bearing very young, but is an annual cropper, yielding
moderately heavy to good crops. It does not appear to be of sufficient value
for New York state to be worthy of testing except perhaps in those regions
where Bethel and Blue Pearmain are most valued.

Historical. Received for testing at this Station from T. V. Munson, Deni-
son, Texas, in 1892 (2).

TREE.

Tree vigorous with very long and moderately stout branches; laterals char-
acteristically covered with numerous small spurs. Form upright spreading or
roundish, dense. wigs short to rather long, curved or nearly straight, mod-
erately stout; terminal buds large; internodes medium to long. Bark olive-
green washed with reddish-brown, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; heavily
pubescent. Lenticels numerous, small to medium, round or slightly elongated,
slightly raised. Buds medium in size, plump, acute, free, pubescent.

FRUvIT.

Fruit above medium, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form nearly
globular varying to roundish oblate or to slightly oblong, regular or some-
what ribbed, usually symmetrical. Stem short to medium, moderately slender

1Letter, 1897.

THe AppLes OF NEW York. 297

to thick, sometimes inserted under a lip. Cavity medium in size, acute to
slightly acuminate, deep, rather broad or somewhat compressed, often slightly
furrowed, sometimes partly russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed or partly
open; lobes moderately narrow, acute to acuminate. Basin small to medium,
often oblique, very shallow and obtuse to moderately shallow and somewhat
abrupt, narrow to moderately wide, somewhat furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin rather thick, tough, smooth about the cavity but somewhat roughened
toward the basin with russet dots and fine capillary russet lines, yellow or
greenish largely overspread with orange-red, in well colored specimens becom-
ing rather dull deep red, mottled and narrowly striped with purplish-carmine,
often faintly marked with grayish scarf-skin toward the cavity and covered
with a thin bloom which gives the fruit a dull appearance. Dots scattering,
conspicuous, large, areolar, pale gray or russet toward the cavity but numer-
ous and smaller about the basin. Prevailing effect red and yellow.

Calyx tube urn-shape. Stamens median to marginal.

Core small to medium, abaxile; cells not uniform in size, usually sym-
metrical, closed or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly roundish
or sometimes inclined to ovate, usually smooth. Seeds small to nearly medium,
obtuse to somewhat acute, plump, sometimes slightly tufted, light and dark
brown.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, a little coarse, not very crisp, rather tender,
moderately juicy, somewhat aromatic, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet,
fair to good in quality.

Season January to May.

SALISBURY.

REFERENCES. 1. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:51, 78. 1851. fig. 2. (?)Ragan,
(Ul, Sa JB IPS Ik JL, OAR. WOO:

Synonyms, (Salisbury Pippin, 2)? Salisbury Pippin, locally. SALisBuRY
WINTER (1).

A roundish yellow apple of excellent quality. So far as we have been able
to learn it is known only in the vicinity of Cortland where it is grown to a
limited extent. We have not seen the fruit. Mr. Nathan Salisbury, after
whose father this variety was named (1), reports! that the fruit resembles
Swaar in shape but is a little larger, ripens slowly and has very brittle flesh
which is slightly acid. According to Emmons’ description the fruit is yellow
with a faint shade of orange; stem short, slender and peculiarly inserted in
a very shallow depression; flesh tender, juicy, subacid, very pleasant, equal
to Swaar.

Historical. The origin of this variety is unknown. It was grafted into
a nursery on the old Salisbury farm in Cortland, N. Y., some years prior to
1850. It is known in Cortland by the name Salisbury Pippin. We have not
had opportunity to determine whether it is identical with the Salisbury or
Salisbury Pippin catalogued by Lyon (2).

SALOME.

REFERENCES. I. Hatheway, J/l. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1878:133. 2. Ib., 1879:195.
3. Downing, 1881:103 app. fig. 4. Thomas, 1885:523. 5. Budd, dm. Pom.

1Letter, F. E. Brogden, 1905.

298 THE APpPLes OF NEW YORK.

Soc. Rpt., 1885:26. 6. Can. Hort., 11:8. 1888. 7. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:249.
8. Brown, Can. Hort., 17:252. 1894. 9. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1894:%25.
10. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 61:32. 1897. 11. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:20. 12.
IN. (G5 8G Agr. Bul., 1900:10. 13. Can. Hort., 24:454. 1901. 14. Dickens and
Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:55. 1902. 15. Budd-Hansen, 1903:172. 16. Powell
and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:55. 1903. 17. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bul., 248:143. 1904. 18. Can. Hort., 27:242, 245, 1904. fig. 19. Nat. Nursery-
man, 13:52. 1905.

This fruit is usually below medium size and but moderately
attractive in color but sometimes it develops good size and good
color. As grown in New York it does not excel standard sorts of
its season in size, color or quality. In some parts of the state it is
regarded with considerable favor as a promising commercial variety
because the fruit hangs well to the tree in high winds, is firm, stands
handling well and usually keeps pretty well, is smooth and usually
free from scab; and because the tree is vigorous, very hardy, healthy,
comes into bearing early and is a reliable cropper, yielding mod-
erate to good crops biennially or nearly annually. It appears to
vary somewhat in keeping qualities in different seasons and in dif-
ferent localities. As grown at this Station its usual commercial limit
is March but exceptionally it shows a rather rapid rate of loss in
early winter. It stands heat well before going into storage and goes
down rapidly (17). In Central and Western New York it appears
to require a warm soil and warm exposure together with careful
attention to training that the top may be kept sufficiently open to
admit the sunlight to the foliage in all parts of the tree so as to
hasten the ripening of the fruit and improve its color. Because the
fruit lacks in size and color probably it will never be planted very
extensively in this state.

Historical. Salome originated about 1853 in a nursery in Ottawa, Illinois.
The property afterwards came into the hands of Mr. E. C. Hatheway who
discovered the merits of the variety and began its propagation. He exhibited
it before the Illinois State Horticultural Society in 1878 under the name of
Salome. In 1884 it was introduced to the trade by Arthur Bryant, Princeton,
Illinois. It has been disseminated sparingly in various parts of this state.
Thus far it has been but little planted in New York orchards but in some
localities its cultivation is perhaps increasing slightly.

TREE.

Tree a vigorous, upright grower in the nursery; in the orchard it becomes
large. Form upright, becoming roundish, dense. Twigs short to long, rather

SALOME

Tue Appies or New York. 299

slender to stout with large terminal buds, straight or nearly so; internodes
short to rather long. Bark clear reddish-brown tinged with olive-green,
lightly mottled with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lemnticels clear in color,
conspicuous, rather scattering, narrow, elongated, pointed, slightly raised.
Buds medium to rather small, plump, obtuse to acute, free or partly adhering,
slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit below medium to above, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
oblate to roundish ovate inclined to conic, often somewhat elliptical or ob-
scurely ribbed, usually symmetrical. Stem long, usually slender. Cavity
above medium, acute to acuminate, deep, broad, often compressed or obscurely
furrowed, thinly russeted. Calyx small, usually closed. Basin often but
slightly depressed, but sometimes moderately deep and inclined to abrupt,
usually rather narrow, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, rather pale yellow or greenish, more or less
mottled and blushed with pinkish-red rather obscurely striped with carmine,
marked toward the cavity with grayish scarf-skin and covered with whitish
bloom. Sometimes a considerable portion of the fruit is overspread with a
good red color. Dots conspicuous, whitish or pale gray, often areolar with
russet point.

Calyx tube small to medium, cone-shape. Stamens basal to nearly median.

Core rather large, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, usually wide open,
sometimes closed; core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels thin,
smooth, often decidedly concave, broadly roundish, sometimes slightly emargi-
nate. Sceds rather numerous, medium or above, wide, obtuse, light and dark
brown.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine-grained, crisp, rather tender,
juicy, sprightly, subacid, good to very good.

Season November to March but sometimes it does not extend through
January.

SAVEWELL.

REFERENCE. I. Downing, 1869:346.
Synonyms. Cornell’s Savewell (1). Putnam’s Savewell (1).

A Westchester county apple described by Downing as a valuable keeper.
Fruit yellow with shade of dull red, medium in size, roundish oblate inclining
to conic. Flesh pleasantly subacid, juicy, tender, good. Season February and
March (1). So far as we have been able to learn this variety has not been
cultivated outside the vicinity of its origin.

SCARLET CRANBERRY,

REFERENCES. 1. Rural N. Y., 45:593. 1886. figs. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:
249. 3. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:55. 1902. 4. Powell and
Bulton, U.S. BP. I. Bul. 48:55: .5003.

This is a southern variety and when grown as far north as New York it
does not develop properly either in quality or in size although it often colors
pretty well. It keeps in ordinary storage till late spring and has been held

300 THE Apples OF NEW YoRK.

in cold storage till May without scald or decay (4). It is not recommended
for planting in this state.
This is a very different variety from Cranberry Pippin.

Historical. Originated in Scott county, Virginia, from seed of an unknown
variety forty or more years ago (1). It is said to be a vigorous grower and
very productive in that region, yielding very large, handsome and showy fruit.
It has been disseminated by nurserymen in the South Atlantic states and in
the Central Mississippi valley (2), but it is practically unknown among north-
ern fruit growers.

FRuIT.

Fruit medium in size but in the South grows large (1, 4). Form roundish
varying to slightly oblate or to broadly ovate, often somewhat ribbed, usually
symmetrical. Stem short to rather long, moderately thick. Cavity moder-
ately large, acute to acuminate, deep to moderately deep, rather narrow to
. moderately wide, pretty symmetrical, gently furrowed, sometimes lipped, often
partly russeted. Calyx medium to rather large, closed or partly open; lobes
acute to acuminate, sometimes separated at the base. Basin often oblique,
very shallow to moderately shallow, narrow to moderately wide, obtuse, fur-
rowed, wrinkled.

Skin rather thick, tough, smooth, yellow, largely overspread with pinkish-
red striped with purplish-carmine, mottled and striped over the base with thin
scarf-skin which produces a grayish appearance. Dots conspicuous, numer-
ous, small to large, pale, often areolar with russet center. Prevailing effect
attractive red.

Calyx tube wide, cone-shape to urn-shape. Stamens marginal to median.

Core small to above medium, axile or sometimes abaxile; cells often not
uniformly developed, usually symmetrical, closed or sometimes open; core
lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels rather flat, broadly ovate to some-
what elliptical, mucronate, usually not emarginate, smooth or slightly tufted.
Seeds medium or above, moderately narrow, plump, acute, sometimes tufted.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, rather coarse, moderately crisp, a
little tough, moderately juicy, slightly astringent, mild subacid, fair to good.

SCHODACK,

REFERENCES. 1. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:224. 1892. 2. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:143. 1904.

This fruit is worthy of notice only because it keeps remarkably late. Its
general appearance is good for a green apple and it retains good color, firm
texture and a good degree of acidity till very late in the season. As fruited
at this Station it seldom averages above medium size. It is fairly acceptable
for culinary purposes from March till July but it is not good enough in quality
to be classed as a dessert apple. The tree is a pretty good grower, comes into
bearing rather young and is a reliable cropper, yielding moderate to good
crops almost annually.

Historical. Received here for testing from E. L. Smith, South Schodack,
Rensselaer county, N. Y., in 1892.

SCHODACK

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Tue AppLes oF NEW York. 301

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous with long, slender branches. Form roundish to
spreading, open. Jwigs medium in length, slender, curved; internodes rather
long. Bark dark brown tinged with red, streaked with searf-skin, pubescent
near tips. Lenticels dull, inconspicuous, scattering, medium, roundish or oval,
not raised. Buds medium to below medium, prominent, plump, obtuse to
acute, free or nearly so, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Frwit usually medium to rather small, uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish oblate varying to roundish inclined to conic, often obscurely ribbed.
Stem often long and slender. Cavity usually acute, deep, broad, often slightly
furrowed, sometimes partly russeted and marked with some large, elongated,
irregular whitish dots and also with patches of whitish scarf-skin. Calyx
small, closed. Basin shallow, obtuse, furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, grass-green eventually becoming tinged with
yellow, blushed with rather dull pinkish-red which often deepens to a distinct
red. Dots scattering, very large to small, russet or irregular, whitish and
areolar with russet point. Prevailing color green.

Calyx tube deep, long, funnel-form. Stamens marginal.

Core abaxile, medium in size; cells usually symmetrical, often wide open,
sometimes closed; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly roundish, emarginate,
mucronate, sometimes tufted. Seeds numerous, large, rather wide, long,
plump, acute, usually smooth.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, coarse, rather tough, juicy, briskly
subacid, fair or possibly sometimes good for culinary use.

SCHOONMAKER,

REFERENCES. I. Elliott, 1854:156. 2. Downing, 1869:348. 3. Thomas, 1875:

Siti,
Synonym. Schoolmocker (1, 2).

This old variety is still grown to a limited extent in some portions of South-
eastern New York where it is esteemed as an apple of very good quality.
Elliott (1) remarks that it is probably of foreign origin and that it was grown
in Detroit as early as 1804. The tree is upright spreading and moderately
vigorous. Fruit large, roundish oblate, sometimes angular. Stem short and
stout. Cavity deep. Skin a little rough, yellow or greenish with bronze blush.
Core small. Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, briskly subacid.

Season January to March (1, 2).

SCOT,

REFERENCES. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1877. (cited by 24). 2. Budd,
Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1880:524. 3. Thomas, 1885:523. 4. Van Deman, U. S.
Pom. Rpt., 1886:271. fig. 5. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1886-87:9, 94. 6.
Rural N. Y., 47:249, 646. 1888. 7. Can. Hort., 13:174, 187, 216. 1890. 8.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:249. 9. Can. Hort., 15:159. 1892. col. pl. 10. Ib., 16:
204. 1893. 11. Heiges, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1894:22. 12. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr.
Rpt., 1894:125. 13. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assn. An. Rpt., 26:16, 75. 1894. 14. Gard,

302 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

and For., 8:200. 1895. 15. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1895:93. figs. 16.
Budd, Ja. Sta. Bul., 31:333. 1895. 17. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 61:32. 1897. 18.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1897:14. 19. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:308. 1901.
20. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:98. 1902. fig. 21. Budd-Hansen, 1903:173. fig.
22. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:55, 1903. 23. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta: Bul., 248:144. 19004. 24.-Ragan, U. S. BOP) J Bul s62277e Loos:

Synonyms. Scott's Red Winter (8, 22). Scotr WINTER (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 0, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; 17, IG: 20, 21, 22, 2a) \ScottsalVanternn Gulaano:
23, 24). Wilcox’s Winter (24).

Fruit medium to rather small, of pretty good form and attractive
color. It is especially suitable for culinary purposes in the spring
because it retains a good degree of acidity later than most varieties
of its season. Toward the close of its season its acidity is some-
what subdued and it then becomes an acceptable dessert fruit
although it is not of high quality. The tree is very hardy, healthy,
comes into bearing young and is a reliable cropper, yielding mod-
erate to rather heavy crops biennially or in some cases annually.
The fruit hangs well to the tree but it is apt to be uneven in size
and unless proper preventive treatment is given is liable to be
injured by scab so that, on the whole, there is often considerable
loss in undersized or otherwise unmarketable fruit. In ordinary
storage it is in season from December to May with March as its
commercial limit (23).

Scott is valuable for regions where the climate is too severe to
permit varieties of the grade of hardiness of Northern Spy and
Rhode Island Greening to be grown profitably. It should not be
grown in sod because the fruit is naturally small and becomes un-
profitably so unless the orchard is heavily manured and given
thorough tillage (12, 15). In some localities in this state it is
grown with profit for local market, and in portions of New England

and Canada it is classed among the commercial varieties.

Historical. Originated about 1864 on the Scott Farm at Newport, Vermont,
and brought to notice by Dr. T. H. Hoskins of that place. It is not generally
known among New York fruit growers. It has been sparingly disseminated
in various portions of this state but has not been planted extensively in any
locality.

TREE.
Tree medium to rather large, vigorous. Form upright, becoming roundish

or spreading, rather dense. Twigs medium to long, stout to somewhat slender;
internodes medium to long. Bark dull reddish-brown mingled with olive-

OOS

o

THE Apples OF NEW York. 303

green, irregularly streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent. Lenticels scattering,
small to medium, roundish, slightly raised. Buds medium or below medium
in size, broad, plump, obtuse to somewhat acute, free or nearly so, slightly
pubescent.

FRUuIT.

Fruit below medium or sometimes medium. Form roundish conic to round-
ish oblate, often irregularly elliptical, broadly but obscurely ribbed. Stem
short to very short. Cavity above medium to rather small, acuminate, deep,
narrow to rather wide, sometimes gently furrowed, usually russeted and often
with outspreading russet rays. Calyx small, closed or nearly so; lobes medium
in length, converging and usually reflexed, rather narrow, acute. Basin below
medium to rather small, abrupt, usually deep and rather narrow, slightly fur-
rowed, often pubescent.

Skin smooth, rather thin, moderately tough, pale yellow or greenish mostly
covered with a bright deep red mottled and striped with darker red. Highly
colored specimens have a very dark and almost purplish-red cheek. Dots
scattering, obscure, pale yellow or russet. General appearance good red or
striped red.

Calyx tube rather long, cone-shape or approaching funnel-form, sometimes
extending into the core. Stamens median to marginal.

Core rather small to moderately large; axile or somewhat abaxile with
hollow central cylinder; cells pretty uniformly developed, symmetrical, closed
or partly open; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping. Carpels broadly
roundish, varying from nearly elliptical to nearly cordate, slightly emarginate,
mucronate, smooth or nearly so. Sceds numerous, above medium to rather
small, rather narrow to moderately wide, acute to acuminate, plump, dark,
sometimes a little tufted.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, sometimes stained with red, firm, crisp,
a little coarse, tender, very juicy, briskly subacid, eventually becoming rather
mild subacid, aromatic, good.

SCRIBNER,.

REFERENCES. I. American Farmer, 1859. (cited by 4). 2. Downing, 1872:
31 app. 3. Burrill and McCluer, J/l. Sta. Bul., 45:340. 1896. 4. Ragan, U. S.
153, JE. Wh, IBS, SPAZ7, NOW.

SYNONYMS. SCRIBNER’S SPITZENBERG (3). SCRIBNER’S SPITZENBURGH
(2). Scribner's Spitzenburgh (4).

A medium-sized midwinter apple of very good quality which originated with
Elijah Scribner, Plattsburg, New York. Downing describes the fruit as
“angular, roundish conical, shaded with bright deep red; flesh crisp, tender,
juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic; in season from December to February” (2).
This variety appears to be practically unknown among New York fruit
growers.

SEEK-NO-FURTHER.

The meaning of this name is evident. It has been applied to
many different apples but the variety which pomologists know as
the Westfield Scek-No-Further New York fruit growers and fruit

304 THE AppLes OF NEW York.

buyers commonly call by the simple name Seek-No-Further or its
abbreviation, Seek. For an account of this apple the reader is
referred to Westfield Seek-No-Further.

Among the other varieties described in this volume with Seek-
No-Further occurring in either the accepted name or in a synonym
are those mentioned in the following list.

Long Island Seek-No-Further see Ferris. May Seek-No-Further see Gray-
house. Oakland County Seek-No-Further see Oakland. Rhode Isiand Seek-
No-Further see Ferris. Seek-No-Further of some see Rambo. Westchester
Seek-No-Further see Ferris.

SHACKLEFORD,

REFERENCES. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883:57, 126, 129. 2. Mo. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1885:34. 3. Gano, dm. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1889:130. 4. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:249. 5. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 43:104. 1896. 6. Thomas, 1897:653.

Synonym. Shackleford’s Best (1).

An apple of the Ben Davis type. It ranks close to Ben Davis in quality
but is less highly colored and is hardly as good a keeper as that variety. The
fruit is smooth, uniform, of good size and under favorable conditions it
develops good color but as grown at this Station on rather heavy clay loam
its general appearance is not especially attractive. When grown as far north
as this it evidently requires a warm slope and warm soil to develop good color.
So far as tested in this region it sustains the reputation it has gained else-
where of being very hardy, coming into bearing young and of producing good
crops regularly. It is evidently less desirable than Ben Davis for planting in
New York.

Historical. Originated near Athens, Missouri. It was generally dissemi-
nated in that locality as early as 1883 (1). Thus far it has been planted in
New York only in an experimental way.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous. Form rather flat, spreading,
somewhat drooping, open. Twigs short to above medium, curved or nearly
straight, moderately stout; internodes short. Bark clear brownish-red with
some olive-green, partly streaked with scarf-skin, smooth or slightly pubes-
cent near tips. Lenticels inconspicuous, scattering, small to medium, varying
from roundish to elongated, not raised. Buds set deeply in the bark, small,
with large broad shoulders, flat, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.

FRuvIT.

Fruit medium to rather large, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
to roundish ovate, pretty regular and symmetrical. Stem long, rather slender.
Cavity medium to rather small, acuminate or approaching acute, shallow to
medium in depth, narrow to medium in width, usually symmetrical and slightly
russeted. Calyx above medium to medium, usually closed; lobes long, moder-
ately broad, acute to acuminate. Basin medium to rather large, medium in

SHACKLEFORD

THe AppLes oF NEW York. 305

depth to sometimes deep, moderately wide to wide, rather abrupt to very
abrupt, usually wrinkled and furrowed.

Skin moderately thick, tough, waxy, smooth, pale greenish-yellow becoming
nearly clear yellow, washed with red, mottled and striped with carmine. Dots
inconspicuous, small, numerous, sometimes submerged, sometimes russet.

Calyx tube varies from short to long and from cone-shape to funnel-form,
often with a fleshy pistil point projecting into the base. Stamens median to
basal.

Core usually axile, above medium to rather small; cells usually symmetrical,
closed or sometimes open; core lines meeting or clasping. Carpels pointed
ovate, emarginate. Seeds numerous, medium or above, moderately wide,
plump, acute or nearly so.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, moderately
tender, juicy, mild subacid, fair to good.

Season November to April.

(I) SHANNON.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1881:104 app. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:25.
3. Van Deman, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1886:269. fig. 4. Babcock, Rural N. Y., 49:
873. 1890. figs. 5. McNeil, Ark. Sta. Rpt., 1890:33. 6. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:249. 7. Clayton, Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:7. 1893. 8. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul.,
43:104. 1896. 9g. Ib., 60:133. 1899. 10. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul.,
106:55. 1902.

SYNONYM. SHANNON PIPPIN (1, 7).

Fruit large, yellow, smooth, pretty uniform, rather attractive in appearance
and very good in quality; suitable for either home use or market. So far
as tested here it is not sufficiently productive to be valuable in this region.

Historical. The history of the Shannon is rather obscure. For some time
it was supposed by leading pomologists that Shannon was an Arkansas name
given to the Ohio Pippin..2 Later investigators however have been led to
question the correctness of this view (1, 3, 9) and the bulk of the evidence
now seems to indicate that the Shannon is an Arkansas seedling closely
resembling the Ohio Pippin yet with sufficient difference to distinguish the
varieties. As fruited at this Station the tree of Ohio Pippin is slightly less
vigorous than that of Shannon. The fruit averages smaller, is usually some-
what conic, the seeds are more numerous, the flavor is milder and the season
is decidedly earlier than that of Shannon. Shannon is said to have originated
near Boonsboro. Washington county, Ark. (9). It has been but little dis-
seminated in New York.

TREE.

Tree vigorous with long and rather stout branches. Form rather open,
spreading. Twigs medium to long, moderately stout, crooked to nearly
straight, quite pubescent; internodes moderately short to very short. Bark
reddish-brown, mottled with thin scarf-skin. Lenticels numerous, inconspicu-
ous, very small, roundish or sometimes elongated. Buds medium to large,
roundish, plump, somewhat acute to rather obtuse, appressed, pubescent.

1Warder, 1867: 484, 731.
2 Downing, 1869: 292.

306 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

FRUvIT.

Fruit large. Form oblate to roundish oblate, often somewhat elliptical and
obscurely ribbed; sides sometimes unequal. Stem short, moderately thick.
Cavity moderately large, acute to acuminate, deep, moderately broad to very
broad, symmetrical or somewhat furrowed, often with radiating russet rays
or overspread with russet. Calyx large, open or partly open; lobes separated
at base. Basin above medium to rather small, moderately shallow to deep,
moderately narrow to rather wide, abrupt, usually indistinctly furrowed but
sometimes smooth.

Skin rather thin, tough, smooth, bright, clear pale yellow, usually somewhat
blushed. Dots inconspicuous, pale green or whitish, often submerged, some-
times with russet point.

Calyx tube yellow, rather long, very wide, cone-shape or somewhat funnel-
form and sometimes extending to the core. Stamens median.

Core medium to rather small, slightly abaxile; cells often not uniformly
developed, symmetrical, partly open or closed; core lines slightly clasping or
meeting. Carpels thin, tender, roundish, mucronate, but slightly emarginate
if at all, usually smooth. Seeds few, short to medium, plump, narrow to
rather wide, acute.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, moderately firm, moderately fine-grained,
breaking, tender, juicy to very juicy, sprightly subacid, good to very good.

Season at Geneva November to April or May.

(I) SHANNON.

REFERENCE. I. J. R. Johnson, Cat., 1894.

The variety described below, so far as we know, has not been disseminated
in New York. The following account is given in order that the reader may
distinguish between this Shannon and the Shannon above described.

This originated as a chance seedling on the farm of Wm. Shannon, Coshoc-
ton county, Ohio. It was introduced by J. R. Johnson, of Coshocton, who
stated that it is “yellow, of good size and good quality, keeps till April and
holds its flavor; tree a good grower and a good bearer” (1). Mr. Johnson
reports that he ventured to catalogue it under the name Shannon for local
trade although he knew that a very different apple had been previously intro-
duced under that name by A. H. Ernst.1

SHEDDAN.

REFERENCE. I. Tenn. Sta. Bul., 1:29. 1806. fig.

Although this is a variety of Tennessee origin it appears to have consider-
able merit as grown in New York and is worthy of further testing in this
region. As grown at this Station the tree is thrifty, comes into bearing young
and gives promise of being productive. The fruit is of desirable size and
good quality and is suitable for either home use or market. It somewhat
resembles a well-grown Rhode Island Greening in color but has the advan-
tage over that variety in being a much better keeper and evidently not liable
to scald.

1Letter, J. R. Johnson, 1895.

Tue Apples oF NEW York. 307

Historical. Originated as a chance seedling with John E. Sheddan, Friends-
ville, Blount county, Tennessee, about 1882 (1). It probably grew from a seed
of Green Crank near which the original Sheddan tree stood. So far as we
know this variety has not been grown in New York except at this Station.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form upright spreading, rather open. Twigs short, rather
stout to sometimes slender. Bark dull green and reddish. Lenticels numer-
ous, very small, roundish, dark. Buds small, appressed, rather obtuse.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form roundish, slightly oblate, regular,
symmetrical. Stem moderately long and rather slender to short and thick,
sometimes swollen at the base. Cavity medium in size, obtuse to acute, mod-
erately shallow to deep, rather broad, usually obscurely furrowed, sometimes
lipped, somewhat russeted. Calyx small, closed or partly open. Basin shallow
to moderately deep, narrow to moderately wide, obtuse to rather abrupt, some-
what furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin smooth, grass-green changing to yellow with an orange blush which
sometimes deepens to red. Dots often submerged, numerous, pale or yellow-
ish especially toward the basin but toward the cavity they are larger, more
scattering and more often areolar with russet point. Prevailing effect attrac-
tive yellow when the fruit is fully ripe.

Calyx tube nearly urn-shape or approaching funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core medium to rather small, somewhat abaxile to nearly axile, sometimes
with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells not always uniformly developed, sym-
metrical, closed or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels thin, smooth or
nearly so, broadly roundish to broadly obovate, mucronate, emarginate. Seeds
moderately dark reddish-brown, medium to small, plump, acute to obtuse,
sometimes slightly tufted; often some are abortive.

Flesh tinged with yellow or greenish, hard, firm, moderately fine-grained
or slightly coarse, crisp, somewhat tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid,
good to very good.

Season January to May.

SHEEPNOSE,

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:125. 2. Warder, 1867:645. 3. Downing, 1869:
351.

This name has been applied to several different varieties of apples
having a conical shape. In some localities Yellow Bellflower is
known by this name. In other places it is a common name for the
Black Gilliflower.

Warder (2) describes Sheepnose of Mears as a medium, roundish,
slightly conic apple, smooth, greenish-yellow, in some respects
resembling White Pearmain; flesh juicy, subacid, good; season

December to February.
VoL. I1— 13

308 Tue Apptes oF NEw York.

In the time of Coxe, Bullock was commonly known in New Jersey
by the name of Sheepnose (1).

Downing (3) describes another Sheepnose as grown in New
Jersey and Pennsylvania the fruit of which is of medium size,
roundish conical, yellow, sometimes blushed; flesh subacid, good;
season November and December.

There are also other varieties which are known under the name

Sheepnose.
SHERIFF.

REFERENCES. I. Ja. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1880:600. 2. Downing, 1881:105 app.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1889:12. 4. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895 :193,
199. 5. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:98. 1902. fig. 6. Budd-Hansen, 1903 :174.

Synonym. American Beauty incorrectly (2, 5, 6).

This variety has received attention in some parts of the West on account
of its superior hardiness. The fruit is of medium size and pleasant flavor
but not high quality. The tree comes into bearing young, is a reliable cropper
and productive (1, 2, 5, 6).

Historical. Downing reports that this variety was brought from Pennsyl-
vania by James Sheriff and the original name having been lost it was called
Sheriff (2). It was placed upon the list of the American Pomological Society
in 1889 (3) as a variety worthy of testing but was dropped from that list in
1897.

Whitin, (2, &, @))-

Tree very hardy, vigorous, tall, with few branches. Form symmetrical,
somewhat spreading, open.
IPA (2; Bs=(6))).

Fruit medium or below medium. Form roundish to roundish oblate or
somewhat cylindrical, flattened at the ends, nearly regular. Stem short to
long and slender. Cavity small, acuminate, deep, very narrow, regular, green
and russeted. Calyx closed; lobes erect, convergent. Basin large, wide,
shallow to deep, wavy or slightly ribbed.

Skin pale yellow or greenish, nearly covered with light and dark red ob-
scurely striped and splashed with carmine. Dots numerous, small, distinct,
pale or whitish.

Calyx tube funnel-shape. Stamens median.

Core very large; cells ovate, slit, closed. Seeds few to many, plump,
pointed.

Flesh whitish, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild subacid, good but not rich
in quality.

Season December to February.

SHIREY:

REFERENCES. 1. N. Y Sta. An. Rpt., 11:223. 1892. 2. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:249. 3. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:282. 1905.

Tue Appites oF NEW York. 309

This is a bright-colored apple of the Ben Davis type. As grown at this
Station it appears to be less valuable than Ben Davis being decidedly inferior
to that variety in size and no better in quality. It is in season about with
Ben Davis.

Historical. This variety has been propagated by some nurserymen in
Texas. In 1892 it was received for testing here from T. V. Munson, Denison,
Texas. So far as we know it has not been disseminated among New York
fruit growers.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches long, slender, curved. Form upright
spreading varying to roundish, open. Twigs short, straight, slender, with
large terminal buds; internodes short to below medium. Bark clear reddish-
brown, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels scatter-
ing, small to very small, round or elongated, not raised. Buds deeply set in
bark, small, broad, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to rather small. Form roundish inclined to conic, some-
times oblate, usually symmetrical. Stem medium to rather long and slender.
Cavity rather large, obtuse to acute, deep, wide, usually symmetrical, some-
times indistinctly furrowed, the lower part often russeted but the russet
seldom extending beyond the cavity. Calyx small to medium, somewhat open
or sometimes closed. Basin small to medium, abrupt, moderately shallow to
moderately deep, rather narrow to moderately wide, usually smooth and
symmetrical.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, glossy, yellow blushed and mottled with
bright deep red, marked rather indistinctly with narrow stripes and splashes
of purplish-carmine and overspread with a thin bloom which gives it a slightly
dull appearance but when polished the fruit has a bright red color. Dots
inconspicuous, small, pale, sometimes brown. Prevailing effect deep red.

Calyx tube large, deep, urn-shape varying to elongated cone-shape or funnel-
form. Stamens median to marginal.

Core distant, medium or above, abaxile, with hollow cylinder in the axis;
cells symmetrical, closed; core lines decidedly clasping. Carpels broadly
roundish or approaching roundish obcordate, somewhat emarginate, usually
smooth. Seeds somewhat variable, usually large, long, wide, obtuse, some-
what tufted, rather dark brown.

Flesh whitish or tinged with green, firm, not tender, crisp, moderately fine,
juicy, sprightly, mild subacid, fair to good.

Season December to May.

SKANK.

Fruit uniform, of good size and attractive in color when highly colored; but
usually it is not highly colored and on this account would not rank as a first-
class commercial variety. When well grown it 1s one of the best dessert
apples of its season and it should not be allowed to pass out of cultivation.
It is in season from October to February or later. The tree is hardy, healthy,
long-lived and a reliable cropper, ytelding heavy crops in alternate years.

310 Tue Apples OF NEW York.

Historical. This is an old variety which, so far as we know, is now grown
only in Southern Seneca county. It was brought to our attention by M. C.
Brokaw of Interlaken, N. Y., who reports that it was once cultivated in New
Jersey under the name Skank. We have been unable to find any mention of
it by pomological writers.

TREE.

Tree medium to large, vigorous. Form spreading. Twigs medium in

length, spreading, medium in thickness.

FRUIT.

Fruit large or above medium, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
conic to roundish, regular, pretty symmetrical. Stem medium in length, mod-
erately thick to rather slender. Cazity acute to acuminate, deep, broad, some-
times compressed, thinly russeted, the russet not extending beyond the cavity.
Calyx medium or below, closed or slightly open; lobes short to rather long,
acute. Basin rather small, moderately shallow to rather deep, medium in
width to narrow, somewhat abrupt, slightly wrinkled.

Skin rather thin and tender, smooth, bright pale yellow partially over-
spread and mottled with attractive red, distinctly splashed and often broadly
striped with bright carmine. Well-colored specimens are nearly covered with
red. Dots scattering, medium to above, russet or areolar with russet center.

Calyx tube medium to rather large, funnel-form to cone-shape. Stamens
median to marginal.

Core small, sessile or nearly so, abaxile; cells pretty symmetrical, usually
open or partly open; core lines usually somewhat clasping. Carpels much
concave, broadly roundish to slightly elliptical, emarginate. Seeds numerous,
medium or below, rather narrow, quite plump, irregular, moderately acute to
acuminate, rather dark brown.

Flesh yellowish, sometimes with faint reddish tinge, rather firm, fine-grained,
crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, agreeably aromatic, good to very good for

dessert.
SLEIGHT.

REFERENCES. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1867. (cited by 3). 2. Downing,
foes OS even (UW, Ss Wei JE. I, 1B, OSS, 1C)0)5}.

Synonyms. SLeIGHT’s Lapy APPLE (2). Sleight’s Lady Apple (3).
SLIGHT’s Lapy APPLE (1). Slight’s Lady Apple (3).

An apple of the Lady type which originated with Edgar Sleight, Dutchess
county, N. Y. Downing describes it as an almost perfect facsimile of Lady
except that it is nearly twice as large and ripens a little earlier.

We have not seen this variety and have received no report of its being
grown outside of the locality of its origin.

SMITH CIDER.

REFERENCES. 1. Coxe, 1817:131. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:123. 3. Elliott,
1854:157. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1856. 5. Downing, 1857:189. 6. Hooper,
1857:84. 7. Horticulturist, 15:184. 1860. 8. Mag. Hort., 26:102. 1860. 9.
Hovey, /b., 29:262. 1863. fig. 10. Warder, 1867:614. fig. 11. Downing, 1869:
354. fig. 12. Fitz, 1872:143, 153. 13. Leroy, 1873:579. fig. 14. Thomas, 1875:

Y3q010 HLINS

THE AppLes or New York. 311

222. 15. Barry, 1883:354. 16. Wickson, 1889:247. 17. Lyon, Mich. Hort.
Soc. Rpt., 1890:296. 18. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:249. 19. Can. Hort., 16:435.
1893. 20. Mathews, Ky. Sta. Bul., 50:32. 1894. 21. Burrill and McCluer,
Hie Sta. Bul.) a5:34a> 1806. 22. Beach, W/.N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt, 1901-76.
23. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:124. 1901. 24. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:
308. 1901. 25. Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:55. 1902. 26. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B.
P. TI. Bul., 48:56. 1903. 27. Budd-Hansen, 1903:176. fig. 28. Beach and Clark,
Nie = Stas Bulls 248214a4y 1004, 293 Ragan U.S. B. oP. To Buly 56:72) 286:
1905.

Synonyms. Choice Kentuck (29). CIDER (9). Cider (29). CIDER
APPLE (1, 2). Fowler (11, 13, 29). Fuller (11, 13, 29). Jackson Winesap
(29). Pennsylvania Cider (11, 13, 29). Poplar Bluff (29). PopuLar BLUFF
(13). Popular Bluff (11, 29). SMiITH’s (10, 26, 29). Smith’s (11, 13, 20).
Surmms CippRe (pats e Oe 7c ONT 12.144 15 clO2l7 ho, 19) 20, 2k. 22. 29)
24,25). Smiths Cider (Oo, 10, 13, 26, 20).

When well grown this is a beautiful fruit. It ranks good but
not high in quality. Coxe (1) observes that it bears some resem-
blance to the old Vandevere of Pennsylvania. He describes it under
the name Cider Apple by which name it is still commonly known in
some sections of the country. Warder (10) remarks that it cannot
be recommended for the table but gives great satisfaction for culinary

purposes and for market, being “ one of the most profitable apples

planted in Southwestern Ohio and adjacent counties of Indiana.”
The tree is a good grower, comes into bearing young and usually is
very productive. As grown in New York the fruit usually fails to
develop properly in size and quality, and is, on the whole, unsatis-

factory and unprofitable.

Historical. This has long been a favorite apple in Bucks county, Pennsyl-
vania where it originated (1, 5, 9, I0, II, 19), and it is highly esteemed in
certain regions farther south and west (1, 3, 10, 19, 23). Although it has
long been known in cultivation it has not gained much recognition among
New York fruit growers.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous with long, moderately stout, straggling branches.
Form tall, upright spreading or roundish, rather open. Twigs above medium
to long, curved, rather slender; internodes short to medium. Bark dark
brownish-red lightly mottled with scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels quite
numerous, inconspicuous, small to medium, round, not raised. Buds medium
in size, plump, obtuse to somewhat acute, free or nearly so, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large when well grown but it often averages below medium.
Form roundish oblate inclined to conic or varying to oblong and truncate,
regular to somewhat elliptical; axis often oblique; sides sometimes unequal.

B12 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Stem short to moderately long, slender. Cavity rather large, acute or some-
times obtuse, moderately deep, moderately narrow to broad, often with out-
spreading russet. Calyx below medium to large, partly open or sometimes
closed; lobes leafy, long, acute to acuminate. Basin wide, varying from very
shallow and obtuse to rather deep and abrupt, somewhat furrowed and
wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth or slightly roughened with capillary russet lines
about the basin, glossy, bright pale yellow or greenish mottled and shaded
with pinkish-red, splashed and striped with bright carmine. Dots whitish or
russet, often areolar, rather large and conspicuous. Prevailing effect bright
pinkish-red.

Calyx tube short and obtusely cone-shape or sometimes approaching funnel-
form. Stamens median.

Core below medium to rather large, abaxile to nearly axile; cells sym-
metrical, open or sometimes closed; core lines meeting or somewhat clasping.
Carpels thin, usually smooth, broadly roundish to elongated or narrowing
irregularly toward the apex, acuminate, emarginate. Seeds numerous, above
medium, wide, plump, obtuse, dark.

Flesh whitish, firm, moderately fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid
becoming mildly subacid, aromatic, sprightly, good but not high in flavor or
quality.

Season at Geneva November to March.

“MAKEFIELD is the name given to an apple shown at the meet-
ing of the New Jersey Horticultural Society in 1900. It origi-
nated in Makefield township, Bucks Co., Pa., hence its name. It is
supposed to be a sport from Smith’s Cider, which it resembles in tree.
It is fully as prolific as Smith’s Cider. The fruit is like Smith’s
Cider in all respects, except that it has a deep red color, making it
more valuable for market. The distinctive feature is that the red
is not in stripes as in Smith’s Cider, and even the small specimens
dare; ted (22)

SMOKEHOUSE,

REFERENCES. I. Horticulturist, 2:482, 570. 1848. 2. Brinckle, Jb., 3:333.
1849. fig. 3. Thomas, 1849:152. 4. Horticulturist, 4:340, 414. 1850. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 6. Horticulturist, 7:475. 1852. 7. Mag. Hort., 19:68.
1853. 8. Hovey, [b., 22:558. 1856. fig. 9g. Horticulturist, 11:289. 1856. 10.
Downing, 1857:104. 11. Hooper, 1857:85. 12. Hoffy, N. A. Pom., 1860. col.
pl. 13. Horticulturist, 15:184. 1860. 14. Warder, 1867:732. 15. Fitz, 1872:
143, 153. 16. Leroy, 1873:815. figs. 17. Barry, 1883:355. 18. Wickson, 1889:
244. 19. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:296. 20. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:
249. 21. Hicks, Rural N. Y., 53:205. 1894. 22. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:
136. 1901. 23. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:55. 1902. 24. Bruner,
N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:22. 1903. 25. Budd-Hansen, 1903:177. fig.

Synonyms. English Vandevere (10). GIBBONS SMOKEHOUSE (1). Mill-
creck (12). Millcreek Vandevere (4, 9, 10, 16). Red Vandevere (16).
SMOKE House (11, 12). Vandervere (12). Vandevere English (16).

SMOKEHOUSE

THe Apptes oF New York. 313

Fruit uniform in size, symmetrical and attractive in appearance
when well colored; but too often its color lacks character, being
neither distinctly yellow nor distinctly red. It is a very pleasant
flavored dessert apple but hardly acid enough for most culinary uses.
The tree is a good, vigorous grower, healthy, hardy and usually a
reliable cropper, alternating good with moderate crops. It comes
into bearing moderately young. The fruit hangs well to the tree.
It is somewhat subject to apple scab and requires thorough pre-
ventive treatment to insure clean fruit. The tree tends to form a
rather dense head and requires frequent pruning to keep the top
sufficiently open to develop fruit of good color and good quality.
Some fruit growers regard it with favor as a commercial variety
on account of its being reliably productive and yielding a very good
grade of smooth fruit; but it is not grown extensively in any part
of the state, and, so far as we can learn, its cultivation is not being
extended.

Flistorical. Originated with William Gibbons, Lampeter township, Lan-
caster county, Pa. (2, 12). It took its name from the fact that the original
tree grew near his smokehouse. It was brought to notice about 1837 by Ash-
bridge though it had long before been propagated in a nursery near the
locality of its origin. It is supposed to be a seedling of the old Vandevere
of Delaware and Pennsylvania as it much resembles that variety; in fact
Elliott fell into the error of calling it identical with Vandevere.! It has been
grown more extensively in New Jersey and Pennsylvania than it has in this
state. It is cultivated to a limited extent in many portions of New York
but is not generally known among New York fruit growers.

TREE.

Tree medium to large, vigorous. Form roundish to wide-spreading, dense;
lateral branches willowy, slender. wigs moderately long, straight, slender ;
internodes long. Bark reddish-brown mingled with olive-green, lightly
streaked with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels very scattering, oblong,
not raised. Buds set deeply in bark, medium in size, broad, flat, obtuse, ap-
pressed, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
oblate or approaching oblate conic, rather regular, symmetrical or nearly so.
Stem medium to long, slender. Cavity acute to acuminate, medium to rather
deep, moderately narrow to rather wide, sometimes gently furrowed, often
thinly russeted. Calyx large, open or nearly so; lobes often flat, convergent,
separated at the base. Basin moderately shallow to rather deep, rather wide.
sometimes compressed, somewhat abrupt, slightly wrinkled.

1Elliott, 1854: 113.

314 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

Skin thin, tough, smooth or slightly roughened with capillary russet lines
and russet dots; color yellow or greenish mottled with rather dull red, some-
times deepening to a solid bright red, indistinctly mottled, striped and splashed
with carmine. Dots generally conspicuous, large, irregular, gray or russet,
becoming smaller and more numerous about the basin. Prevailing effect
greenish-yellow, but in highly colored specimens, red.

Calyx tube rather wide, short, obtusely cone-shape or approaching funnel-
form. Stamens median to basal.

Core rather small, axile or nearly so; cells symmetrical, closed or partly
open; core lines meeting or with funnel-form calyx tube, clasping. Carpels
flat, broadly elliptical to roundish or somewhat cordate, usually smooth. Seeds
few, very dark, large, narrow, long, acute to acuminate, sometimes tufted.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, rather firm, moderately fine, crisp, moder-
ately tender, juicy, mild subacid, delicately aromatic, with an agreeable but
not high flavor, good.

Season October to February or March.

SPITZENBURG.

New York fruit growers and fruit dealers commonly use the
simple name Spitzenburg or its colloquial abbreviation Spitz, in
referring to the variety known to pomologists as Esopus Spitzen-
burg. Pomologists are now publishing this name with Spitzenburg
in italics as the first step toward shortening the name to Esopus,
but comparatively few New York fruit growers would recognize it
by the name Esopus and it will doubtless continue to be called
Spitzenburg as long as it remains in cultivation. For an account
of this variety the reader is referred to Esopus Spitsenburg.

This word has been variously spelled by different pomologists as,
Spitzemberg, Spitzenberg, Spitzenbergh, Spitzenburgh and Spits-
zenburgh, but Spitzenburg is now the commonly accepted spelling.

Many different varieties have the word Spitzenburg appearing
either in the accepted name or in a synonym; those which are
described in this volume are Esopus Spitzenburg, Flushing Spitzen-
burg, Newtown Spitzenburg and Scribner Spitzenburg (see
Scribner).

SPRING PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Elliott, 1854:158. 2. Warder, 1867:732. 3. Downing, 1869:
358. 4. Thomas, 1875:512. 5. Burrill and McCluer, JI]. Sta. Bul., 45:342.
1896. 6. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:201. 1005.

Synonyms. Spring Pippin (6). SPRINGPORT (6). SPRINGPORT PIPPIN
(4). Springport Pippin (1, 3, 5, 6).

STANARD

Hf

Tue AppLes oF NEw York. 315

An old variety which originated in Springport, Cayuga county, N. Y (3, 4).
It is probably now obsolete. The tree is upright, thrifty and unproductive.
Fruit above medium, roundish, yellowish-green, with few scattering minute
dots. Calyx closed. Stem short. Flesh crisp, sprightly subacid, very good.
Season December to May (1, 4).

The variety described by Burrill and McCluer under this name is evidently
not the true Spring Pippin (5).

SEY.

Fruit growers and fruit dealers commonly mention the Northern
Spy by the simple name of Spy. For a description of this variety
the reader is referred to Northern Spy.

STANARD.

REFERENCES. 1. N. Y. Agr. Soc. Trans., 1848:22, 276. 2. Emmons, Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 3:78. 1851. 3. Elliott, 1854:158. 4. Warder, 1867:544. fg. 5. Down-
ing, 1869:359. 6. Fitz, 1872:121. 7. Thomas, 1875:512. 8. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:250. 9. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:56. 1903. 10. Beach
and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:144. 1904.

Synonyms. Stanard’s Seedling (3, 5). STANNARD (8). STANNARD’S
SEEDLING (2).

Stanard is a good apple but other varieties of its season are superior to it
for either home use or commercial purposes. The fruit is of good market-
able size and fairly attractive in general appearance but as grown at this
Station it does not develop as bright red color as either Baldwin or Northern
Spy and is decidedly inferior to either of these varieties in the texture, flavor
and quality of its flesh. Its season extends to January but some portion of
the fruit may be kept till spring. Its ordinary commercial limit is October
or in cold storage March or April (10). The tree is rather vigorous, comes
into bearing early and is an annual bearer, alternating heavy with light crops.
It is not recommended for planting in New York.

Historical. In 1848 Stanard was exhibited before the New York Agri-
cultural Society as a new seedling by Benjamin Hodge, Jr., of Buffalo, by
whom it was afterwards introduced (1). It has been disseminated in portions
of the Middle West (4, 5, 8) but it has not won the favor of New York fruit
growers and remains practically unknown in this state.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous; branches short, stout, curved. Form spreading,
open. Twzgs generally short, somewhat curved, rather stout; internodes
medium to very short. Bark dark reddish-brown mingled with olive-green,
partly streaked with thin scarf-skin, heavily pubescent. Lenticels scattering,
small to medium, often elongated, usually not raised. Buds prominent, large,
broad, plump, obtuse to acute, free or nearly so, quite pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to above medium, somewhat variable in size. Form oblate
conic to roundish conic, wide and flat at the base, regular or obscurely ribbed;

316 THE Applies OF NEW York.

sides sometimes unequal. Stem short to medium, moderately slender, usually
not exserted. Cavity rather large, acute or approaching acuminate, moder-—
ately deep to very deep, wide, symmetrical, usually slightly furrowed or com-
pressed, occasionally lipped, often russeted and with outspreading russet rays.
Calyx small to above medium, partly open or closed; lobes often somewhat
separated at the base, narrow, acuminate to acute. Basin below medium to
rather large, often oblique, varying from rather shallow, narrow, symmetrical
and somewhat obtuse to deep, rather wide, somewhat furrowed and distinctly
abrupt, pubescent.

Skin thin, tough, smooth or slightly roughened by russet dots, somewhat
glossy, greenish becoming pale yellow shaded with red. Highly colored speci-
mens are almost completely covered with moderately dark, rather dull red,
sparingly and rather indistinctly splashed and striped with dark carmine but
usually the predominant color is yellow. Dots pale or russet, numerous and
small near the basin, becoming larger, scattering, more conspicuous and
irregular toward the cavity.

Calyx tube rather large, long, urn-shape varying to cone-shape or some-
times funnel-form. Stamens below median.

Core medium or below, somewhat abaxile; cells not uniformly developed,
symmetrical, open or closed; core lines somewhat clasping. Carpels much
concave, roundish to elliptical, emarginate. Seeds moderately light brown,
medium or below, rather short, wide, plump, acute to somewhat obtuse.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, a little coarse, crisp, tender, juicy,
brisk subacid becoming rather mild and pleasant, aromatic, good to very good.

STARK.

REFERENCES. I. Warder, 1867:732. 2. Prairie Farmer, 1868. (cited by 25).
3. Downing, 1869:360. 4. Fitz, 1872:170. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 6.
Thomas, 1875:512. 7. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1888:327. 8. Clark, Mo. Sta. Bul.,
6:8. 1889. 9. Wickson, 1889:249. 10. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:208.
11. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:250. 12. Can. Hort., 16:112. 1893. 13- Munson,
Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:133. 14. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 43:104. 1896. 15. Rural
N. Y., 55:1. 1896. fig. 16. Can. Hort., 20:35. 1897. 17. Lazenby, Columbus
Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:139. 18. Can. Hort., 23:126. 1900. 19. Dickens and
Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:55. 1902. 20. Can. Hort., 25:303. 1902. figs. 21.
Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 9:2. 1902. figs. 22. Budd-Hansen, 1903:
179. figs. 23. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. J. Bul., 48:56. 1903. 24. Beach
and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:144. 1904. 25. Ragan, U. S. B. P. J. Bul,
56:291. 1905.

Synonyms. Robinson (25). STARKE APPLE (4). Yeats (7, 25).

Stark is regarded as a good variety for the commercial orchard
by some New York fruit growers particularly because the tree is
thrifty, hardy, healthy, a reliable cropper and very productive and
because the fruit is fair, smooth, uniform and keeps well. It is
often dull and not attractive sometimes having but very little red

color yet under favorable conditions it is nearly covered with red

STARK

Tue Apptes or New York. 217

and in the spring when the contrasting yellow tints are fully devel-
oped it becomes quite attractive. The accompanying illustration
shows a highly colored Stark which was grown in Dutchess county.
At Geneva its season in ordinary storage extends from January to
June with May as the usual commercial limit. The fruit stands
handling well because it is very firm and has a thick, tough skin.
It has a mild flavor and ranks only medium in quality but is well
liked for baking and evaporating. It often sells in the general
market at remunerative prices and is regarded by some as a good
apple for export trade (20, 21). Stark not only does well through-
out the region where Baldwin succeeds but also has won recog-
nition as a desirable commercial variety in certain districts in the
North, South and West outside the range of profitable cultivation
of Baldwin.

Historical. Stark was first brought to notice in Ohio (3) and is said to
have originated in that state (25). It is grown successfully over a wide range
of territory and has received favorable notice in various regions from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. In 1892 it was offered by nurserymen in all of the
apple-growing sections of the country with the exception of the northern
portion of the Mississippi valley and the Rocky Mountain region from
Montana to Arizona and Texas (11). Thus far it has not been largely planted
in New York but its cultivation in this state appears to be slowly increasing.

TREE.

Tree strong, straight, healthy in the nursery; vigorous and large or moder-
ately large in the orchard, with long, strong branches. Form upright spread-
ing to roundish, rather dense. wigs above medium length, nearly straight,
slender to rather stout; internodes short to long. Bark reddish-brown tinged
with olive-green, lightly streaked with gray scarf-skin; pubescent near tips.
Lenticels quite numerous, conspicuous, small to large, roundish or oblong,
slightly raised. Buds medium to large, plump, obtuse to acute, free, slightly
pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit large to medium, sometimes very large, quite uniform in size and
shape. Form roundish inclined to conic varying to slightly oblate or to
roundish ovate; sides sometimes unequal. Stem short to medium in length,
moderately stout. Cavity medium in size, acuminate or approaching acute,
moderately deep, rather wide to moderately narrow, sometimes gently fur-
rowed, occasionally lipped, sometimes russeted and with outspreading russet.
Calyx medium to rather large, closed or partly open. Basin shallow and
obtuse to medium in depth and somewhat abrupt, rather wide, slightly
wrinkled.

Skin smooth or slightly roughened with russet dots, pale green becoming
yellow more or less blushed and mottled with red and rather indistinctly

318 THE Apples OF NEW York.

striped with darker red. Prevailing effect dull green and red, but in highly
colored specimens fairly bright red.

Calyx tube rather wide, truncate cone-shape with fleshy pistil point pro-
jecting into the base, or approaching funnel-form. Stamens median or below.

Core medium to rather small, axile; cells uniform, symmetrical, closed or
partly open; core lines meeting or slightly clasping Carpels thin, tender, flat,
broadly roundish to obcordate, emarginate, mucronate, tufted. Seeds few,
long. acute, tufted.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately fine to rather coarse, breaking, rather
tender, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid, not high in flavor, fair to good, or nearly
good, in quality.

STAYMAN WINESAP,

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1881:106 app. fig. 2. Stayman, Mo. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1883:77. 3. Bailey, Mich. Sta. Bul., 31:54. 1887. 4. Rural N. Y., 55:1.
1896. 5. Amer. Gard., 17:33. 1896. 6. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 57:201.
1898. 7. Powell, Del. Sta. Bul., 38:20. 1898. fig. 8. Van Deman, Rural N., Y.,
58:800. 1899. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:20. 10. Rural N. Y., 59:466, 510.
1900. fig. 11. Amer Gard., 22:191. 1901. 12. Van Deman, [ural N. Y., 60:
124, 210,307, 532. 1901. 13. Taylor, U. S. Dept. Agr. Vr Bk. 1902A7a0ce.
pl. 14. Rural N. Y., 61:688. 1902. 15. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:22. 1903.
16. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:57. 1903. 17. Budd-Hansen,
1903:180. fig. 18. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:145. 1904.

Synonyms. STAYMAN (4, 5, 6, 8, 10,12). Stayman (13, 16). STAYMAN’S
WINESAP (I, 2, 3, 7, 11). Stayman’s Winesap (13).

Van Deman calls this the best variety of the Winesap class for
general cultivation (12). Taylor remarks that the only particular
in which it does not equal its parent is in its color which is some-
what less brilliant than that of Winesap and adds that it appears to
be adapted to a wider range of soil and climate and well worthy of
testing throughout the middle latitudes, both for home use and for
market (13). As tested at this Station the tree is moderately vig-
orous, comes into bearing young and is a reliable annual cropper,
alternating heavy with light crops; but the fruit, as shown by the
accompanying illustration, does not develop properly here in size
and color. It is evidently not well suited for regions as far north

as this.

Historical. This variety was originated from seed of Winesap in 1866 at
Leavenworth, Kan., by Dr. J. Stayman and bore its first fruit in 1875 (13).
The earliest published descriptions of it were given by Downing (1) and
Stayman (2). “Further than these descriptions the variety does not appear
to have attracted any special attention until after 1890, when its good qualities
were discovered almost simultaneously by Mr. R. J. Black, of Bremen, Ohio,
and Mr. J. W. Kerr, of Denton, Md., both of whom fruited it on top grafts

STAYMAN WINESAP

Tue AppLes or New York. 319

at about that time. It was first catalogued by the latter in 1894-1895, and has
been quite extensively planted in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary-
land and Virginia since that date, and somewhat in other States” (13).

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form spreading and somewhat open. Twigs
below medium to rather long, irregularly crooked, moderately stout, with large
terminal buds; internodes medium to long. Bark dark brown or reddish-
brown with some olive-green, heavily coated with scarf-skin, pubescent near
tips. Lenticels inconspicuous, scattering, small to large, roundish, raised.
Buds prominent, above medium to large, broad, plump, obtuse to acute, pubes-
cent.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish conic
to globular, flattened at the base and rounding toward the basin; sides some-
times slightly unequal. Stem medium to short. Cavity large, acuminate to
acute, deep to very deep, medium in width to wide, often gently furrowed,
sometimes compressed, usually partly russeted and sometimes with outspread-
ing broken russet rays. Calyx small to medium, closed or sometimes partly
open; lobes long, acute to acuminate. Basin small, sometimes oblique, vary-
ing from shallow, narrow and obtuse to medium in width and depth and
abrupt, furrowed, somewhat wrinkled.

Skin smooth, rather thick, tough, green becoming yellowish, often nearly
completely covered with rather dull mixed red and rather indistinctly striped
with dull carmine. In less highly colored specimens the striped effect is
more noticeable. Dots light gray and russet, often rather large and con-
spicuous.

Calyx tube cone-shape to elongated funnel-form, sometimes extending
nearly or quite to the core. Stamens median.

Core small to medium, abaxile to nearly axile; cells symmetrical, closed
or open; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels thin, tender, quite
concave broadly roundish to elliptical, emarginate. Seeds variable, medium
or above, long, obtuse to acute, plump; often some are abortive.

Flesh tinged with yellow or slightly greenish, firm, moderately fine-grained,
tender, moderately crisp, breaking, juicy to very juicy, aromatic, sprightly,
pleasant subacid, good to very good.

Season December to May; commercial limit, April.

STERLING.

REFERENCES. I. Elliott, 1854:167. 2. Downing, 1857:115. 3. Warder, 1867:
711. 4. Downing, 1869:75. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1877. 6. Barry, 1883:
341. 7 Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1897:14. 8. Budd-Hansen, 1903:181. 9. Thomas,
1903:689. 10. Page 45.

SyNonyMS. AMERICAN BEAUTY (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10). American Beauty
(7, 8). BrEAuty oF AMERICA (1). Beauty of America (4, 10). Sterling
Beauty (2, 4,.6, 9, 10).

This is the variety described on page 45 under the name of American
Beauty. At the time that description was written it escaped our notice that

320 Tue AppLes OF NEW YORK.

the accepted name for this variety in the American Pomological Society Cata-
logue was changed in 1897 from American Beauty to Sterling. This state-
ment is made for the purpose of revising and correcting the synonymy of this

variety.
STONE.
REFERENCE. 1. Hoskins, Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 5:18. 1879.

An apple of the Blue Pearmain group somewhat similar to Bethel
in general appearance. We find no published description of this
variety. It is highly esteemed locally in St. Lawrence county where
it has come to be recognized as a very hardy, healthy, thrifty and
long-lived variety. It has a tendency to overbear or to set more
fruit than it can properly mature. It is an advantage to have the
fruit thoroughly thinned early in the season. It has the habit of
ripening its wood and shedding its foliage early in the autumn.
Young trees in the nursery row have a rather rough, sprawling
habit of growth. The fruit when well grown is rather large and
although rather dull red in color is fairly attractive in appearance.
It ranks good or sometimes possibly very good in quality.

Historical. This variety was brought from Bethel, Vermont into Potsdam,
St. Lawrence county, about 1836 or 1837 by a Mr. Stone. He propagated it
in that locality and it came to be known locally as the Stone apple. For a
time the Stone and the Snow or Fameuse were about the only grafted apples
known in that vicinity. During the last sixty years it has been grown in
some sections of St. Lawrence county more extensively than any other variety
and has there become a standard winter apple for home use. Apparently it
is unknown outside of Northern New York.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to very large, quite uniform in size and shape. Form
round to somewhat ovate, rounding toward base and apex, regular or some-
times slightly ribbed. Stem very short to medium, rather slender. Cavity
very small, usually acuminate, very narrow, somewhat unsymmetrical, partly
russeted; the russet does not often extend beyond the brim of the cavity.
Calyx medium to rather small, usually open, sometimes nearly closed; lobes
rather broad and acute. Basin usually shallow, sometimes moderately deep,
medium in width to rather narrow, sometimes slightly wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, rather smooth, takes a high polish; color pale yellow or
greenish washed and mottled with rather dull dark red which in highly
colored specimens deepens to solid red, irregularly splashed and striped with
deep carmine, overspread with bluish bloom and often noticeably marked with
bluish-white scarf-skin.. Dots numerous. Some are very large, irregular,
very conspicuous, grayish and often areolar with russet point; others are
small, round, pale gray or whitish and often submerged.

Calyx tube short, oroadly conical. Stamens usually basal.

‘Letters of AF. Clark, Raymondville, 1896, 1905.

STONE

VA

zs

THe Apples OF NEW YORK. 321

v

Core slightly abaxile with a hollow cylinder at the axis which becomes
narrow above and extends to the calyx tube; cells not uniformly developed,
closed or open; core lines nearly meeting or clasping. Carpels roundish to
roundish ovate, a little tufted. Seeds not numerous, small to medium, vary-
ing from rather long, narrow and acuminate to short, blunt and nearly obtuse.

Flesh nearly white with yellowish tinge, moderately firm, a little coarse,
rather tender, juicy or moderately juicy, mildly subacid becoming nearly sweet,
somewhat aromatic, good to possibly very good in quality.

STONE AND BETHEL COMPARED.

Some have supposed that Stone is identical with Bethel (1) but as
received from various parts of Northern New York it is certainly
distinct. The fruit averages larger than that of Bethel, sometimes
becoming very large, and its form is more elongated and more in-
clined to roundish ovate. Its color is duller than that of Bethel,
being not quite so dark red in tone, and it is noticeably less striped
and splashed. The dots of Stone are considerably the larger, more
irregular and more noticeably areolar. The dots of Bethel are the
brighter; its stem usually shorter and more slender; its cavity
decidedly smaller and narrower; its basin slightly narrower and
more regular; its core less abaxile and slightly smaller, and its cells
less uniformly developed.

STOWE.

REFERENCES. 1. Me. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895. (cited by 2). 2. Munson, Me.
Sta. Rpt., 1902:92.
SynonyM. Stowe’s Winter (1).

This variety has attracted the attention of Maine fruit growers because of
its superior hardiness. Munson (2) considers it “well worthy of general
dissemination as a valuable iron-clad variety.” He reports that “the tree is
vigorous and an annual bearer; fruit medium to large, greenish-yellow with
blushed cheek; flesh subacid, good; season February to May in Aroostook
county, Me.”

Historical. Originated in Perham, Aroostook county, Me., from seed
planted about 1862. Known locally in Maine as Stowe’s Winter (1). So far
as we know it is not cultivated in New York.

STREAKED PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1869:362. 2. Burrill and McCluer, Jil. Sta. Bul.,
45:342. 1896. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:145. 1904.

Synonyms. Hempstead (1). Quaker of some (1). Red Pippin (1).
Skunk, erroneously (1),

322 THE AppLes OF NEW YORK.

Fruit large, yellow streaked with red, the yellow usually pre-
dominating. It is pretty uniform in size and when highly colored
rather attractive in appearance. It ranks good to very good in
quality either for dessert or culinary use. On Long Island it is
grown more commonly than any other variety except Rhode Island
Greening. In that portion of the state it is in season during late
fall and early winter but as grown at this Station it keeps till Feb-
ruary with practically no loss (3) and its season extends to April
or May. It is not sufficiently attractive in color to be desirable
for general market purposes but it sells well in Long Island local
markets. This variety is grown successfully on sandy or gravelly
loam and also does well on clay loam. It is hardy, healthy, long-
lived, vigorous, comes into bearing moderately young and is a reli-
able cropper, yielding moderate to heavy crops biennially or almost
annually. The crop ripens rather unevenly and there is considerable
loss from dropping of the fruit.

It appears from reports received from Northern and Northwestern
New York that in some portions of those regions an inferior variety
is known locally under the name Streaked Pippin but we have not
seen this fruit.

Historical. Origin, Westbury, N. Y. It is generally cultivated on Long
Island and occasionally is found in the Hudson valley but it is little known
in other portions of the state.

TREE.

Tree large, moderately vigorous to very vigorous. Form upright becoming
wide-spreading and very drooping, rather dense. Twigs medium to short,
straight, stout. to rather slender; internodes medium to short. Bark clear
reddish-brown tinged with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, slightly
pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, but not very conspicuous, medium to
small, roundish or elongated, slightly raised. Buds medium size, broad,
plump, acute to obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRuIt.

Fruit large, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish oblong to roundish
conic, often faintly ribbed, symmetrical. Stem short to medium, slender to
moderately thick. Cavity acuminate, sometimes acute, moderately narrow to
rather broad, often slightly furrowed, occasionally compressed, sometimes
lipped, sometimes russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed or partly open;
lobes usually short, obtuse. Basin shallow, narrow and obtuse, varying to
medium in width and depth and somewhat abrupt, often somewhat furrowed.

Skin thin, tough, nearly smooth, covered with a thin whitish bloom which

STREAKED PIPPIN

THE AppLes OF NEw York. 323

gives a slightly dull effect, bright and glossy when polished, predominantly
yellow or greenish partly mottled and blushed with orange-red and distinctly
striped with bright carmine. Dots rather numerous and conspicuous, whitish
or with russet point, often areolar.

Calyx tube conical. Stamens median.

Core rather large, abaxile; cells open or partly closed; core lines slightly
clasping. Carpels much concave, broadly roundish or approaching elliptical,
mucronate, slightly tufted. Seeds medium to large, rather plump, acute to
obtuse, somewhat tufted.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, rather coarse, breaking, tender, juicy,
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic, good to very good.

STUART GOLDEN.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1881:108 app. fig. 2. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1886:
232. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:250. 4. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul.,
106:55. 1902. 5. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:57. 1903. 6.
Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:46. 1903.

SYNONYMS. STUART (6). STUART'S GOLDEN (1, 2, 3, 4). Stump, incor-
rectly (1).

Fruit rather attractive in color for a yellow apple, not large enough for a
good commercial variety but a very late keeper and of excellent dessert quality.
The tree is not large, comes into bearing moderately young and is a reliable
cropper, yielding full crops biennially. Not recommended for commercial
planting in New York.

Historical. Originated on the farm of Wm. Stuart, Rush Creek, Ohio (1).
It has been disseminated to some extent in the Middle West; but, so far as
we know, it is not grown in New York except at this Station.

TREE.

Tree small to medium size, low with short, stout branches. Form very
much spreading, open. Twigs below medium to short, straight or slightly
curved, moderately stout to slender; internodes short. Bark smooth, clear
reddish-brown tinged with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, pubes-
cent. Jenticels clear in color, scattering, small to medium, oblong, usually
not raised. Buds prominent, medium in size, plump, acute, free, slightly
pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit usually below medium but sometimes medium or above. Form round-
ish oblate or inclined to oblong truncate, often slightly oblique. Stem slender,
often short, sometimes with fleshy protuberance. Cavity moderately shallow
to deep, varying from acuminate and narrow to acute and rather wide, usually
symmetrical, often thinly russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed. Basin
moderately deep, rather narrow to moderately wide, somewhat abrupt, usually
symmetrical, often wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, waxy, pale yellow or greenish with orange blush,
sometimes deepening to pinkish-red. Dots often submerged, pale or russet,
numerous and rather small toward the basin, becoming larger, more scatter-
ing and often areolar toward the cavity.

324 THe Apples OF NEW York.

Caiyx tube rather small, rather short, cone-shape, sometimes approaching
funnel-form.

Core rather small to above medium, abaxile; cells open; core lines meeting
or slightly clasping. Carpels broadly elliptical. Seeds below medium to
medium, plump, rather obtuse, moderately dark brown.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine, rather crisp, tender,
very juicy, agreeably mild subacid, rich, aromatic, very good for dessert.

Season December to May or June.

SUTTON.

REFERENCES. I. Cole, 1849:130. 2. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 15:249. 1849. fig.
3. Elliott, 1854:85. 4. Downing, 1857:190. 5. Warder, 1867:616. fig. 6.
Thomas, 1875:513. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1877:14. 8. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt.,
1880:50, 184, 207. 9. Barry, 1883:355. 10. Can. Hort., 11:8. 1888. 11. Lyon,
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:294. 12. Can. Hort., 14:36, 274. 1891. 13. Bailey,
An. Hort., 1892:250. 14. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:133. 15. Rural N. Y.,
55:115, 181. 1896. 16. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 143:200. 1807. 17. Rural No,
57:178, 239, 244. 1898. 18. Woodward, Jb., 58:264. 1899. 19. Beach, W. N.
Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1899:90. 20. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 60:54, 789. 1901.
21. Can) Fork, 24s121. TOOT. ~22. Waugh) i. 3S ta, -Araeiept etre OO martO oi:
23. Budd-Hansen, 1903:184. 24. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:
57. 1903. 25. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:45. 1903. 26. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:145. 1904.

Synonyms. Beauty (4). Hubbardston Nonsuch (3) but incorrectly.
Morris Rep (8, 11, 25). Morris Red (16). Morris Red (19). Steele's
Red (8, erroneously 11). Steele’s Red Winter (8, of Ohio 19). Sutton
Braury (i 2,4, 5, 6, 7 0) 10, 12) 13, 15; 17, 10) 20.2) peo aronmecauiy
(BamAt 221238 ON 20).

Sutton is supposed by some to be a seedling of Hubbardston
(22, 23). The tree certainly resembles Hubbardston somewhat but
is much more vigorous and healthy. In color, texture, quality and
season the fruit is intermediate between Hubbardston and Baldwin.
Its uniform size, symmetrical shape, beautiful color and pleasant
quality unite to make the Sutton an excellent dessert apple, but being
mild in flavor it is less desirable for culinary use. It sells well in
the general market but it appears especially suitable for fancy market
and fruit-stand trade. It does not keep quite so long as Baldwin,
hardly averages as large and because it is more tender requires more
careful handling. Although in some regions its fruit seems to be
somewhat more subject to scab than that of the Baldwin, yet in
many localities it has gained a reputation of being remarkably
healthy in foliage and fruit. The fruit hangs well to the tree. In
favorable locations the tree has vigorous dark green foliage, is

SUTTON

ae

Po

v

THE Appies oF New York. 325

handsome in form, a strong grower and productive, with a marked
tendency to bear biennially.

Sutton has been practically unknown in New York state until
recent years but it is now being introduced quite extensively for
commercial purposes. Although it has not done well in some
localities, yet in most parts of the state it is regarded as one of the
most promising of the newer varieties. Because the trees of this
variety are still young the value of the Sutton for commercial plant-
ing in New York has not been fully determined.

Sutton has been disseminated in Michigan under the name Morris
Red with Steele’s Red or Steele’s Red Winter of Ohio as erroneous
synonyms. Ragan recognizes Morris Red as possibly identical with
Sutton. Morris Red as fruited at this Station from stock obtained
from D. G. Edmeston, Adrian, Mich., who has pronounced the fruit
borne by this stock to be the true Morris Red!, is certainly identical
with Sutton.

Leroy refers to Sutton Beauty erroneously as a synonym for
Wellington.?

Historical. Sutton takes its name from the town of Sutton, Mass., in which
it originated. It was brought to notice through the Worcester County Horti-
cultural Society in 1848 (2). In 1849 Hovey included it in a descriptive list
of select varieties in the belief that it would become a popular fruit and re-
marked that it had as yet been but little disseminated. It was not included
in the American Pomological Society Catalogue till 1877 (7). Within recent
years it has been planted and top-worked upon older trees to a considerable
extent in New York commercial orchards, but we do not know of any old

trees of this variety in this state.
TREE.

Tree vigorous with stout branches. form upright spreading, eventually be-
coming roundish, dense. wigs short to medium in length, straight, moder-
ately stout to stocky; internodes short to medium. Bark dark olive-green
somewhat tinged with reddish-brown, mottled and streaked with gray scart-
skin, pubescent. Lenticels few, very scattering, not conspicuous, small to
medium, elongated or roundish, not raised. Buds prominent, large, broad,
obtuse to acute, pubescent, free. Leaves somewhat narrow, medium to large;
foliage vigorous, dark green, healthy, rather dense.

FRUIT.

Fruit medium or rarely large, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish or slightly oblong rounding toward cavity and basin, symmetrical,
regular or very slightly ribbed. Stem medium to short, sometimes fleshy.

1Letters, D. G. Edmeston, 1897,
*Leroy, 1873: 864.

326 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Cavity acute or sometimes acuminate, moderately deep to deep, moderately
wide to narrow, symmetrical, often with some greenish russet. Calyx medium
size, partly open, sometimes closed, pubescent; lobes vary from medium and
obtuse to long and acuminate. Basin moderately shallow and obtuse to rather
deep and abrupt, medium in width, somewhat furrowed and slightly wrinkled,
sometimes compressed.

Skin moderately thin, tough, often slightly roughened toward the basin by
inconspicuous, concentric broken russet lines and fine russet dots, otherwise
glossy and smooth; color attractive bright red striped with carmine or purplish
carmine nearly overspreading the lively yellow or greenish ground color.
Prevailing effect attractive red. The less highly colored fruit has a distinctly
striped appearance.

Calyx tube symmetrical, conical or sometimes funnel-form. Stamens
median.

Core medium or below, slightly abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed; core
lines slightly clasping. Carpels broadly cordate approaching elliptical, emar-
ginate, sometimes slightly tufted. Seeds rather light brown, small to above
medium, plump, acute, sometimes a little tufted.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, rather firm, moderately fine-grained, crisp,
tender, juicy, mild subacid, good to very good.

Season intermediate between Hubbardston and Baldwin; early winter in
the southern part of the state but farther north it is in season for home use
from November to March, and the commercial limit extends to February.

SWAAR.

REFERENCES. I. Dom. Encyc., 1804. (cited by 33). 2. M’Mahon, Gard.
Cal., 1806:585. 3. Coxe, 1817:161. 4. Thacher, 1822:138. 5. Cat. Hort. Soc.
London, 1831:37. 6. Kenrick, 1832:53. 7. Floy-Lindley, 1833:85. 8. Man-
ning, 1838:60. 9. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:50. 1841. 10. Downing, 1845:134.
fig. 11. Thomas, 1849:185. fig. 12. Cole, 1849:126. fig. 13. Emmons, Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 3:88. 1851. col. pl. No. 22. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 15.
Elliott, 1854:108. fig. 16. Hooper, 1857:90. 17. Gregg, 1857:59. fig. 18. JIl.
Handb. Obst., 8:83. 1865. 19. Warder, 1867:632. fig. 20. Downing, 1869:373.
fig, 21. Fitz, 1872:167. 22. Weroy, 1873:834, fe, ©23. Barty, 168335 5ueds
Wickson, 1889:246. 25. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:298. 26. Bailey,
An. Hort., 1892:250. 27. Waugh, Vit. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:310. 1901. 28, En-
eroth-Smirnoff, 1901:463. 29. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:55.
1902. 30. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:57. 1903. 31. Budd-
Hansen, 1903:184. 32. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:146. 1904. 33.
Ragan, U.S: B. P. I. Bul, 56:302. 1005.

SynonyMs. DeER SCHWERE APFEL (18). Hardwick (20, 22, 33). SWAAR
PAPPEE (20 35sAee 7)

In many parts of the state, and particularly in portions of the
Hudson valley, Swaar has long been a favorite variety for the home
orchard, being valued especially for dessert use because of its rich
flavor and fine quality. It is less suitable for cooking and there is
little demand for it in market except among the comparatively few

SWAAR

THe Apples OF NEw York. B27

people who know its good qualities. The fruit is usually of good
size and form but not very attractive in color. Downing observes
that this variety requires a deep, rich, sandy loam to bring it to per-
fection but that it does rot succeed well in damp or cold soils, and
adds that in its native soil he has seen it 12 inches in circumference
and of a deep, golden yellow color (10). The tree is not as long-
lived nor as hardy as either Baldwin or Rhode Island Greening. In
many cases it is injured by apple canker! or by sunscald and occasion-
ally it suffers from winter injury. In some localities it appears to be
thriftier, hardier, and, on the whole, more successful when top-
worked upon some hardier and more vigorous variety such as Bald-
win, Rhode Island Greening or Northern Spy than it does when
grown upon its own trunk. Generally speaking it has the reputation
of being a shy bearer, yielding moderate crops biennially ; but in some
cases it is regarded as a heavy cropper and an annual bearer. Often
a comparatively large amount of the crop is lost in drops and culls.
Its season is somewhat variable but in ordinary storage commonly
extends from November or December to March or April (32).
Historical. Downing states “This is a truly noble American fruit, pro-
duced by the Dutch settlers on the Hudson, near Esopus” (10). Coxe (3)
remarks that “In the Low-Dutch language this name signifies a heavy apple—
it is a highly celebrated winter table fruit in some parts of New-York, and
New-Jersey; it is a large green apple, of great and uncommon flavour and
richness; highly deserving of cultivation, in every collection of fine fruits.”
It has been widely disseminated through the state and often a few trees of
it are still found in old orchards but it has nowhere been cultivated extensively

and is now seldom planted.
TREE.

Tree usually medium or below medium size, moderately vigorous; branches
somewhat inclined to droop. Form roundish to quite spreading, rather dense,
somewhat resembling that of Rhode Island Greening. Twigs below medium
to short, straight or nearly so, rather slender to stout with prominent terminal
buds; internodes short. Bark of the trunk and older limbs peculiarly rough,
that of the new twigs clear dark brownish-red mingled with olive-green,
lightly streaked with scarf-skin and pubescent. Lenticels numerous, small
to medium, elongated, slightly raised. Buds prominent, below medium to
large, plump, acute, free or nearly so, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit above medium to large, fairly uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish varying from oblate to somewhat oblong, often ribbed, regular, sym-

1For an account of this disease see Paddock, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 18: 331. 1899 and
19: 342. 1900.

328 THE APPLES OF NEW York.

metrical. Stem medium in length, rather slender. Cavity below medium to
rather large, usually round, acute to somewhat acuminate, rather deep, mod-
erately wide, often somewhat furrowed, usually russeted and with broken
outspreading russet. Calyx small to medium, closed or somewhat open; lobes
broad, obtuse, usually connivent. Basin small to medium, usually shallow and
obtuse, sometimes moderately deep and abrupt, moderately wide, a little fur-
rowed and wrinkled.

Skin medium in thickness, tough, somewhat roughened with dots and flecks
of russet, green or eventually deep yellow, often shaded with a bronze blush.
Dots numerous, greenish or russet. Prevailing effect green or yellow.

Calyx tube cone-shape or elongated funnel-form. Stamens median or ap-
proaching marginal.

Core small to medium, axile to slightly abaxile with hollow cylinder in the
axis; cells symmetrical, closed or sometimes partly open; core lines clasping.
Carpels thin, tender, broadly roundish, emarginate, mucronate, sometimes
tufted. Seeds numerous, below medium to above medium, broad, plump,
obtuse, rather light brown.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately tender, rather fine-grained, juicy, mild or
very mild subacid, aromatic, rich, very good to best.

SW AZIE.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1872:27 app. fig. 2. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1883. 3. Jb., 1886-87:96. 4. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:250. 5. Woolverton,
Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 3:16. 1806. figs. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899220: “7:
Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:46. 1901. 8. Waugh, Rural N. Y., 62:185,
186. 1903. figs. 9g. Budd-Hansen, 1903:185. fig. 10. Ragan, U. S. B. P. J.
Bui., 56:123. 1905. 11. Ib:, 56:303: roos.

SyNnonyMs. GOLDEN GRAY? (10). PomMME GrISE D’OR (1). Pomme
Grise d’Or (5,9, 10). SWAYSIE POMME GRISE (3). SWAYZIE (11). SWAYZIE
PoMME GrisE (4, 7). Swayzie Pomme Grise (11). SwaztE POMME GRISE
(5,8). Swasie Pomme Grise (1). Swazie’s Pomme Gris (10). Swazy (11).
Swazy Pomme Gris (6, 9).

This is a variety of the Pomme Grise group. As compared with
Pomme Grise it is more oblong, has more of a golden color, is more
highly aromatic and superior in quality (1,6). The fruit is small
to nearly medium, of a golden russet color and excellent dessert
quality. Woolverton ranks it best in quality for dessert but poor
for cooking or for either home or foreign market. He remarks that
it succeeds well in Southern Ontario especially in the Niagara dis-
trict; but, unfortunately, it is not very productive and consequently
not profitable, one large tree at Maplehurst, 75 years planted, having
yielded only an average of four barrels of fruit each alternate
year (5).

The first published description of this variety which we find is
that given by Downing (1) under the name Pomme Grise d’Or with

Tue Appites oF New York. 329

Swazie Pomme Grise as a synonym. Woolverton (5) gives an
excellent illustrated description of the same variety under the name
Swazie Pomme Grise with Pomme Grise d’UOr as a synonym. The
name Swazie has been spelled variously by different writers. We
follow the form used by Downing (1) and accepted by Woolverton
(5) and Waugh (8) as that appears to have priority in the pub-
lished accounts of this variety.

Historical. Supposed to have originated on the Swazie farm near Niagara
(1, 5, 7, 8). It is more generally known in Ontario and Quebec than in New
York. It is not grown extensively in any portion of this state.

TREE.

Tree fairly vigorous, upright (1, 5,7). Twigs long, rather slender, straight ;
internodes medium or below. Bark clear, light brownish-red, quite pubescent.
Lenticels numerous, rather conspicuous, irregular in size and shape, raised.
Buds medium, moderately prominent, acute or roundish, adhering to the bark
or partly free, moderately pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit small or sometimes nearly medium. Form oblate conical to roundish.
Stem short to medium length, slender. Cavity narrow to moderately wide,
acute, deen. Calyx closed or partly open; lobes broad, obtuse. Basin narrow
to moderately wide, medium in depth, furrowed gently if at all, slightly
wrinkled.

Skin rather pale yellow or greenish-yellow with some cinnamon-russet.
Dots numerous, whitish.

Calyx tube elongated, cone-shape. Stamens median.

Core rather small to medium, somewhat abaxile, often with hollow cylinder
in the axis; cells usually symmetrical, closed or open; core lines meeting.
Carpels broadly roundish, nearly truncate at the base, narrowing toward the
apex, mucronate. Seeds numerous, small to medium, variable in form, narrow
to broad, often angular, usually obtuse or nearly so.

Flesh whitish tinged with pale yellow, fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy,
highly aromatic, sprightly, rather mild subacid, pleasant, very good to best for
dessert.

Season December to March.

SWEET AND SOUR,

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:172. 2. Thacher, 1822:22. 3. Floy-Lindley,
1833:87. 4. Cultivator, 1:390. 1844. 5. Ib., 2:20, 102, 106, 153. 1845. 6. ID.,
3:130. 1846. 7. Thomas, 1849:186. 8. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:90. 1851.
9. Mag. Hort., 18:153, 1852. tro. Elliott, 1854:178. 11. Horticulturist, 11:46.
1856. 12. Warder, 1867:475. fig. 13. Downing, 1869:374. 14. Rural N. Y.,
56:176, 412, 436, 551, 567, 770. 1897. 15. Van Deman, /b., 59:143. 1900.

Synonyms. Bower’s APPLE (9). Compound (14).

330 Tue Apples OF NEw York.

Scattering trees of this variety are found in various parts of the
state. It is of no special value but is propagated as a curiosity.
Thacher (2) quotes the following very interesting description of the
variety and account of its origin by the Rev. Peter Whitney in the

Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume I.

“There is now growing, in an orchard lately belonging to my honoured
father, the Reverend Aaron Whitney, of Petersham, deceased, an apple tree
very singular with respect to its fruit. The apples are fair, and when fully
ripe, of a yellow colour, but evidently of different tastes—sour and sweet.
The part which is sour is not very tart, nor the other very sweet. Two
apples, growing side by side on the same limb, will be often of these different
tastes; the one all sour, and the other all sweet. And, which is more remark-
able, the same apple will frequently be sour one side, end, or part, and the
other sweet, and that not in any order or uniformity; nor is there any differ-
ence in the appearance of one part from the other. And as to the quantity,
some have more of the acid and less of the sweet, and so vice versa. Neither
are the apples, so different in their tastes, peculiar to any particular branches,
but are found promiscuously, on every branch of the tree. The tree stands
almost in the midst of a large orchard, in a rich and strong soil, and was trans-
planted there forty years ago. There is no appearance of the trunk or any
of the branches having been engrafted or inoculated. It was a number of
years, after it had borne fruit, before these different tastes were noticed; but,
since they were first discovered, which is about twenty years, there has been,
constantly, the same variety in the apples. For the truth of what I have
asserted, I can appeal to many persons of distinction, and of nice tastes, who
have travelled a great distance to view the tree, and taste the fruit, but to
investigate the cause of an effect, so much out of the common course of nature,
must, I think, be attended with difficulty. The only solution that I can con-
ceive is, that the corcula, or hearts of two seeds, the one from a sour, the
other from a sweet apple, might so incorporate in the ground as to produce
but one plant; or that farina from blossoms of those opposite qualities, might
pass into and impregnate the same seed. If you should think the account I
have given you of this singular apple tree will be acceptable to the American
academy, please to communicate it.”

At the time when this account was first published it was cus-
tomary in planting to set orchards with seedling trees from some
local nursery, as was evidently done in this case, and if cultivated
varieties were ever included they were later top-worked upon these
seedling trees with which the orchard was first planted. From the
account given by Whitney it is probable that the original tree of the
Sweet and Sour apple originated in a seedling nursery from which
it was transplanted into the orchard of his father where it first

attracted attention because of the curious character of its fruit.

THe Appies oF New York. 331

When this variety is discussed by fruit growers it is not unusual
to hear some one relate the legend that it was produced by joining
two half buds, one of a sweet the other of a sour variety, and insert-
ing them as one bud under the bark of the stock as is ordinarily done
in budding. This legend is recognized in the name ** Compound ” by
which this apple has been known to some in Western New York
(14). The supposed split-bud origin of Sweet and Sour is occa-
sionally discussed pro and con in horticultural periodicals. An early
discussion of this kind is found in the Cultivator from 1844 to 1846
(4, 5, 6) and a more recent one in the Rural New Yorker (14, 15).

The tree is vigorous, spreading and often quite productive. The
fruit bears some resemblance to Rhode Island Greening in form,
color, and occasionally to some degree in flavor. It is more marbled
with green and yellow than Rhode Island Greening, more oblate and
more often the sides are noticeably unequal.

FRUuIT.

Fruit above medium to rather large. Form oblate, ribbed and rather unsym-
metrical. Cavity rather shallow, broad, slightly furrowed. Calyx large; lobes
reflexed. Basin shallow, broad, irregular.

Skin green, especially along the ribs, with a shade of yellow on the inter-
vening surface and particularly on the exposed cheek.

Flesh under the yellow skin very deeply tinged with yellow, mildly subacid
or sweetish; but under the greenish skin, less yellow and more acid; quality
remarkably variable, fair to good.

SWEET GREENING,

REFERENCES. I. Thacher, 1822:138. 2. Downing, 1869:375. 3. Bailey,
Mich. Sta. Bul., 31:54. 1887. 4. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:310. 1901. 5.
iawesaio, (Uh, So lb JP. Ie Jeiihe Hasse. uCloly.

DousprFuL REFERENCES. 6. Warder, 1867:668, 716, 722. 7. Downing, 1881:
TOdsapp. 6. Ragan, l/. Ss 8) Po Bull s56:2004 1005:

SYNONYMS. CURTIS GREENING (6)? Curtis Greening (7, 8)? ILLINOIS
GREENING (6)? NEW GREENING (8)? New Rhode Island Greening (7, 8)?
SWEET GREENING (1). SWEET RHODE ISLAND CREENING (7)? Sweet Rhode
Island Greening (8)?

This, as the name indicates, is a sweet apple of green color. Thacher (1)
describes it as “a large, handsome apple, resembling in size and form, the
Rhode Island greening. Ripens in autumn, and possesses the valuable prop-
erty of retaining its soundness and flavour till the middle of June. It is an
excellent apple for baking, and deserves to be more extensively cultivated.
Its origin is uncertain, and it is doubtful whether this fine fruit is known out
of the old Plymouth colony.”

332 THE AppLes OF NEw York.

As grown in this state it is usually not as large as Rhode Island Greening
particularly when it is borne on overloaded trees, but under favorable condi-
tions the fruit becomes large as Thacher describes it. The tree is medium
in size, upright, hardy, long-lived, comes into bearing moderately young, is
a reliable biennial or sometimes almost annual bearer and often yields heavy
crops. The twigs are medium to long, erect or spreading and stout. The
fruit hangs well to the tree. Where this variety is known it is quite highly
esteemed for home use because it is a good keeper and very good in quality
for dessert and for baking or other culinary uses. Generally it is not con-
sidered a good variety for the commercial orchard because sweet fruit of
this color meets with little demand in the general market. It may be disposed
of in limited quantities in some local markets. Some growers find that it
takes better in southern than in northern markets. It is in season from
December to April or May.

Sweet Greening is quite distinct from Green Sweet, page 150. From the
accounts of Sweet Greening and Sweet Rhode Island Greening given by Down-
ing (2, 7) and some other pomologists, there seems to be some reason for
questioning whether or not these are distinct. We have not seen the fruit
of Sweet Rhode Island Greening but the fruit of Sweet Greening which we
have obtained from various sources corresponds fairly well with Downing’s
description of Sweet Rhode Island Greening. Ragan makes Sweet Rhode
Island Greening synonymous with New Greening and probably identical with
Curtis Greening and Illinois Greening (8).

Historical. Origin unknown but from the statement of Thacher (1) it is
probable that it originated in the old Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts. It
is grown in some localities in Central and Western New York but has not
been reported to us from any other portion of this state. It is now seldom
or never planted.

FRUuIT.

Fruit medium to large, uniform in shape and size. Form roundish oblate
or sometimes approaching roundish conic, regular or somewhat elliptical; sides
sometimes unequal. Stem medium to short, moderately thick. Cavity medium
in size, acuminate or approaching acute, deep or moderately deep, rather broad,
sometimes gently furrowed, russeted and with some outspreading or broken
rays of russet. Calyx partly open or closed; lobes convergent or connivent,
broad, acute. Basin moderately shallow and somewhat obtuse to moderately
deep and rather abrupt, medium in width, slightly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth, bright, grass-greer. becoming yellowish or yellow,
usually with no red but sometimes slightly bronze with reddish spots or dots
or even with a well-developed brownish-red blush. Irregular, large, whitish
dots and streaks of whitish scarf-skin appear about the cavity, sometimes
mingled with a little russet. The whitish dots are rather conspicuous, numer-
ous and broad toward the basin; the rough or russet dots are more scattering.

Calyx tube truncate funnel-form. Stamens median or below.

Core small to medium, nearly axile with a hollow cylinder in the axis; cells
symmetrical, closed or slit; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly roundish,
emarginate, mucronate, somewhat tufted. Seeds very numerous, below
medium to rather small, moderately narrow to rather wide, obtuse to some-
what acute, plump, sometimes tufted.

Tue AppLes oF New York. 320

Flesh whitish with yellow tinge, firm, breaking or loose-grained, tender,
moderately juicy or when over-ripe rather dry, very sweet, good to very good.
Season December to April or May.

SWEET KING.

REFERENCE. I. Downing, 1869:376.

A striped red apple of medium size, sweet flavor and good to very good
quality; in season from October to March (1). It originated at Oyster Bay,
Nassau county. So far as we have discovered it has not been cultivated out-
side the locality of its origin.

SWEET RUSSET.

REFERENCE. I. Downing, 1869:377.
Synonym. Summer Russet (1).

Various varieties have been cultivated under the name Sweet Russet. The
one here noticed, Downing states (1) has been grown in New York, Massa-
chusetts and elsewhere and is a good apple for culinary use, in season from
November to March. The fruit is medium in size, yellow, mostly covered
with patches and network of russet and the flesh is rich and sweet. We do
not know this variety and we have no report of its being grown anywhere
in New York at the present time.

SWEET WINESAP.

REFERENCES. I. Elliott, 1854:160—not the Sweet Winesap of Downing. 2.
Warder, 1867:721, 734. 3. Downing, 1869:378. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871:
10; 5. Lhomas, 1875:50r. 6. Ib, 1875:514. 7- Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,
1890:2908. 8. Thomas, 1897:270. g. Budd-Hansen, 1903:186. 10. Beach and
@larkseNe Se Sia Bwieso48 124. 1904s tee Ragans (Us See Deiee Ea len 5 OnlAme
NOS, U4 Moy, FosrzO, wos, Ss Ill, Hossa, Ses, uOMs

SynonyMs. Bailey Sweet (10) incorrectly. HENpRIcK (10). Hendrick
Sweet (10). HENRIcK (11). HENRIcK SWEET (2, 5). Henrick Sweet (7, 8,
II, 13, ?3). Henry Sweet (3, 13). Ladies Sweet of some (3, 12, 13), but
erroneously. J.ady Sweet of some, but erroneously. Lady Sweeting of some,
but erroneously. Red Sweet Winesap (3, 13). Rose Sweet. SWEET PEAR-
MAIN (8). Sweet Pearmain of some (3, 13). SWEET WINE Sap (6).

An attractive red winter apple, symmetrical, uniform, of good
medium size, or, under favorable conditions, rather large. It 1s
excellent in quality for dessert or for baking or other culinary uses.
Some fruit growers report that the tree is satisfactorily hardy, but
others find that it is a little lacking in hardiness and for that reason
prefer to top-work it upon some vigorous, hardy stock such as
Northern Spy, Roxbury or Golden Russet. It is usually healthy
and moderately long-lived. It tends to ferm a rather dense head,

particularly where thorough tillage is practiced, and for this reason
Vor, bt:

334 THE Apples OF NEw York.

the top should be made sufficiently open so that the foliage may be
kept in good working condition throughout the tree. The tree is
not an early bearer, but when it comes into bearing it is a reliable
cropper. In many cases it is inclined to overbear and produce a
considerable amount of undersized fruit. Some few hold that two
pickings should be made on account of the tendency of the fruit
to drop, but others report that it hangs to the tree well enough so
that but one picking is needed if the fruit is gathered before it is
too far advanced in maturity The fruit has a tough skin, stands
heat well before going into storage and remains sprightly and
crisp till late in the season As grown in Western New York it
ordinarily comes into season in November and may be held in
common storage till April first or in cold storage till May fifteenth
(10). It sells well in markets where there is any considerable
demand for a red winter apple of sweet flavor. It is often shipped
to Baltimore, Washington and other southern markets.

Historical. Downing described Sweet Winesap in 1869 as a variety from
Pennsylvania (3), with Henrick Sweet as a synonym. In 1879 fruit of the
variety commonly known in Western New York as Henrick Sweet was identi-
fied by Charles Downing for William J. Edmunds, of Brockport, N. Y., as
undoubtedly Sweet Winesap. Mr. Edmunds has very kindly supplied us with
some of his Sweet Winesap fruit which certainly is identical with the apple
grown at Geneva and in other parts of the state as Henrick Sweet or Hendrick
Sweet. He has also presented us with Downing’s letter, the text of which is
here given in full. “In looking over the apples you sent me a month or more
since, I am now certain it is the Sweet Winesap which is described in Down-
ing’s second revised edition, page 378. Many years since the late Isaac Hild-
reth, a nurseryman at Geneva, sent me a barrel of this kind which he said
went by the name of Henricks Sweet and as you say, they kept through the
winter into March with very little waste. Ladies Sweet keeps still later and
is one of the best of its season.”

Sweet Winesap has long been cultivated in Western New York under the
names Herrick Sweet and Hendrick Sweet. In some localities, particularly
in Wayne county, it is known as Rose Sweet. Occasionally it is erroneously
called Ladies Sweet, Lady Sweet or Lady Sweeting. Since it bears some
resemblance to the true Lady Sweet it is not strange that it is sometimes thus
confused with that variety. Warder listed it under the separate names of
Sweet Winesap and Henrick Sweet. Thomas in 1875 followed Downing in
giving Sweet Winesap as a variety from Pennsylvania and notices Henrick
Sweet as a separate variety. Evidently he was not familiar with this variety
under the name Sweet Winesap, but he must have recognized that it was
identical with the apple commonly known in his own section as Henrick
Sweet. The 1897 edition of Thomas (8), makes Henrick Sweet a synonym
for Sweet Pearmain, but Lyon doubted the correctness of this decision (11).

‘SWEET WINESAP

=

THE AppLes OF NEW York. 335

We have not seen Sweet Pearmain but the descriptions of that variety given
by Downing (3) and Elliott (1) do not apply closely to Sweet Winesap.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, vigorous or moderately vigorous. Form upright
spreading to roundish, rather dense. Twigs medium to long, rather slender
to moderately stout; internodes medium. Bark brownish tinged with dark
red, mottled with inconspicuous grayish scarf-skin, scarcely pubescent. Lenti-
cels scattering, small to medium, often elongated. Buds medium in size,
broadly roundish, obtuse or sometimes acute, somewhat pubescent, generally
appressed.

FRUIT.

Fruit varies under different conditions from medium to large but under
fairly similar conditions is pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
conic, wide and flattened at the base, varying to roundish ovate or to oblate
conic, regular or slightly elliptical, pretty symmetrical. Stem short to moder-
ately long, moderately slender. Cavity above medium size, acuminate to acute,
moderately shallow to rather deep, moderately wide to wide, symmetrical or
gently furrowed, sometimes partly russeted. Caly1 medium or above, usually
somewhat open; lobes offen long and acuminate. Basin medium to rather
large, often oblique, roundish, deep, moderately narrow to rather wide, de-
cidedly abrupt, sometimes slightly furrowed.

Skin tough, smooth, clear pale yellow or greenish nearly overspread with
bright light red, plainly marked with long narrow carmine stripes, covered
with a thin bloom and often to a considerable extent with thin, light gray
scarf-skin producing a slightly dull effect. Dots small to medium, scattering,
whitish or russet. Prevailing effect red or striped red.

Calyx tube funnel-shape, with broad, yellowish limb and narrow cylinder,
sometimes nearly or quite cone-shape. Stamens median to marginal.

Core small to medium, axile or sometimes abaxile; cells usually symmetrical,
closed or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels flat, roundish to broadly
elliptical, emarginate. Seeds medium or below, plump, obtuse.

Flesh nearly white, firm, rather fine, moderately crisp, tender, juicy, distinctly
sweet, good to very good.

SWENKER,.

REFERENCES. 1. Churchill, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 9:346. 1890. 2. Beach,
Paddock and Close, /b., 15:276. 1896. figs. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y- Sta.
Bul., 248:146. 1904.

This variety was received in 1890 from J. G. Youngken, Richlandtown, Pa.,
for trial at this Station. So far as tested here, the tree is vigorous, comes
into bearing young and yields full crops in alternate years. The fruit is of
good size but only fair in quality and not particularly attractive in appearance.
It does not excel standard sorts for any purpose and is not recommended for
planting in New York state.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous with long, moderately stout branches. Form
open, spreading. Twzgs short to moderately long, straight, rather slender to

336 THe Apples OF NEW York.

stout, terminal buds large; internodes medium to short. Bark brownish-red
tinged with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels
very scattering, medium in size, elongated, slightly raised. Buds prominent,
medium to large, broad, plump, obtuse to acute, free or nearly so, pubescent.

FRvir.

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish to oblate conic, broadly or obscurely
ribbed; sides often unequal. Stem short or medium, slender. Cavity acute
to acuminate, deep, moderately narrow to rather broad, often russeted. Calyx
small to medium, partly open or sometimes closed; lobes reflexed. Basin
usually very small, shallow and narrow or sometimes abrupt and moderately
deep, seldom furrowed or wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, somewhat waxy, pale yellow or greenish partly
washed with light red, rather indistinctly striped with carmine and marked
toward the cavity with broken stripes of grayish scarf-skin. Dots large,
grayish, rather obscure, mingled with numerous others that are small and
russet. Prevailing effect yellowish.

Calyx tube medium to large, conical to funnel-form, sometimes extending
to the core. Stamens median.

Core below medium to medium in size, somewhat abaxile to nearly axile;
cells usually symmetrical, partly open or closed; core lines clasp the funnel
cylinder. Carpels roundish to obcordate, emarginate, slightly tufted. Seeds
medium to rather large, dark, plump, obtuse, sometimes tufted.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, or greenish, moderately firm, moderately
fine, rather crisp, somewhat tender, juicy, mild subacid with a peculiar but
not altogether agreeable aroma, fair quality.

Season November to March or April. Commercial limit, February.

TEWKSBURY.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:156. fig. 2. Buel, N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:
476. 3. Wilson, 1828:136. 4. Downing, 1845:i140. 5. Thomas, 1849:186. 6.
Cole, 1849:136. 7. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:88. 1851. 8. Elliott, 1854:
160. 9. Hooper, 1857:93. 10. Gregg, 1857:59. 11. Warder, 1867:406, 410.
12. Downing, 1869:382. fig. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871:10. 14. Barry,
1883:355. 15. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:298. 16. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:251.. 17. Amer. Gard., 16:14. 1895.. 18. Ragan, U.S. Bora eal,
56:309. 1905.

Synonyms. FInkK (Q), but incorrectly. Fink (11), but incorrectly. Fink’s
Seedling (8, 18). TEWKESBURY WINTER BLUSH (10, 12, 16). Tewkesbury
Blush (12). TEwWKSBERRY WINTER BLUSH (3). TEWKSBERY WINTER BLUSH
(2). TEwxkspury BiusH (5, 7, 8,17). Tewksbury Blush (18). TEWKSBURY
Winter BLusH (1, 4, 6, II, 13, 14). Tewksbury Winter Blush (5, 8, 9, 18).

Valued chiefly because it is a long keeper and holds its quality well late
in the season. The color is bright yellow or greenish with a beautiful pinkish-
red blush somewhat like that of Maiden Blush; decidedly attractive. Although
it is an old variety it is but very little grown in New York state which is

pretty good evidence that it does not possess superior value for New York
fruit growers.

TEXAS

it

THE AppLes oF NEW York. 337

Historical. Coxe (1) states that it came from the town of Tewksbury in
Hunterdon county, N. J. In 1817 he gave the following excellent description
of it.

“It is a very handsome fair fruit, with more flavour and juiciness than is
to be usually found in keeping apples; I have eaten them in good condition in
August of the second year, preserved without particular care, perfectly plump
and sound. The size is small; the form round; the skin smooth: the colour
yellow, with a bright red cheek—the flesh yellow, tolerably juicy and well
flavoured with a considerable degree of sprightliness: the tree is of vigorous
growth, straight and well formed—the fruit hangs late in the autumn.”

Hooper erroneously reported it as identical with Fink and retained Fink
as the correct name for the variety (9). Elliott gave Tewksbury Blush as the
correct name with Fink’s Seedling as a synonym (8), but Warder (11) con-
sidered Fink distinct as shown in the following quotation from his description
of that variety. “ This long keeper was brought before the notice of the Ohio
Pomological Society many years ago by Mr. Clarke, of Somerset, Ohio. Mr.
Elliott considered it the same as Tewksbury Winter Blush, and introduces
Fink’s Seedling as a synonym of that variety. Others think it a different fruit,
among whom is that practical Pomologist, the Secretary of that association,
M. B. Bateham, Esq., who has propagated and planted the trees extensively.
It was described as Fink’s Seedling in the Ohio Cultivator, May, 1847. At
the meeting of 1854, the merits and claims of this variety were freely discussed,
and the Society named it the Fink, after admitting that it was an original
seedling, as stated by Mr. Fink, in whose seedling orchard it had originated.”

Tewksbury was given a place in the catalogue of the American Pomological
Society in 1871 (13) and was dropped from that list in 1890.

FRUIT.

Fruit small to nearly medium, uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
conic, a little flat at the base, rather symmetrical. Stem medium in length,
moderately thick. Cavity acute or acuminate, shallow, rather broad, sym-
metrical, slightly russeted. Calyx very small, closed. Basin very small, very
shallow and narrow, slightly wrinkled.

Skin smooth, yellow with pinkish-red blush. Dots many, numerous, small,
russet and areolar.

Calyx tube small, long, narrow, funnel-shape. Stamens median to marginal.

Core medium in size, axile or nearly so; cells often unsymmetrical, closed
or somewhat open; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish ovate, emarginate.
Seeds light brown, medium size, narrow, irregular, acute.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine, crisp, rather tender,
rather juicy, aromatic, sprightly, brisk subacid, good.

TEOCAS;:

REFERENCES. I. Churchill, NV. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 8:355. 1889. 2. Bailey, An.
Hort., 1892:247. 3. Beach, Paddock and Close, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 15:274.
1896. 4. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:58. 1903. 5. Beach and
Clark, NV: Y: Sta. Bul., 2482146. 1004. .6.-Ragan, U.S. BaP: J: Buls 56242,
309. 1905.

SyNnonyM. PRIDE OF TEXAS (1, 2, 3). Pride of Texas (4, 5, 6).

338 Tue AppLes oF NEW YorK.

A late-keeping southern apple (1, 2, 3, 6). As fruited at this
Station it is only moderately attractive in general appearance,
medium in size, yellow, shaded and striped with red, mildly subacid,
good in flavor and quality. Usually a considerable portion of the
crop may be held in good condition in cellar storage till early
summer (3, 5). The tree is a good grower, comes into bearing
young, is a reliable cropper and productive. Not recommended for
planting in New York.

Historical. Received from Benjamin Buckman, Farmingdale, Illinois, in
1889, for testing here (1). It has been propagated by some southern nursery-
men (2, 6). It is practically unknown among New York fruit growers.

TREE.

Tree rather vigorous. Form roundish or somewhat spreading, rather dense.
Twigs moderately long, slender, straight or slightly curved; internodes medium
to long. Bark rather clear brownish-red mingled with olive-green, slightly
streaked with grayish scarf-skin; somewhat pubescent. Lenticels moderately
numerous, conspicuous, medium to large, elongated, raised. Buds below
medium to large, rather prominent, plump, acute, free or nearly so, somewhat
pubescent.

FRUvIT.

Fruit medium in size. Form slightly oblate to roundish or roundish conic,
somewhat ribbed; pretty uniform in size and shape. Stem medium to long.
Cavity acute to acuminate, rather narrow to moderately wide, moderately
shallow to deep, usually partly russeted. Calyx small, closed or slightly open.
Basin very shallow, rather narrow, wrinkled.

Skin smooth, clear light yellow, largely washed with faint red splashed and
striped with carmine, in highly colored specimens becoming deep red on the
exposed cheek; streaks of whitish scarf-skin are conspicuous over the base.
Dots whitish or pale russet, especially numerous toward the basin.

Calyx tube long, funnel-form. Stamens basal or nearly so.

Core medium, axile or nearly so; cells closed or partly open; core lines
clasping the funnel cylinder. Seeds large to very large, long, rather flat,
acute, dark, often tufted. Carpels broadly roundish inclined to roundish
cordate.

Flesh yellowish, sometimes tinged with red, firm, crisp, moderately juicy,
breaking, mild subacid eventually becoming nearly sweet, good in quality and
flavor.

Season at Geneva, January to May or June.

TW TUS PIPPIN:

REFERENCES. 1. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:50. 1841. 2. Downing, 1857:224.
3- Hooper, 1857:93. 4. Warder, 1867:734. 5. Downing, 1869:383. 6. Thomas,
1875:514. 7. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P.J. Bul., 48:58. 1903. 8. Ragan,
U.S: 8. 3P. aL Bil, 56.311. 7005;

TITUS

THE Apples OF NEw York. 339

Synonyms. Hang-On (5). Timothy (5). Timothy Titus Sort (5). Titus
(7, 8). Titus Pippin (7, 8). Well Apple (5).

This variety evidently belongs in the Yellow Bellflower group.
The fruit is large, predominantly yellow, smooth, fair, attractive,
agreeably flavored, good either for dessert or culinary uses. The
tree is a good grower, hardy, healthy, long-lived, comes into bearing
rather young and is a reliable cropper, yielding good to heavy crops
biennially or almost annually. The fruit hangs well to the tree.
Usually a rather high percentage of the crop is of marketable size,
but it does not ripen evenly. Some of the fruit becomes very ripe
before winter sets in, but as grown at this Station the bulk of the
crop keeps well into the winter in ordinary storage. A considerable
portion of it may be held in pretty good condition till April in cold
storage and it has been held till May firm and with no decay or
scald (7). As grown on Long Island it is in season in fall and
early winter.

The accompanying plate should bear the legend Titus Pippin
instead of Titus, since the name Titus has been used for a fall apple
of Russian origin.

Historical. Originated near Hempstead, Long Island (5). We find no
record of the time of its origin but as long ago as 1841 Manning gave a
description of this fruit and stated that he received the variety from Flushing,
N. Y. (1). It is quite commonly cultivated on Long Island but is little known

in other portions of the state.
TREE.

Tree large, rather vigorous. Form upright spreading, rather dense. Twigs
below medium to short, straight, moderately stout, with large terminal buds;
internodes short to rather long. Bark olive-green tinged with reddish-brown,
lightly mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels brownish, very
scattering, small to medium, roundish, slightly raised. Buds rather prominent,
about medium size, plump, acute, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUvIT.

Fruit above medium to large. Form oblong conic varying to roundish conic,
often irregularly elliptical or obtusely ribbed; sides somewhat unequal; axis
often somewhat oblique. Stem medium in length and thickness. Cavity small
to medium, acuminate or acute, moderately deep to deep, narrow to rather
broad, somewhat furrowed, often partly russeted and with narrow, outspread-
ing russet rays. Calyx usually large and open or partly so; lobes leafy, long,
acute. Basin small, often distinctly oblique, shallow to moderately deep,
narrow to medium in width, abrupt, often prominently ribbed, sometimes
with mammiform protuberances.

340 THe Apples OF NEW York.

Skin rather tender, smooth, waxy, yellow, often clouded with green, some-
times with orange blush, rarely with distinct red lines or dots. Dots numer-
ous, small, russet or submerged. Prevailing effect attractive clear yellow.

Calyx tube large, wide above, deep, cone-shape with fleshy pistil point pro-
jecting into the base. Stamens median or below.

Core large, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical, wide open, sometimes partly
closed; core lines partly clasping or meeting. Carpels elongated ovate, emar-
ginate, tufted. Seeds irregular, often imperfectly developed, medium to rather
large, long, moderately acute.

Flesh white tinged with yellow, firm, a little coarse, rather crisp, moderately
tender, juicy, subacid with pleasant aroma, good to very good.

TOBIAS.

REFERENCES. I. Goff, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:90. 1888. 2. Macomber, .4mer.
Gard., 11:140. 1890. 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:146. 1904.
SynonyM. TopiAs APPLE (I, 2).

As fruited at this Station this is a yellow apple of fairly attractive appear-
ance averaging hardly medium size. It is fair to good in quality. It is in
its prime in midwinter but its season extends from November to April. The
tree is hardy, comes into bearing rather young and is a reliable cropper, yield-
ing from moderate to good crops biennially or almost annually. It does not
excel standard varieties for any purpose and is not worthy of the attention
of fruit growers except perhaps in Northern New York where it may be
desirable on account of its superior hardiness.

Historical. Originated with Mr. James Tobias in Grand Isle county, Vt.
(2). So far as we know it is practically unknown outside of the Lake Cham-
plain district. It was received for testing at this Station in 1888 from J. T.
Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form roundish or spreading, rather dense.
Twigs long to medium, irregularly curved, stout; internodes medium to long.
Bark dull brown tinged with red, heavily streaked with scarf-skin; slightly
pubescent. Lenticels scattering, medium to large, roundish to oblong, slightly
raised. Buds deeply set in bark, medium size, broad, flat, obtuse, appressed,
pubescent.

FRvIt.

Fruit below medium to sometimes rather large. Form oblate, varying to
roundish, often a little inclined to conic, regular to broadly angular, some-
times distinctly furrowed from basin to cavity. Stem medium to rather long,
slender to moderately stout, pubescent, often obliquely set. Cavity small to
medium, varying from slightly acuminate to a little obtuse, deep, moderately
narrow to rather broad, somewhat furrowed, sometimes thinly russeted and
with outspreading russet rays. Calyx medium to rather large, usually partly
open; lobes long, acute. Basin small to medium, shallow and obtuse to mod-
erately deep and somewhat abrupt, narrow to medium in width.

Skin moderately tender, smooth or roughened with russet dots and flecks,
yellow, occasionally with slight blush. Dots distinct, numerous, medium to
small, russet-gray or whitish, often submerged.

THE AppLes OF NEw YorK. 341

Calyx tube variable, cone-shape to truncate funnel-form. Stamens median
to basal.

Core small, axile to somewhat abaxile; cells usually symmetrical, closed
or sometimes open; core lines meeting. Carpels rather flat, roundish, slightly
emarginate. Seeds numerous, often with some abortive. The plump ones are
large, long, rather wide, obtuse, slightly tufted, clear reddish-brown.

Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid, fair to good.

TOBIAS BLACK.

REFERENCES. I. Goff, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:54, 90. 1888. 2. Macomber,
Amer. Gard., 11:140. 1890. 3. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:311. 1901.

Fruit of desirable size and fairly good form but of an unattractive dull red
and greenish color. The flavor is nearly sweet, the quality hardly good. The
tree is said to be very hardy and very productive (2). As grown at this
Station it comes into bearing rather young, yields moderate to good crops and
is almost an annual bearer. Its fruit is not equal to standard varieties of its
season and the variety is not worthy of planting where these can be grown.

Historical. Originated with Mr. James Tobias in Grand Isle county, Vt.
(2). So far as we know it is practically unknown outside of the Lake Cham-
plain district. It was received for testing at this Station in 1888 from J. T.
Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt.

TREE.

Tree rather large, moderately vigorous. Form flat, spreading, open. WIgs
below medium to above, moderately stout, straight or somewhat curved; inter-
nodes medium or below. Bark dark clear brown with reddish tinge, lightly
streaked with scarf-skin, quite pubescent. Lenticels quite numerous, medium
or below, elongated, raised. Buds rather prominent, medium size, broad or
roundish, plump, obtuse, free, pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit medium to large, fairly uniform in size, somewhat variable in shape.
Form roundish oblate varying to roundish or a little oblong, somewhat trun-
cate, frequently irregularly elliptical or obtusely ribbed; sides sometimes un-
equal. Stem below medium to long, rather slender. Cavity medium to large,
acute to acuminate, deep, rather narrow to moderately wide, often somewhat
furrowed or compressed, sometimes partly russeted. Calyx medium size,
closed or somewhat open; lobes long, acuminate. Basin rather large, deep,
wide, rather abrupt, furrowed, sometimes compressed.

Skin thin, tough, grass-green becoming clouded with yellow, largely over-
spread with dark dull red and striped with purplish-carmine, often clouded
with scarf-skin toward the cavity and marked with scattering flecks of russet.
In highly colored specimens the red becomes dark and bright and the stripes
indistinct. Dots conspicuous, pale green or grayish, sometimes with russet
point, numerous toward the cavity, sometimes areolar. Prevailing effect dull
red predominating over dull green.

Calyx tube large, elongated cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens median
or below.

342 THE APPLES OF NEW YoRK.

Core medium or below, nearly axile with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells
usually symmetrical, closed or sometimes slightly open; core lines clasping.
Carpels thin, broadly roundish to elliptical, obtusely emarginate, mucronate,
somewhat tufted. Seeds numerous, medium or below, rather short, obtuse to
rather acute, slightly tufted.

Flesh tinged with green or yellow, moderately firm, breaking, moderately
fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, fair to nearly
good.

Season November to April.

TOBIAS PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Goff, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:90. 1888. 2. Beach and Clark,
N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:146. 1904.

Tobias Pippin is of pretty good size, fair to good quality, and rather attrac-
tive appearance for a yellow apple. It comes ‘in season in October and some
portion of the crop may be kept till March, but in ordinary storage November
is its commercial limit. The tree is a pretty good grower and as tested at
this Station comes into bearing rather young and produces full crops in alter-
nate years. As compared with standard sorts of its season it does not appear
to be worthy of general planting. Received here for testing from J. T.
Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt., in 1888. So far as we know it is practically un-
known outside of the Lake Champlain district.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form upright spreading or roundish, dense.

wigs short to medium, straight, stout to somewhat slender, with large term-
inal buds; internodes short to medium. Bark clear brown with tinge of red,
lightly streaked with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent near tips. Lenticels quite
numerous, small to medium, roundish or somewhat elongated, not raised.
Buds deeply set in bark, below medium to small, flat, obtuse, appressed, but
slightly pubescent if at all.

FRUuIT.

Fruit varies from rather small to nearly large but when well grown averages
above medium size. Form oblate conic to roundish ovate, often somewhat
ribbed, fairly uniform. Stem short to medium, moderately slender. Cavity
variable, rather large, varying from rather obtuse to nearly acuminate, moder-
ately deep to deep, moderately narrow to broad, often furrowed or compressed,
sometimes partly russeted and with outspreading russet. Calyx small to
medium, closed or partly open. Basin small to medium, varying from shallow
and narrow to medium in depth and width, abrupt, usually somewhat furrowed.

Skin rather tender, nearly smooth, rather glossy, yellow mottled and streaked
with whitish scarf-skin, sometimes distinctly blushed. Dots numerous, small,
irregular, whitish and submerged or areolar with russet point.

Calyx tube funnel-form or nearly so. Stamens median to basal.

Core below medium to rather large, somewhat abaxile; cells usually sym-
metrical, closed or partly open; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels
broadly elliptical, emarginate. Sceds numerous, rather dark brown, medium
to small, plump, rather acute.

THE AppLes oF NEw York. 343

Flesh tinged with yellow, moderately firm, a little coarse, moderately crisp,
rather tender, juicy, mild subacid becoming sweet, aromatic, good or some-
times very good.

TOLMAN SWEET.

REFERENCES. 1. Thacher, 1822:139. 2. Buel, N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:
476. 3. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:50. 1841. 4. Downing, 1845:137. 5. Phoenix,
Horticulturist, 1:361. 1846. 6. Thomas, 1849:162. 7. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 15:
162. 1849. fig. 8. Cole, 1849:131. fig. g. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:87.
1851. fig. 10. Elliott, 1854:110. fig. 41. Gregg, 1857:60. fig. 12. Hooper,
1857:93. 13. Horticulturist, 17:150, 167. 1862. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862.
15. Warder, 1867:557. fig. 16. Barry, 1883:355. 17. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1890:208. 18. Manning, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1891:137. 19. Taylor, Me.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1892:57. 20. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:251. 21. Woolverton,
Ont. Fr. Assn. An. Rpt., 26:169. 1894. 22. Can. Hort., 17:229, 280. 1894. col.
pl. 23. Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 53:310. 1894. 24. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:
M5. 190r, 25. Waugh, Vt, Sta. An. Rpt, 14:311. 1oor. 26. Elansen), 5S. 0:
Sta. Bul., 76:106. 1902. fig. 27. Budd-Hansen, 1903:189. fig. 28. Powell and
Fulton, U. S..B.P. [. Bul., 48:58. 19003. 29. Beach and Clark; N. Y. Sita
Bul., 248:146. 1904.

Synonyms. Brown’s Golden Sweet (10). TALLMAN’S SWEET (15). TALL-
MAN SWEET (26). Tallman Sweet (27). TALLMAN SWEETING (2, 6, IT).
Tallman’s Sweeting (10). TALMAN SweEET (5, I7, 20, 21, 22, 23). TALMAN’S
SwEET (14, 16,19). Talman Sweet (28). TALMAN SWEETING (8). TALMAN’S
SWEETING (9, 10, 12). ToLtMAN (25, 28). Torman Sweet (3, 13, 18, 24).
Tolman Sweet (25, 28). ToLtmMANn’s SwWEETING (4, 7). TOLMAN SWEETING (1).
Tolman’s Sweeting (6, 10).

Fruit medium or below, rather attractive for a yellow apple. It
meets with little demand in the general market, but is sold to a
limited extent in special markets and to special classes of trade.
The fruit is generally much esteemed for certain culinary purposes
as pickling, boiling and baking. Its keeping quality varies in
different seasons. In ordinary storage it is in season from Novem-.
ber to January with December as the commercial limit. In cold
storage its commercial limit varies under different conditions from
February 1 to April (29). Some find that it stands heat well before
going into storage; others report that it does not. It shows bruises
very readily and requires careful handling. The fruit hangs pretty
well to the tree, is quite uniform in grade and suffers comparatively
little loss in drops and culls. The tree is a good grower, long-lived
and very hardy. Throughout Northern New York, Northern New
England, certain portions of Canada and the northern portion of

the apple belt in the prairie region of the Middle West, Tolman

344 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Sweet has gained the reputation of being one of the hardiest of the
old New England varieties. For this reason it is often selected as
a stock upon which to top-graft less hardy kinds. The tree comes
into bearing at a moderately early age, and, generally speaking, is a
reliable cropper, yielding from moderate to heavy crops biennially

or sometimes almost annually.

Historical. Thacher’s description of this variety is the earliest one of
which we have any record. He was unable to trace it to its origin (1).
Manning (18) in 1891 called attention to the correct orthography, the name
having been differently spelled by various authors, and mentioned the sup-
position that the variety originated in Dorchester (Massachusetts). It has
long been known in cultivation in New York and it appears that it is more
generally grown in the home orchards of this state than any other sweet

apple.
TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form upright, very spreading, drooping, open;
top roundish; branches long, moderately stout, curved and drooping. Twigs
medium to long, straight or bowed, stout; internodes medium to short. Bark
clear brownish mingled with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin,
heavily pubescent. Lenticels rather conspicuous, scattering, medium or above,
roundish or oval, not raised. Buds medium in size, broad, plump, obtuse, ap-
pressed, pubescent.

FRuiIt.

Fruit commonly averages below medium but sometimes grows rather large.
It is pretty uniform in size and shape. Form nearly globular or varying to
roundish conical or to roundish oblate, often inclined to elliptical or obscurely
ribbed. Stem medium to rather long, slender. Cavity obtuse to acute, broad,
deep, often russeted, often obscurely furrowed yet pretty symmetrical. Calyx
medium to small, somewhat open or sometimes closed; lobes often long and
acuminate. Basin small to medium, often oblique, moderately shallow to
moderately deep, medium in width, rather abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled, some-
times compressed.

Skin tough, often marked by a suture line extending out from the cavity,
sometimes reaching even to the basin; color pale clear yellow or whitish-
yellow, sometimes a little blushed. Dots small, inconspicuous, pale yellow
or faint russet. The skin is apt to be roughened slightly by very inconspicuous
capillary russet lines over the entire surface, becoming heavier and concentric
at the basin.

Calyx tube urn-shape to truncate funnel-form. Stamens basal or nearly so.

Core medium to rather small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines
slightly clasping. Carpels rather flat, broadly roundish, slightly emarginate,
tufted. Seeds medium in size, wide, plump, acute to somewhat obtuse, tufted.

Flesh white, firm, neither tender nor crisp, rather hard, moderately fine,
rather dry to moderately juicy, decidedly sweet, good to very good.

TOLMAN SWEET

=
yi

THe Apptes or NEw York. 345

TOMPKINS KING,

REFERENCES. I. New Genesee Farmer, 3:57. 1842. 2. Cultivator, 1:390.
1844. 3. Ellwanger and Barry, Jb., 2:57. 1845. 4. Thomas, Jb., 5:306. 1848.
fig. 5. Cole, 1849:122. 6. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:73. 1851. col. pl. No.
38. 7. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 20:178, 509. 1854. fig. 8. Elliott, 1854:142. 9.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1856. 10. Horticulturist, 11:397. 1856. fig. 11. Mag.
Hort., 22:545. 1856. 12. Downing, 1857:84. fig. 13. Hooper, 1857:50. 14.
Mag. Hort., 24:111. 1858. 15. Mattison, Horticulturist, 15:213. 1860. 16.
Mag. Hort., 27:08. 1861. 17. Warder, 1867:655. fg. 18. Fitz, 1872:157-. 10.
Thomas, 1875:217. 20. Barry, 1883:348. 21. Hogg, 1884:124. 22. Wickson,
1889:245. 23. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:208. 24. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892:242. 25. Rural N. Y., 53:28. 1804. 26. Hoskins, [b., 53:310. 18904. 27.
Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 2:10. 1895. fig. 28. Gard. and For., 9:10.
1896. 29. U. S. Pom. Bul., 7:356. 1898. 30. Bunyard, Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc.,
1898:356. 31. Waugh, /7t. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:207. 1901. 32. Can. Hort., 26:
405. 1903. 33. Budd-Hansen, 1903:190. 34. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. J.
Bul., 48:58. 1903. 35. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:147. 1904.

SynonyMs. Flat Spitzenburg (28). Kine (5, 7, 17, 19, 24, 27, 31). King
(15, 34). Kine Apple (1, 2, 3, 4, 32, of New York 10, of Western New York
8 and 13). King Apple (12). Kinc or TompxKINs County (12, 14, 15, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 30). King of Tompkins County (17, 27, 28, 33, 35). Loma
Red (15). Tommy Red (21). Tompkins County King (19). Tom’s Red
(21). WuINTER Kine (6).

This apple is commonly called King. Less frequently it is called
Tompkins County King or King of Tompkins County. Pomolo-
gists now accept Tompkins King as the correct name.

The fruit has a beautiful red color, with enough clearly contrast-
ing yellow to make a very attractive appearance. It is symmetrical,
uniformly large, and excellent in quality for either dessert or
culinary uses. It is well adapted for marketing in fancy packages
and is in good demand for both special and general trade, often
selling at an advance over standard varieties in both domestic and
foreign markets. The principal demand for it comes in late fall
and early winter. It does not keep quite as late in storage as
Rhode Island Greening, but rather later than Hubbardston. It is
in season from October or late September to December and January
or later. In common storage its commercial limit is December, or
exceptionally January, and in cold storage usually February, but in
some cases later. The fruit often begins to show some decay in
November and sometimes even in October. Its keeping qualities do
not vary so much in different seasons as is the case with many other
sorts (35). Some of the fruit is often kept in cellars till spring,

346 THe AppLtes oF New York.

but not with prime flavor, for usually it begins to lose flavor by
midwinter or earlier.

Tompkins King has been quite generally cultivated throughout
the principal apple-growing districts of the state and often with
fairly good success, particularly when planted on fertile, well-
drained soils or top-worked upon thrifty, hardy stock. In the lake
region of Central and Western New York in many cases it appears
to succeed better on the uplands than it does close to the lakes. The
fruit being large, there is often a considerable loss in windfalls,
and on this account it is well to select a location for this variety
that is well sheltered from prevailing winds. Generally it is
regarded as more liable to loss from wormy fruit and less subject
to injury from apple scab than either Baldwin or Rhode Island
Greening. As a rule the tree does not come into bearing very
young, but with maturity usually becomes a regular bearer, yielding
rather light to moderately heavy crops biennially or sometimes
nearly annually. Frequently it is regarded as a shy bearer and too
unproductive for a good commercial variety, and it nowhere has the
reputation of being a heavy cropper, yet many fruit growers find it a
profitable commercial variety. Taking the state as a whole, it prob-
ably ranks fourth in commercial importance, being surpassed by
Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening and Northern Spy.!

Were the tree hardier, healthier, longer-lived and more productive,
Tompkins King would be much more extensively grown in com-
mercial orchards. In the nursery it makes but a moderate root
growth, and in the orchard it is somewhat subject to sun-scald and
canker as well as to injury at the surface of the ground from what
is commonly called “collar rot’’ or “collar blight.” The cause of
this collar rot is not definitely known. Some suppose that it may
be due to a parasitic fungus; others that it is caused primarily by
winter injury. Tompkins King is certainly more liable to winter
injury than are most of the standard sorts of this region. Even in
some parts of Central New York, when standing in unfavorable
locations, and particularly if on heavy, poorly drained soils, trees

have sometimes been entirely killed by the winter, yet in many

1See page 17.

TOMPKINS KING

Tue AppLes oF New York. 347

localities the variety has succeeded so well that it is regarded as
pretty hardy and long-lived. E. W. Catchpole of North Rose,
Wayne county, reports that in an orchard planted in that locality
in 1861 with Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening and Tompkins King,
the Tompkins King has been neither as hardy nor as productive as
either of the other two varieties named and already shows a con-
siderable number of vacancies in the rows. H. D. Cole of Inter-
laken, in southern Seneca county, reports that he has an orchard of
Tompkins King top-grafted about seventy years ago upon trees
which were planted about one hundred years ago. These trees are
still bearing good crops. He regards this variety as not sufficiently
hardy if grown on its own trunk, but vigorous, healthy, long-lived
and reliably productive when top-worked upon hardy stock. » The
experience of many other fruit growers throughout the state cor-
roborates that of Mr. Catchpole and Mr. Cole and goes to show,
that because of its comparatively weak root development and liability
to collar rot and winter injury, Tompkins King should be top-
worked upon some variety which has a stronger root development
and a more hardy trunk. Some have had good success in using
common seedling stock for this purpose and others have found
satisfactory results from top-working it upon Tolman Sweet,
Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, Oldenburg, Golden Russet,
Roxbury and other vigorous, hardy varieties.

Historical. Some have thought that the original tree of Tompkins King
grew at Jacksonville, Tompkins county, N. Y., but Bailey found that that tree
had been grafted and therefore it could not be the original seedling (28).
The variety appears to have originated near Washington, Warren county,
N. J. It is said to have been brought from that locality to Tompkins county,
N. Y., by Jacob Wycoff in 1804 by whom it was named King. The Congress
of Fruit Growers at Rochester added Tompkins County to its name to dis-
tinguish it from other King apples (15). James M. Mattison of Jacksonville,
N. Y., investigated the subject of the origin of Tompkins King during the
winter of 1860 and published an account of his investigation in the April
number of the Horticulturist of that year. We quote his report in full.

“Having given the subject a pretty thorough investigation, I present the
following as the true history of the King Apple cf Tompkins County:

“About fifty-six years ago, Jacob Wycoff brought it from Warren county,
N. J. Mr. Wycoff moved to this county about sixty years ago, and finding

the art of grafting practised here, procured the grafts while on a visit fifty-
six years ago. Mr. Wycoff is now dead, but always claimed it to be a seed-

348 THE Apples OF NEW York.

ling, and it was named by him, King. The Congress of Fruit Growers at
Rochester added Tompkins County to it, to distinguish it from another of the
same name.

“On a visit this winter I undertook to trace out its origin, and went to the
place where it is said to have originated. This is about one and a half to
two miles from Washington, Warren county, N. J. I found very old trees
that had been grafted; they seemed to be over fifty years old; two aged men,
Daniel Fleet and William Crivling, near Asbury, were both acquainted with
it from boyhood. It originated on the north side of the Musconetcong moun-
tain, about one mile from where these gentlemen live. Mr. Jesse Weller says
he knew one very old tree on his farm forty years ago; it has been dead
several years. They call the apple Toma Red throughout that section. It
does not appear to be much disseminated, being confined to a small locality.
I brought some of the apples with me, and compared them with mine. I
also gave them some that were raised in my own orchard. They are not quite
as high flavored in New Jersey as they are here between the lakes (Cayuga
and Seneca).

“The tree is entirely distinct in growth. When I was in New Jersey I
pointed out trees as I was going along the road, and inquired if they were
not what we call the King of Tompkins County, and they said they were.
The limbs grow so very horizontal that the tree needs scarcely any pruning,
and one of its good qualities is, it is a regular bearer every year, and a fine,
thrifty grower. Hundreds of barrels have been sold from this vicinity this
year, and we are all of one mind, that it is the most productive, and will sell
for the largest price per barrel of any market apple that is raised in this
vicinity. Dealers realized four and five dollars per barrel last fall. The apple
is one of those crimson red with yellow ground that attracts the eye, and its
color will not disappoint you when you come to eat it. Its very agreeable
perfumed flavor is equal to the Swaar. It wants gathering ten to fifteen days
before the Baldwin or Greening, and if carefully done, will keep good until
the first of May.”

The first published description of the variety which we have found is that
given in the New Genesee Farmer in 1842, under the name of King Apple (1).
The earliest mention which we find of the propagation of this variety by
nurserymen is the statement made by Ellwanger and Barry of Rochester,
N. Y., in 1845, that they had trees of it for sale (3). In 1848 T. C. Maxwell
and Brothers of Geneva, N. Y., began to propagate it extensively and were
active in disseminating it. Thomas, in 1848, described it under the name of
King and stated that it was cultivated in Tompkins and Cayuga counties but
not widely spread (4). In 1849 Cole mentioned it under the name of King
from Ellwanger and Barry, and in 1851 Emmons described it as the Winter
King from Tompkins county (5, 6). In 1856 the American Pomological
Society at its Rochester meeting included this variety in its catalogue under
the name of Tompkins King, using the word Tompkins to distinguish it from
other varieties which were then known under the name King.

During the last sixty years its cultivation has extended through New Eng-
land, portions of Canada, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio. It
has practically failed to establish itself in the Mississippi valley but is quite
well known on the Pacific Coast, from Washington southward into California.

TWENTY-OUNCE PIPPIN

s

ff

Pay

THe Appies OF NEw York. 349

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form spreading, open; lateral branches rather slender and
somewhat drooping. Twigs long to above medium, curved or irregularly
crooked, moderately stout with thick tips; internodes long to below medium.
Bark dark brownish-red mingled with yellowish-green, lightly mottled with
scarf-skin; pubescent. Lenticels rather dull but conspicuous, numerous, large
to small, roundish to oblong, raised. Buds prominent, large, broad, plump,
obtuse to acute, free or nearly so, pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit large to very large, pretty uniform in shape and size. Form roundish
to somewhat oblate, sometimes slightly inclined to conic, regular or obscurely
ribbed. Stem short to rather long, often stout, sometimes thick and swollen.
Cavity medium to rather large, obtuse to acute, moderately deep to rather
shallow, moderately narrow to rather wide, often gently furrowed or wavy,
occasionally lipped, often russeted, sometimes with fine outspreading russet.
Calyx medium to rather large, closed or somewhat open; segments long,
acuminate. Basin small to medium, varying from narrow, shallow and rather
obtuse to moderately wide, rather deep and abrupt, regular or sometimes
obscurely ridged and wrinkled.

Skin smooth or somewhat roughened with russet dots, fine yellow mottled
and washed with orange red, often shading to lively deep red, striped and
splashed with bright carmine. Dots rather numerous, conspicuous, white or
russet. Prevailing color attractive red over yellow.

Calyx tube small to above medium, cone-shape to funnel-form. Stamens
median to marginal.

Core below medium to rather large, abaxile to nearly axile; cells sym-
metrical, closed or partly open; core lines meeting or slightly clasping the
apex of the tube when it is cone-shape or the limb when it is funnel-shape.
Carpels roundish to somewhat ovate or obovate, tufted, mucronate, but slightly
emarginate if at all. Seeds few, rather large, long, irregular, obtuse to some-
what acute, often abortive, somewhat tufted.

Flesh attractive yellowish, rather coarse, crisp, tender, aromatic, juicy, sub-
acid, very good to best.

TWENTY OUNCE PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1845:140. 2. Thomas, 1849:153. 3. Emmons,
Nat. Hist. N. -Y., 3:21, 33. 1851. fg. 4 Ub. 3:64. 1851. fig. 5. Elliott, 1854:
126. 6. Warder, 1867:461. 7. Downing, 1869:113. 8. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1890:290. 9g. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 2:8. 1895. fig. 10.
Ib., 3:3. 1806. figs.

Synonyms. CABASHEA (7, 8, 9, 10). Kina (4). King (7). Oxheart.
Not Twenty OUNCE (2, 5, 6, 9, 10).

Attractive in appearance, but second or third rate in quality. In
season about with Tompkins King. It is grown commercially to a
limited extent and some find it profitable, but, generally speaking, it
is not a favorite with fruit growers. Undoubtedly there would be

350 Tue Apples OF NEw York.

fewer trees of it growing to-day had it not sometimes been purchased
by mistake for the true Twenty Ounce. The tree is a vigorous
grower, hardy, healthy and long-lived, but often it is not a satis-
factory cropper. The fruit is large, noticeably heavy and apt to drop
from the tree.

Historical. The origin of this variety is uncertain. So far as we can learn
it has always been commonly known to fruit growers and fruit buyers by the
name Twenty Ounce Pippin and doubtless will continue to be so known as
long as it remains in cultivation. Occasionally it has been grown under the
name King. It should be remarked, however, that it is quite distinct from
Tompkins King. It is known locally as Oxheart.

Thomas in 1849 (2) recognized it as less desirable than the Twenty Ounce.
Elliott (5) and Warder (6) adopted the name Cayuga Red Streak for the
Twenty Ounce hoping thereby to prevent their readers from confusing its
name with that of Twenty Ounce Pippin. Downing (7) added to the con-
fusion by applying the name Cabashea to the Twenty Ounce Pippin which name
had already been given to a fall variety! and was so recognized by Thomas,
Emmons and Warder. This fall Cabashea comes in season about with the
true Twenty Ounce but is quite distinct from that variety.

TREE.

Tree medium to large, moderately vigorous. Form spreading or somewhat
drooping. Twigs medium to long, moderately stout to stout; internodes short.
Bark dark brownish-red, mottled with scarf-skin; pubescent. Lenticels
numerous, moderately conspicuous, round, raised. Buds large, broad, plump,
obtuse, appressed, pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit large to very large, noticeably heavy. Form variable, somewhat
oblate to globular with flattened base, often slightly inclined to conic, pretty
regular but often somewhat elliptical or obscurely ribbed; sides frequently a
little unequal. Stem usually short and thick to sometimes moderately thick
and of medium length. Cavily medium or below, acute to nearly obtuse, mod-
erately shallow to deep, wide, somewhat furrowed, sometimes lipped, bright
deep green with elongated whitish dots, often partly russeted and with out-
spreading russet rays. Calya medium to large, closed or partly open; lobes
separated at the base, wide, nearly flat or somewhat reflexed, pubescent.
Basin below medium to large, shallow to moderately deep, obtuse to some-
what abrupt, irregularly furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin rather thick, tough, smooth, clear pale yellow or greenish, in highly
colored specimens largely washed, mottled and blushed with bright deep red
striped and splashed with carmine. Dots numerous, small or narrow and
elongated, moderately conspicuous, often submerged or depressed, whitish,
sometimes with russet point. When well grown the general appearance is
decidedly attractive and the color is somewhat like that of the Baldwin,
particularly about the base.

Calyx tube short, varying from funnel-shape with wide limb to obtuse cone-
shape. Stamens median to basal.

IN. Y. Agr. Soc. Rpt., 1849:350.

AOHNVA

THE APPLES OF NEW York. 351

Core medium to rather large, axile or nearly so; cells usually symmetrical
and closed, sometimes open; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels
broadly roundish or inclined to ovate or to obcordate, slightly emarginate,
tufted. Seeds few, often abortive; when well developed they are medium to
large, rather long, plump, acute to somewhat obtuse, sometimes tufted,
medium brown.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, coarse, rather tender, rather crisp
or breaking, moderately juicy, sprightly subacid with a peculiar but not high
flavor, fair or sometimes nearly good in quality.

Season October to January or February.

VANHOY.

REFERENCES. I. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 8:356. 1889. 2. Beach, J/b., 15:276,
284. 1896. 3. Massey, N. C. Sta. Bul., 149:318. 1898. 4. Bruner, N. C. Bad.
Agr. Bul., 1900:11. 5. Budd-Hansen, 1903:194. 6. Powell and Fulton, U. S.
B. P. I. Bul., 48:59. 1903. 7. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:148.
1904. -8. Ragan, U. S: B: P: I: Bul, 56:310. 1905.-9..J2' Van: Lindley, Gak
Pomona. N. C. (cited by 8).

Synonyms. Van Hoy (3). Van Hoy No-Core (1, 2). Van Hoy No-
Core (5, 8).

As grown at the Geneva Station, Vanhoy lacks character, being
unattractive in general appearance and only fair in quality. It is
not desirable for any purpose and is remarkable only because the
core is small and usually has no well-developed seeds.

Historical. This is a variety of North Carolina origin and in its native
state it is said to be a fair dessert apple with good market qualities (3, 4).
It is practically unknown in New York.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous, not large. Form spreading, rather flat, open.
Twigs below medium to short, straight, slender to moderately stout; inter-
nodes long to below medium. Bark dark clear reddish-brown with some
olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, but slightly pubescent if at all.
Lenticels rather conspicuous, scattering, medium to small, elongated, slightly
raised. Buds large to below medium, broad, plump, acute to obtuse, free or
somewhat appressed, slightly pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit medium, sometimes large. Form oblate to roundish, a little inclined
to conic; axis sometimes oblique; sides often somewhat unequal. Stem
medium to long, moderately thick. Cavity medium in size, acute to acumi-
nate, moderately narrow to rather wide, moderately deep to deep, often com-
pressed or obscurely furrowed, sometimes lipped, sometimes thinly russeted.
Calyx below medium to large, closed or partly open; lobes often leafy, long,
acute to acuminate. Basin small to medium, somewhat obtuse to rather
abrupt, medium in width and depth or sometimes deep, occasionally slightly
furrowed.

352 THE APPLES OF NEW YoRK.

Skin thick, leathery, smooth, dull yellowish-green largely overspread with
dull red and marked with narrow, obscure splashes or stripes of dark carmine.
Dots rather conspicuous, pale yellow or russet.

Calyx tube rather large, cone-shape to funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core small, abaxile or nearly so; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines meet-
ing or, when the tube is cone-shape, slightly clasping. Carpels rather flat,
roundish ovate to obcordate, slightly emarginate, mucronate. Seeds few,
rarely plump, wide, rather long, obtuse to acute, sometimes tufted; often all
are abortive.

Flesh whitish tinged with yellow or green, firm, a little coarse, quite crisp,
breaking, moderately juicy, mild subacid, fair quality.

Season at Geneva January to May.

VIRGINIA GREENING.

REFERENCES. I. Prince, N. E. Farmer, 8:1. 1829. 2. Kenrick, 1832:60. 3.
White, Horticulturist, 7:319. 1852. 4. Elliott, 1854:160. 5. Downing, 1857:
200. 6. Hooper, 1857:95. 7. Warder, 1867:416. fig. 8. Downing, 1869:393.
g. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1873. 10. Thomas, 1875:230. 11. Barry, 1883:356.
12. Wickson, 1889:248. 13. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:251. 14. Budd-Hansen,
1903:195.

Synonyms. Green Mountain Pippin (8). Ross Greening (8). Virginia
Pippin? (8).

A large, oblate, yellowish-green apple with hard, firm flesh. In the South,
where it is supposed to have originated, it is valued as a late keeper. The
tree is large, spreading, vigorous and productive. It is but little grown in
this state.

FRuIrt.

Fruit medium to nearly large, uniform in size and shape. Form oblate or
roundish oblate varying to roundish conic, regular or nearly so, symmetrical.
Stem medium to long, moderately slender. Cavity medium in size, acute to
acuminate, deep, moderately narrow to rather broad, often slightly furrowed,
russeted and with outspreading russet. Calyx medium or below, partly open;
lobes slightly separated at the base, usually short and obtuse to acute. Basin
medium size, usually rather shallow but varies to moderately deep, moderately
wide, obtuse or occasionally rather abrupt, furrowed obscurely if at all, slightly
wrinkled.

Skin thick, tough, smooth or slightly roughened with russet dots and flecks,
grass-green sometimes with brownish blush. Dots distinct, usually areolar
with russet center, whitish or fawn-colored on the blushed portion, often
irregular toward the cavity.

Calyx tube cone-shape to funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core small to medium, axile or with a narrow, hollow cylinder in the axis;
cells symmetrical, closed or sometimes slightly open; core lines meeting the
limb of the calyx tube or clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels roundish to
broadly obovate or approaching obcordate, deeply emarginate, smooth or
slightly tufted. Seeds numerous, small, rather narrow, plump, acute to obtuse,
usually smooth, .

WABASH RED

ts

_

Mh

THE AppPLes OF NEw York. 353

Flesh creamy yellow or greenish, very firm, hard, breaking, coarse, moder-
ately juicy, mild subacid becoming somewhat sweet, fair to good.
Season February to June.

WABASH RED,

IRERFERENCES+) Lene Vien Sent 0s Al ee pin e223 el OO 22D Tai On COA.
Synonym. /JVabash Red Winter (2).

As grown at this Station, Wabash Red is a rather attractive
apple of fairly good size, bright color, smooth and uniform appear-
ance and good dessert quality for a late-keeping apple, but rather
too mild in flavor for most culinary uses. It has the merit of
retaining its texture and flavor well till very late in the season.
As tested here the fruit shows a tendency to be deficient in size.
The tree is a good grower, is not slow in coming into bearing and
yields moderate to good crops nearly annually. It is sufficiently
promising to be worthy of further testing.

This is distinct from Wabash or Wabash Bellflower.

Historical. Received in 1892 and 1894 from Downing and Morris, Clinton,
Ind., for testing at this Station (1, 2).

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form upright to roundish, rather dense. Twigs short to
above medium, straight or somewhat curved, stout and with large terminal
buds; internodes medium to short. Bark brownish-red mingled with olive-
green, lightly mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels con-
spicuous, quite numerous, small to medium, roundish or a little elongated,
slightly raised. Buds medium to large, broad, plump, obtuse, free or nearly
so, slightly pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit large to medium, quite uniform in size and shape. Form roundish
oblate, a little inclined to conic, usually regular; sides sometimes unequal.
Stem short to above medium, rather thick. Cavity small to medium, acumi-
nate to nearly obtuse, moderately deep to deep, rather narrow to moderately
broad, sometimes lipped, usually russeted and with outspreading russet.
Calyx small to medium, closed or partly open; lobes sometimes separated at
the base. Basin medium size, usually shallow and obtuse but varying to mod-
erately deep and somewhat abrupt, wide, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, tough, nearly smooth, bright clear yellow, in highly
colored specimens largely overspread with bright red or orange-red obscurely
striped with darker red. Dots numerous, rather conspicuous, small to medium,
whitish or pale yellow and russet. Prevailing effect red.

Calyx tube cone-shape to truncate funnel-form. Stamens median.

354 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

Core rather small, axile or nearly so; cells symmetrical, usually closed;
core lines somewhat clasping. Carpels roundish, smooth or nearly so. Seeds
compactly filling the cells, medium or above, rather wide, somewhat obtuse,
tufted; often some are abortive.

Flesh whitish slightly tinged with yellow, very firm, a little coarse, crisp,
not tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, pleasant, sprightly, good.

Season December to May.

WAGENER,

REFERENCES. I. N. Y. Agr. Soc. Trans., 1847:315. fig. 2. Ib., 1848:275,
285. fig. and col. pl. frontispiece. 3. Horticulturist, 3:95. 1848. 4. Thomas,
1849:173. fig. 5 Mag. Hort., 16:158. 1850. 6. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
3:73. 1851. col. pl. No. 41. 7. Elliott, 1854:114. fig. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,
1856. 9. Downing, 1857:110. fig. 10. Hooper, 1857:95. 11. Horticulturist,
17:150. 1862. 12. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 29:261. 1863. fig. 13. Warder, 1867:
490. fig. 14. Waring, Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1871:40. 15. Wagener, [b., 1872:
454. fig. 16. Fitz, 1872:175. 17. Barry, 1883:356. 18. Rural N. Y., 47:740.
1888. 19. Wickson, 1889:248. 20. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:208.
21. Can. Hort., 14:01, 131. 1801. 22. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:252. 23. Can.
Hort., 16:406. 1893. 24. Rural N. Y., 56:317, 350. 18907. 25. Waugh, Vt. Sta.
Bul., 61:32. 1897. 26. [b., Rpt., 14:311. 10901. 27. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul.,
130:125. 1901. 28. Budd-Hansen, 1903:195. fig. 29. Powell and Fulton, U. S.
B. P. f. Baul: 48:50; 1903. 30: Beach and Clark, No YeeSitaneeuleenoaits:

1904.
Wagener, at its best, is an apple of superior excellence. The color
is a beautiful bright red with some contrasting pale yellow; it has
fine texture, high flavor and excellent quality. It is very desirable
for culinary uses but is especially esteemed for dessert. It is in
season about with Tompkins King or from October to February,
yet often some portion of the fruit may be kept in ordinary storage
till late spring. Its commercial limit is December, or, in cold
storage, about February Ist. It does not stand heat well before
going into storage and is quite apt to scald toward the close of the
season, particularly if not well colored. After scalding it goes down
quickly (29, 30). Often there is some loss from drops, especially
if the crop is not picked as soon as it is well colored, and
many times there is a rather high percentage of loss in fruit
that is unmarketable because it is undersized or misshapen. In
the nursery Wagener is a pretty good grower, upright and well-
formed; in the orchard it is quite vigorous at first, but as it
advances in maturity it usually becomes a rather weak grower, with
branches full of fruit spurs. It comes into bearing at an early age
and so long as it remains healthy it is a reliable cropper, yielding

WAGENER

Tue AppLes OF NEW YorK. 355

moderate to rather heavy crops biennially or nearly annually. In
many cases it overbears so that the fruit does not all develop prop-
erly in size and color. Under such circumstances it is a great
advantage to thin the fruit. To get best results the thinning should
be done as early as June. Under favorable conditions the crop is
pretty uniform in size, color and quality.

The tree is often short-lived, but some report that it is longer-
lived when top-worked upon hardier and more vigorous stock such
as Northern Spy, Baldwin and Tolman Sweet. On account of its
dwarfish form and habit of coming into bearing at an early age it
is recommended by some fruit growers as a filler to plant between
the rows of longer-lived apple trees. Some fruit growers consider
it a profitable variety, but many do not. Although it was introduced
about a half century ago and it is now sufficiently well known so
that it may perhaps be regarded as a standard market variety, yet
it has not established itself to any considerable extent in the com-

mercial orchards of this state and is not being extensively planted.

Historical. The first published reference to the Wagener which we find is
that given in the Report of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society for 1847,
in which it is stated that it was awarded second premium as a seedling of
merit (1). In 1848 it was again presented for competition and was placed by
the committee in the list of first-class apples, awarded an additional premium
and also a diploma. An illustrated description of it was published in the
report of this Society for that year with the remark “ This very fine apple the
committee consider a desirable addition to the list of first-rate fruits. Its
appearance is prepossessing as is also its size and form” (2). An account
of the history of Wagener was also given in which it was stated that
in the spring of 1791 Mr. George Wheeler brought with him from Dover,
Dutchess county, N. Y., to Penn Yan, Yates county, a quantity of apple
seeds which he sowed that spring in the nursery upon his farm which
he was then reclaiming from the wilderness. In 1796 Abraham Wagener,
from whom the name of the apple is derived, bought this seedling nursery
and planted trees from it upon his place in what is now the village of
Penn Yan. In 1848 it was remarked that the old tree was producing an
-annual and abundant yield of beautiful and delicious fruit (2). It continued
to bear full crops till about the year 1865 (15). After it was brought to
the notice of the State Agricultural Society, the Wagener soon began to be
propagated quite extensively and it has since become widely disseminated
throughout the country. In 1892 Wagener was being offered quite generally
by nurserymen throughout the country except in the North Mississippi valley,
the Rocky Mountain region and the plains from Nebraska to Texas (22).
It is generally known throughout New York but is not planted extensively
in any section of the state.

356 THE Apples OF NEW York.

TREE.

Tree dwarfish to medium size, at first moderately vigorous but soon becom-
ing a slow grower; branches short, stout and filled with spurs. Form roundish
to spreading, open. Twigs short to medium, often somewhat curved, moder-
ately stout, usually quite blunt; internodes medium to short. Bark clear dark
reddish-brown mingled with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin;
pubescent near tips. Lenticels scattering, medium or below, elongated or
sometimes roundish, not raised. Buds medium to rather large, sometimes
projecting, plump, acute, free, pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit medium to rather large. Form oblate to roundish oblate, broadly
ribbed or irregularly elliptical; sides often unequal. Stem short to moderately
long, moderately thick to rather slender. Cavity variable, acute, moderately
deep to deep, broad or sometimes compressed and rather narrow, often angular
or furrowed, sometimes thinly russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed or
partly open; lobes small, usually short, acute to acuminate, connivent, reflexed.
Basin medium in width and depth, abrupt, somewhat furrowed.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, bright pinkish-red striped with bright
carmine and mottled and streaked with thin whitish scarf-skin over a clear,
pale yellow background. Dots numerous, whitish or russet, sometimes mingled
with light russet flecks. Prevailing color bright light red.

Calyx tube long, rather narrow, funnel-form, often elongated and extending
to the core. Stamens median to marginal.

Core below medium to moderately large, somewhat abaxile with hollow
cylinder in the axis, varying to nearly axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open;
core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels broadly roundish or approach-
ing elliptical, but little emarginate if at all, smooth or nearly so, mucronate.
Seeds moderately numerous, rather small to above medium, short to moder-
ately long, moderately wide, obtuse, rather light brown; often some are
abortive.

Flesh whitish slightly tinged with yellow, moderately firm, rather fine-
grained, crisp, tender, juicy to very juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly, very
good to best.

Season October or November, to February or later.

WALBRIDGE.

REFERENCES. 1. Rural N. Y., 1870:204, 205. fig. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,
1873. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875 :36, 68, 124; Cat.: 8. 4. Downing, 1876:50
app. fig. 5. lil. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1877:213. 6. Burrill; Yop sa87ar2co. guia,
Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1882:343. 8. Gibb, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1883:124. 9.
Thomas, 1885:527. 10. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:252. 11. Ib., 1892:238. 12.
Craig, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1894:126. 13. Can. Hort., 17:60, 70. 1804. 14.
Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:592. 1894. 15. Maynard, Putnam and Fletcher,
Mass. Sta. Bul., 44:4. 1897. 16. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1897:15. 17. Watigh,
Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:31I. 1901. 18. Craig, Can: Hort., 24°76, a00n) nee
19. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1902:96. 20. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta.
Bul., 106:56. 1902. 21. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:112. 1902. fig. 22. Budd-

WALBRIDGE

J
ue a
f
S

THE Apples oF NEW York. 357

Hansen, 1903:196. fig. 23. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:59.
1903. 24. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:149. 1904.

Synonyms. Edgar County Red Streak (7, 8). Epcar REDSTREAK (2, II).
Edgar Redstreak (9, 17, 21, 22). EpGAr Rep Streak (4). Edgar Red Streak
(16). Kentucky Red Streak (7). Walbridge (4). WALLBRIDGE (13, 20).

The accompanying colored plate shows the whole fruit of Wal-
bridge. The section is shown on the same plate as that which shows
the whole fruit of Rambo.

Fruit red-striped, rather attractive when well colored, good for
culinary purposes, but not equal to standard varieties of its season
for dessert use. Season, November to February or March. Com-
mercial limit, in ordinary storage, February; in cold storage, April
or May (23, 24). The fruit hangs well to the tree so that there is
little loss from drops, but often a comparatively large amount of it
is undersized, misshapen or otherwise unmarketable. This variety
has been planted to a considerable extent in Wisconsin, Iowa and
adjacent portions of the Mississippi valley and has been grown
quite successfully in many localities in that region. It appears to
be less well adapted to New York conditions and is of comparatively
little value for planting in this state. The tree makes a good growth
in the nursery. In the orchard it is moderately vigorous, comes
into bearing rather young and yields full crops biennially.

Historical. The first description of this variety which we have been able
to find is a very good one which appeared in the Rural New Yorker for 1870
under the name Walbridge (1). It was disseminated from Wisconsin under
the name Walbridge and has long been in cultivation under this name (4, 6).
The American Pomological Society listed it as Walbridge in 1873 (2), but
at the following meeting of the Society in Chicago, in 1875, it was decided that
it was identical with Edgar Red Streak which originated with Joseph Curtis,
Paris, Edgar county, Ill., in 1818 (3), and accordingly it was entered on the
Society’s Catalogue as Edgar Red Streak with Walbridge as a synonym.
It continued to be thus listed until 1897 when the popular name Walbridge
was finally accepted by the Society (16).

TREE.

Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous. Form upright becoming round-
ish or spreading, open. Twigs medium to long, usually curved, moderately
stout, with large terminal buds; internodes short to medium. Bark moder-
ately dark reddish-brown, mingled with olive-green, lightly streaked with
scarf-skin; heavily pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small to medium, round
to oblong, not raised. Buds prominent, medium to rather large, broad, plump,
obtuse, free or nearly so, pubescent.

358 THe APPLES OF NEW YORK.

Fruit.

Fruit sometimes nearly large but usually medium or below. Form roundish
conic, flattened at the base, varying to roundish or to oblate conic, often one-
sided. Stem short to medium. Cavity medium, acute to- acuminate, deep to
moderately deep, rather narrow to broad, symmetrical, furrowed gently if at
all, sometimes partly covered with fine russet. Calyx small, usually closed,
pubescent. Basin small, characteristically shallow or scarcely at all depressed,
often oblique, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin moderately thin, tough, smooth, green becoming clear pale yellow or
whitish, washed with red, conspicuously mottled and striped with bright car-
mine and overspread with thin bloom. Dots numerous, often submerged,
sometimes whitish and rather conspicuous; a few are russet. Prevailing effect
in well-colored specimens, striped red.

Calyx tube long, narrow, cone-shape to truncate funnel-form with fleshy
pistil point projecting into base. Stamens median to marginal.

Core small to medium, abaxile with a wide, hollow cylinder in the axis, or
sometimes axile; cells symmetrical, closed or sometimes partly open; core
lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels broadly roundish, emarginate,
mucronate. Seeds few, dark, below medium to rather large, moderately wide,
obtuse to somewhat acute.

Flesh whitish a little tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine to a little
coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, sprightly, rather mild subacid, slightly
aromatic, fair to good in flavor and quality.

WALKER BEAUTY.

Rererences. 1. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:223. 1892. 2. Bailey, An. Hort,
1892 :252. 3. Smith Co., W. and T., Cat., 1897:14. 4. Farrand, Mich. Sta.
Bul., 205:47. 1903. 5. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., §6:223. 1005.

DouptFUL REFERENCES. 6. ? Warder, 1867:735. 7. ? White, Gard. for the
South, 1868:349. 8. ? Downing, 1869:395. 9. ? Thomas, 1875:515.

SyNoNYMS. WALKER (4, 5). Walker’s Beauty (5). WALKER YELLow (7,
8,9)? Walker's Winter (6)?

Fruit predominantly yellow, rather attractive in color but not very uniform
in size or shape and rather too acid in flavor to be acceptable for dessert.
As tested at this Station the tree is a good grower, comes into bearing rather
young and is an annual cropper but not very productive. In the nursery the
tree makes a fine upright growth but it is somewhat subject to bark-splitting
in the spring.

Historical. Received in 1892 from W. and T. Smith, Geneva, N. Y., for
testing at this Station (1). Walker Beauty is reported to have originated in
Allegheny county, Pa. (3), but we have been unable to verify this statement.
The fruit corresponds closely with Downing’s brief description of Walker
Yellow, a native of Pulaski county, Ga. (8). Thus far it has been dissemi-
nated but little in New York.

TREE.

Tree vigorous; branches long, slender, curved. Form upright or roundish,
dense. Twigs moderately long, curved, slender; internodes medium. Bark

quvMO

H 30VT1IVM

15

I

VOL.

THE APPLES OF NEW York. 359

brown tinged with olive-green, lightly mottled with scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels quite numerous, small, oblong, not raised. Buds set deeply in the
bark, medium in size, plump, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit variable in size and form, usually medium to rather large. Form
roundish conic varying to somewhat oblong or sometimes a little oblate, often
distinctly inclined to conic, regular to irregularly elliptical, sometimes obscurely
ribbed; sides unequal. Stem short to medium, slender to moderately slender,
sometimes swollen, pubescent, usually with a distinct reddish tinge on one
side. Cavity medium in size, acute varying to somewhat acuminate or some-
times to obtuse, narrow to moderately wide, deep to moderately shallow, often
compressed and furrowed, sometimes partly russeted. Calyx small to medium,
closed or partly open; lobes rather leafy, medium to long, acute. Basin small
to medium, varying from medium in width and depth to narrow and moder-
ately shallow, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled, often compressed.

Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, clear yellow usually more or less
blushed and sometimes with a distinctly red cheek with a few obscure car-
mine stripes, sometimes marked with suture line. Dots numerous, inconspicu-
ous, small, green or whitish, often submerged, sometimes with fine russet
point. Prevailing effect yellow.

Calyx tube rather large, conical varying to funnel-form. Stamens median
or below.

Core small to medium, usually axile but varying to somewhat abaxile; cells
symmetrical, closed or sometimes partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels
roundish to elongated, slightly emarginate, mucronate. Seeds below medium
to above, smooth, plump, wide, obtuse to somewhat acute, rather dark brown.

Flesh whitish with yellow tinge, firm or very firm, moderately coarse, crisp,
tender, juicy, very brisk subacid, too acid for dessert, good.

Season November to April.

WALLACE HOWARD.

REFERENCES. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:66. 2. Ib., 1883:93. 3. [b., 1887:
93. 4. Rural N. Y., 46:751. 1887. 5. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:252. 6. Taylor,
U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1893:288. 7. Thomas, 1897:658. 8. Beach and Clark, N. Y.
Sta. Bul., 248:149. 1904.

SYNONYM. BOoATMAN’sS SEEDLING (1, 2).

Fruit of pretty good size and attractive color, but the flesh lacks
character. Suitable only for dessert use. As tested at this Station
the tree is a pretty good grower, comes into bearing rather young
and yields moderate to good crops nearly annually, but the fruit
is not specially desirable for either home use or market. It is not
recommended for planting in New York. As grown in the South
it has been called a magnificent fruit of best quality (1) and one of
the finest apples cultivated in that region (3).

360 THE Apples OF NEW York.

Historical. Originated from seed by Robert Boatman, Dillon, Walker
county, Ga., on the Lookout Mountain Range and first described as Boatman’s
Seedling (1). It was afterwards called Wallace Howard by the Atlanta
Pomological Society, in honor of Reverend Wallace Howard of Georgia
PLO):

TREE.

Tree vigorous to moderately vigorous. Form upright spreading to roundish,
rather dense. Twigs short, generally straight, stout or moderately stout, with _
large terminal buds; internodes short or below medium. Bark brown or
reddish-brown with some olive-green, lightly mottled with scarf-skin, pubes-
cent. Lenticels rather conspicuous, numerous, medium size, roundish or oval,
slightly raised. Buds prominent, medium to large, broad, plump, acute, free
or nearly so, slightly pubescent.

FRvIT.

Fruit above medium to large, pretty uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish or roundish oblong, often somewhat flattened at the base and in-
clined to conic; axis sometimes oblique; sides often unequal. Stem short to
medium, rather slender. Cavity acuminate or somewhat acute, deep, some-
times compressed and rather narrow but more often wide, often gently fur-
rowed, sometimes lipped, usually russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed or
partly open; lobes often long, narrow, acuminate. Basin rather small, often
oblique, sometimes with decided protuberance above one side, narrow, varying
from very shallow to moderately shallow and abrupt, often distinctly furrowed,
wrinkled.

Skin smooth or roughened with russet dots and flecks, yellow nearly over-
spread with orange-red mottled and distinctly striped with bright carmine.
Dots numerous, conspicuous, gray or russet, rather large. Prevailing effect
striped red.

Calyx tube rather small, rather narrow, short, cone-shape varying to trun-
cate funnel-form with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base. Stamens
marginal.

Core rather small to above medium, axile or somewhat abaxile with a hollow
cylinder in the axis; cells symmetrical, closed; core lines clasping the funnel
cylinder. Carpels rather flat, roundish ovate, but slightly emarginate if at all,
somewhat tufted. Seeds numerous, small to medium, moderately wide, rather
short, plump, obtuse, sometimes tufted.

Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, a little coarse, crisp, moderately tender,
rather juicy, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, somewhat aromatic, good.

Season November to March (8).

WANDERING SPY.

REFERENCES. I. Bailey, 4n. Hort., 1892:252. 2. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1902:
204

This variety originated in the Ozarks with Wyatt Coffelt, Mason Valley,
Benton county, Ark. It has not yet been fruited to any considerable extent
outside the locality of its origin. As grown in that region the fruit appears
to be pretty uniform in size, above the average of Jonathan, fairly free from
disease and of satisfactory color and is in season from December to March.

WANDERING SPY

Ve

THE ApPLes OF NEw York. 361

It is said to keep well in storage, holding firm with good color and fine flavor
till late in the season.

Stock of this variety was received for testing at this Station in 1900 from
J. B. Wild & Bros., Sarcoxie, Mo. It has not yet been tested here sufficiently
to show whether it promises to be of value for commercial planting in New
York. Thus far the fruit has not been nearly so attractive in color nor as
good in quality as Tompkins King, Baldwin or Northern Spy, but it averages
good marketable size and is superior in quality to Ben Davis and other apples
of that class. It has been grown here on heavy clay loam. It is quite prob-
able that on warmer, lighter soils it would develop better color and flavor.
The tree is a vigorous grower, comes into bearing early and gives evidence
of being a reliable biennial bearer.

Fruit.

Fruit large to medium as grown at this Station. Form slightly oblate in-
clined to conic. Stem medium to short. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep,
rather narrow to moderately wide, symmetrical or slightly furrowed, russeted
and often with outspreading russet rays. Calyx small to medium, partly open,
sometimes closed. Basin abrupt, symmetrical or somewhat compressed.

Skin rather thick, tough, dull greenish becoming yellow, blushed with dull
red sparingly and faintly striped with dull carmine, in highly colored speci-
mens developing deep dull red over a large part of the fruit. Dots scattering,
medium to large, pale gray or russet.

Calyx tube short cone-shape varying to short funnel-form ‘with fleshy pistil
point projecting into the base.

Core medium to below; cells closed; core lines meeting or slightly clasping.
Carpels roundish, deeply emarginate. Seeds medium to large, light brown,
rather narrow, acute.

Flesh whitish or tinged with green, firm, fine, moderately crisp, very tender,
moderately juicy to juicy, subacid, good.

Season January to April or May.

WASHINGTON ROYAL,

REFERENCES. 1. Robbins, N. E. Farmer, 7:231. 1855. 2. Downing, 1857:
201. 3. Warder, 1867:735. 4. Downing, 1869:306. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,
1871. 6. Thomas, 1875:515. 7. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:298. 8.
Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:246. 9. Maynard, Putnam and Fletcher, Mass. Sta.
Bul., 44:4. 1897. 10. Waugh, Amer. Gard., 20:221. 1899. fig. 11. Van Deman,
Rural N. Y., 60:69. 1901. 12. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:312. 1901. 13.
Mead, Rural N. Y., 61:67. 1902. 14. Ib., 62:50. 1903. figs. 15. Powell and
Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:60. 1903. 16. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:149. 1904.

Synonyms. Lock’s Favorite (12). PALMER GREENING (8, 9, 13, 14).
Palmer Greening (4, 10, 11, 12, 15). Washington Royal (14).

Fruit yellow or greenish usually somewhat shaded with red,
rather attractive in color, quite variable in size, good in quality
but mild in flavor and eventually becoming nearly sweet. More
suitable for dessert than for culinary use. As grown at Geneva

362 THE APPLES OF NEW YorK.

some portion of the fruit may often be kept till May or June in
ordinary storage, yet its season is so variable that November may
be regarded as the usual safe commercial limit for handling this
variety (16). It is favorably regarded locally in New England,
where it is commonly grown under the name Palmer Greening
(9, 10, 12). Taking all things into consideration, it is hardly equal
to standard varieties of its season and is not recommended for

commercial planting in New York.

Historical. Originated in Sterling, Mass. It was brought to notice by
Ephraim Robbins of Leominster in 1855 (1). It has been planted but sparingly
in New York state.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form upright spreading to roundish. Twigs kelow medium
to rather long, curved, slender to moderately stout; internodes medium to
short. Bark dark brown with some green, heavily streaked with scarf-skin,
somewhat pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small to medium, roundish, usually
not raised. Buds medium to small, broad, rather plump, obtuse, free,
pubescent.

FRvIrt.

Fruit medium or above. Form a little oblate, often somewhat ribbed, irreg-
ular. Stem short to medium. Cavity medium to rather large, acuminate to
acute, rather narrow to moderately broad, often somewhat furrowed, usually
smooth and green. Calyx small to medium, partly open, sometimes closed;
lobes erect. Basin moderately shallow, rather narrow, abrupt, often some-
what furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin thin, moderately tender, waxy, yellow or greenish, usually with thin
dull orange blush which sometimes deepens to clear red. Dots numerous,
whitish or areolar with russet center, characteristic and conspicuous. Pre-
vailing effect rather attractive greenish-yellow.

Calyx tube conical to somewhat urn-shape or funnel-form. Stamens median.

Core medium to large, somewhat abaxile to nearly axile; cells closed or
partly open; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels rather concave,
broadly roundish, emarginate. Seeds dark, medium, rather wide, plump,
obtuse, or somewhat acute.

Flesh whitish, firm, moderately fine, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid
becoming nearly sweet, somewhat aromatic, good to very good.

WATWOOD.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1876:71 app. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:252. 3.
Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:223. 1802.

Fruit medium size, rather dull colored, green or yellowish partly washed and
splashed with red, mild, pleasant subacid, good quality; in season from Decem-
ber to May. It originated at Blandville, Ballard county, Ky., and is: valued
in that region because it is a long keeper and the tree is a uniformly good

WASHINGTON ROYAL

THe Appies oF NEw York. 363

cropper. It was introduced by W. M. Samuels and Co., Clinton, Ky., from
whom it was received in 1892 for testing at this Station (3). As grown here
it is inferior to standard varieties of its season. It is not recommended for
planting in New York.

WELLS,

REFERENCES. I. Humrickhouse, Mag. Hort., 14:113. 1848. 2. Hovey, /b.,
15:27. 1849. fig. 3. Thomas, 1849:173. 4. Emmons, Naf. Hist. N. Y., 3:68.
1651. fg. 5. Elliott, 1854:161.

DouBtFUL REFERENCES. 6. ? Hooper, 1857:90. 7. ? Downing, 1857:135. 8.
? Warder, 1867:735. .

SYNONYMS. APPLE OF THE WELL (4). Cheat (2). DomiIne(7,8)? English
Rambo of some (2). English Red Streak (7)? English Winter Red Streak
(1, of some 5). Striped Rhode Island Greening (1, 2, 5,7?). Wells (7, 8)?
WELLS APPLE (3, 67). Wells Apple (4, 5).

This old variety probably originated in Maryland. It has been much grown
in Central and Southern Ohio under the name Wells (5). So far as we can
learn it was first described under this name by Humrickhouse (1). Hovey
(2), Thomas (3), Emmons (4), Elliott (5), and Hooper (6), recognize
Wells as the correct name. Downing in 1857 (7), stated that it was identical
with Domine as also did Warder (8), in 1867. In previous reports from this
Station we have accepted the synonymy of this variety as given by Downing,
but if the opinion expressed in the following letter is correct Downing erred
in publishing Wells as a synonym of Domine. In 1896, R. J. Black, of
Bremen, Ohio, wrote us as follows: “I observe that your reports follow
Downing, Thomas and others in keeping the error of the Ohio Pomological
Society, usually so accurate, in making Domine and Wells synonymous. They
are very distinct in both tree and fruit. Wells is a thrifty grower with olive
shoots, spreading and very twiggy, just the reverse of Domine; the fruit of
Wells has more unbroken red with few stripes or none. It was brought to
this vicinity from Adams county, Pa., near the beginning of the present century
by a gentleman named Dittoe.’ Mr. Black very kindly furnished us with
stock of the true Wells but this has not yet come into bearing in the Station
orchards.

Elliott says “The trees grow vigorously with spreading tops and slender
branches and bear abundantly every year but do well only on strong clay
soil a(5)))

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous, with moderately long, slender, curved branches.
Form roundish, spreading, open. wigs long, curved, moderately stout; inter-
nodes short. Bark dull brown mingled with more or less olive-green, heavily
mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent near tips. Lenticels very scatter-
ing, medium in size, oval, slightly raised. Buds deeply set in the bark, medium
in size, broad, flat, obtuse, appressed.

Fruit (5).

Fruit “large, roundish, narrowing to the eye; yellowish green, streaked and
blotched with red; calyx, closed; basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy,
sprightly, subacid; ‘very good.’ Nov. to March.”

364 THE Apples OF NEW York.

WESTFIELD SEE A-NO-FURTHER.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1845:96. 2. N. Y. Agr. Soc. Trans., 1846:207.
fig. 3. Kirtland, Horticulturist, 2:544. 1848.° 4. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 15:26.
1840. fig. 5. Thomas, 1849:175. fig. 6. Cole, 1849:127. fig. 7. Horticulturist,
4:470. 1850. 8. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:24. 1851. fig. g. Elliott, 1854:
115. fig. 10. Hooper, 1857:97. 11. Gregg, 1857:61. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,
1862. 13. Warder, 1867:520, 707, 708. fig. 14. Downing, 1869:399. fig. 15.
Barry, 1883:356. 16. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:208. 17. Bailey, An.
Hort., 1892:249. 18. Ib., 1892:252. 19. Burrill and McCluer, J/l. Sta. Bul.,
45:311, 340, 345. 1806. 20:.Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt, asgi2) Woot.) ee.
Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1902:90. 22. Budd-Hansen, 1903:199. 23. Powell and
Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:60. 1903. 24. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul.,
248:150. 1904.

Synonyms. Connecticut Seeknofurther (5). Connecticut Seek-No-Further
(9). Marietta Seeck-No-Further (3, 4). New-England Seeknofurther (5).
Red Winter Pearmain, of some (9). Russet Seek-No-Further (4). SEEK-
No-FurTHER (17). Seeknofurther (23). Seek-No-Further (4, 19, 20, 21, of
Connecticut 1 and 2). WESTFIELD (16, 20, 21, 23). WESTFIELD SEEK-No-
FARTHER (7). WESTFIELD SEEK-No-FURTHER (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, II, 12,
13, 14, 15, 18, 19). Westfield Seek-No-Further (5, 8).

Among fruit growers and fruit dealers this variety is commonly
called Seek or Seek-No-Further and doubtless will continue to be so
called as long as it remains in cultivation. Pomologists recognize
Westfield Seek-No-Further as the correct name, thus distinguishing
this from certain other varieties which have been cultivated under
the name Seek-No-Further. In 1845 Downing observed, “ The Seek-
no-further of New-Jersey and Pennsylvania is the Rambo, that of
some parts of New-York is the (American) Domine. The Seek-
no-further of Coxe is a large, roundish fruit, narrower at the eye.
Skin smooth, pale yellowish-green, or nearly white. * * * Ripe
in October, and will keep a couple of months.”

Westfield Seek-No-Further is an old favorite dessert apple. It is
but little valued for cooking. The fruit usually averages about
medium size. It is not remarkably attractive in appearance, being
creamy-yellow striped with dull red and sometimes partly russeted,
but at its best it has a peculiarly pleasant, rich, mild subacid flavor
which has made it popular. Its season in ordinary storage is late
fall and early winter, but when properly handled it may be held
in cold storage about as late as Baldwin. It stands handling and
shipping well, but toward the close of the season it is apt to shrivel!
badly. Since it is not particularly attractive in color and is used

4ayj(nJ-oUu-y22S QVAIALSAM

THe AppLes oF NEW York. 305

only for dessert purposes it commonly finds but a limited demand
in general market and often brings less than the average prices for
the leading standard commercial varieties of its season. It has
gained the reputation of being a very hardy variety, being superior
to Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening in this respect, but its suc-
cessful cultivation is more restricted to particular districts or regions
than is the case with either of the other varieties named. It does
not commonly develop as good color or quality on heavy, cold
soils, particularly if they are not well drained, as it does on well-
drained, fertile, gravelly or sandy loam. In 1854 Elliott observed
that in Ohio and adjoining states the fruit of this variety differed
remarkably when grown in different regions. He reported that as
“grown in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is much rus-
seted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich bronze;
progressing northward, it gradually loses its russet, until on light
sandy soils in Michigan, it becomes a pale-yellow ground, with
stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots.”

In many parts of New York it has not proved reliably productive,
but in other regions, particularly in certain localities in the Lake
Ontario apple belt, it has been a regular and abundant cropper,
developing good color and fine flavor and is still regarded as a good
commercial variety. Generally the tree is very hardy, remarkably
healthy and long-lived. There is usually little loss from drops if
the crop is picked at the proper season. The fruit is quite uniform
in grade and the amount of culls is comparatively small.

Historical. This old variety found its way into this state from New Eng-
land with the early settlers more than one hundred years ago. It was intro-
duced into Ohio from Connecticut as early as 1796 (2). In 1846 the com-
mittee of the New York State Agricultural Society on the selection of the
best varieties of apples for cultivation in New York reported concerning the
Westfield Seek-No-Further:

“This truly excellent apple originated in Westfield, or its neighborhood, a
beautiful meadow town, about ten miles west of Springfield, in the Connecti-
cut valley, in Massachusetts. For many miles up and down, and round about
that river, it is the apple, par excellence, of that locality; as much so as is the
Newtown Pippin on Long Island, or the Esopus Spitzenburgh in Ulster.
Whole orchards are planted of this fruit, and no where does it flourish in
higher luxuriance and perfection. It loves a warm, free soil: is hardy, vigor-
ous and prolific. In flavor, it is excelled by few apples whatever for all house-
hold purposes. It flourishes well in this State, particularly in the western

306 THE AppLes OF NEW YorK.

counties. Wherever it will grow, its cultivation is recommended, both for
domestic and market purposes.”

It is generally well known throughout the state but for the most part is
found only in old orchards, and there are few, if any, localities where its culti-
vation is being extended.

TREE.

Tree medium to large, rather slender, moderately vigorous to vigorous.
Form spreading or roundish. Twigs above medium, sometimes long; inter-
nodes short, varying from rather slender to moderately stout. Bark dark
brownish-red or brownish-green, mottled or blotched with gray scarf-skin,
sparingly pubescent. Lenticels of a clear light color, rather conspicuous,
irregular in size and shape. Buds medium, often projecting, obtuse or some-
times acute, often not pubescent, free from bark.

Fruit.

Fruit usually about medium size, sometimes below medium, sometimes
rather large, uniform. orm usually roundish conical varying occasionally
to roundish ovate and less often to rather oblong conical, regular or obscurely
ribbed, symmetrical or nearly so. Stem medium to long, rather slender.
Cavity medium in size, acuminate, deep, narrow to medium in width, usually
symmetrical, russeted and with some outspreading green or yellow russet.
Calyx small to medium, usually partly open; lobes short, reflexed, obtuse or
acute. Basin small, shallow, narrow to medium in width, obtuse or some-
what abrupt, sometimes decidedly furrowed.

Skin tough, smooth, rather deep yellow or greenish, shaded and splashed
with rather dull red but in highly colored specimens largely overspread with
bright pinkish-red, striped with deep carmine. It is overspread with a thin
bloom which gives it a somewhat bluish cast but when polished it is bright
and glossy. Dots characteristically large and conspicuous, pale yellow, grayish
or russet, often areolar with russet center, smaller and more numerous toward
the basin, larger and more scattering and more often areolar toward the
cavity.

Calyx tube rather wide, cone-shape. Stamens basal.

Core medium, axile; cells usually symmetrical, open; core lines meeting or
slightly clasping. Carpels somewhat elliptical or varying to roundish and ap-
proaching truncate at the base and narrowing toward the apex, mucronate,
but slightly emarginate if at all. Seeds numerous, rather small to medium,
plump, acute to somewhat obtuse.

Flesh slightly tinged with pale yellow, firm; medium in grain or a little
coarse, crisp, tender, breaking, juicy, mild subacid, rich, sometimes a little
astringent, peculiarly aromatic, sprightly, very good to best.

ReD Type oF WESTFIELD Seek-No-Further.

Besides the general type of the Westfield Seek-No-Further above
described some growers hold that there is a distinct strain with
characteristically deep red fruit. W. J. Gahan of Clarkson, Monroe
county, N. Y., reports that he has always thought that there were

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THE APPLES OF NEW York. 307

two strains of this variety—a red Seek-No-Further and a gray Seek-
No-Further. D. D. Stone of Lansing, Oswego county, N. Y., grows
Westfield Seek-No-Further which, as compared with the common
type, is considerably more highly colored, having more of a solid
red color and being less noticeably striped. The dots are decidedly
more conspicuous; the flesh is perhaps more highly flavored but
otherwise identical with the common type as also are the core
characters. Mr. Stone reports that the tree of the red type is of a
more roundish form, that of the common type more spreading. We
have not had the opportunity of determining whether there is in fact
a distinct type characterized by more highly colored fruit or whether
such differences as are above mentioned are brought about altogether

by differences in the conditions under which the fruit is grown.

WHITE PEARMAIN.

REFERENCES. 1. N. Y. Agr. Soc. Trans., 1849:124. 2. Phoenix, Horticul-
turist, 4:471. 1850. 3. Downing, 1857:110. fig. 4. Hooper, 1857:59, 60, 99,
100. 5. dm. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1858. 6. Mag. Hort., 27:60, 62. 1861. 7. Warder,
1867:508. 8. Thomas, 1875:232. 9g. Barry, 1883:357. 10. Wickson, 1889:248.
11. Bailey, An. Hori., 1892:252. 12. Stinson, Ark. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:47. 1804.
13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1897:15. 14. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul.
106:56. 1902. 15. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. [. Bul., 48:60. 1903. 16.
Budd-Hansen, 1903:201. fg.

SYNONYM. WHITE WINTER PEARMAIN (I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 12,
14). White Winter Pearmain (15, 16).

This is an old favorite dessert apple in portions of the Middle
West from Ohio to Kansas. It appears to succeed better in those
regions than it does in New York. It is not recommended for

planting in this state.

Historical. Warder says “This favorite fruit was brought to Indiana by
some of the early pomologists, in the days of saddle-bag transportation. In
a lot of grafts, two varieties, having lost their labels, were propagated and
fruited without name. Being considered Pearmain-shaped, they were called
respectively Red and White Winter Pearmains. The former proved to be the
Esopus Spitzenberg; the latter has never yet been identified, though believed
to be an old eastern variety.” For a time it was confused with an old New
Jersey apple by the name of Michael Henry Pippin, and Elliott fell into the
error of publishing White Pearmain and White Winter Pearmain as synonyms
of Michael Henry Pippin! but it was finally conceded that White Pearmain
and Michael Henry Pippin are distinct varieties (4, 7). In 1858 it was cata-

JElliott, 1854:91.

308 Tue Apples OF NEW YORK.

logued by the American Pomological Society as White Winter Pearmain (5).
Since 1897 (13) it has been listed as White Pearmain but it is very doubtful
whether this change will be generally accepted by fruit growers and fruit
dealers. This variety has been little grown in New York and is now seldom
or never planted here.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form spreading. wigs short, stout, blunt at tips, gener-
ally straight; internodes vary from short to long. Bark reddish-brown over-
laid with heavy scarf-skin, quite pubescent. Lenticels conspicuous, numerous,
above medium, elongated, raised. Buds large, projecting, acute, quite pubes-
cent, free.

Fruit.

Fruit below medium to nearly large, uniform in size and shape. Form
roundish ovate or roundish approaching oblong conic, varying to roundish
conic, somewhat ribbed, pretty symmetrical. Stem medium to long. Cavity
rather small to above medium, acute, deep, moderately narrow to broad, some-
what furrowed, sometimes russeted. Calyx medium to large, usually closed;
lobes long, acute. Basin small to medium, oblique, shallow and obtuse to
medium in depth and rather abrupt, medium in width, often distinctly fur-
rowed, wrinkled, pubescent.

Skin tough, smooth, slightly waxen, pale yellow, or at first greenish, with
a shade of brownish-red. Dots numerous, pale or russet, often submerged,
usually larger and much elongated about the cavity.

Calyx tube long, conical.

Core medium to rather large; cells closed or partly open; core lines some-
what clasping. Carpels rather flat, broad or roundish-cordate, emarginate,
mucronate, tufted. Seeds light brown, medium to large, rather wide, plump,
obtuse to acute, tufted.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy,
mild subacid, sprightly, very pleasantly aromatic, very good to best.

Season December to March.

WHITE PIPPIN.

REFERENCES. 1. Mag. Hort., 14:113, 1848. 2. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
3:85. 1851. 3. Downing, 1857:203. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1860. 5. Mag.
Hort., 27:100. 1861. 6. Warder, 1867:647. fig. 7. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1880:
277. 8. Barry, 1883:356. 9. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:300. 10. Bailey,
An. Hort., 1892:252. 11. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:589, 596. 1892. 12.
Ib., E. N: VY. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:44. 13. lb., W. N: Vo Hoppe Soewieae
1900:37. 14. Brackett, Amer. Gard., 22:191. 1901. 15. Budd-Hansen, 1903:
202. fig. 16. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:23. 1903. 17. Powell and Fulton,
U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:60. 1903. 18: Beach and Clark, N.Y. Siomeulieens:
150. 1904.

Synonym. Canada Pippin (3).

Fruit medium to large, often averaging rather large. The gen-
eral appearance is good for a yellow apple. It is suitable for home

use or for general market purposes. In ordinary storage it is in

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THE Apples OF NEW YORK. 309

season from November to May with February as the ordinary com-

mercial limit. It varies considerably in keeping qualities in dif-

ce

ferent seasons (18). Warder (6) observes that “in some of its

external characters it more nearly resembles the Yellow Newtown
Pippin than any other fruit; but, while it lacks the high, spicy flavor
of that apple, it is found to be much more profitable in the orchard.”
It has long been highly esteemed in some sections of Ohio and other
portions of the Middle West. In Central and Western New York
it generally succeeds better than does either the Yellow Newtown
or the Green Newtown. The tree is a good thrifty grower, comes
into bearing young and is a reliable cropper, yielding moderate to
good crops annually or nearly annually. Some New York fruit
growers consider it a profitable commercial variety because the fruit
is large, pretty uniform, rather attractive and generally keeps pretty

well. It is not recommended for general planting in New York.

Historical. Warder remarks that “the origin of this valuable fruit is en-
tirely unknown, and its history can only be traced to the nursery of Silas
Wharton, who may have brought it with him from the East. For a time
some of our leading pomologists! thought it was the Canada Reinette, but
this idea has long since been relinquished, and all agree that it is sui generis,
though it may have had a different name.’ It has been grown to a limited
extent in some portions of New York, but, so far as we can learn, its planting
is not being extended.

TREE.

Tree large, vigorous. Form upright spreading to roundish, rather dense.
Twigs long to rather short, straight, moderately slender to rather stout and
often very blunt; internodes short. Bark very dark brown, lightly streaked
with scarf-skin, heavily pubescent. Lenticels numerous, large to medium,
oval or irregular, raised, conspicuous. Buds deeply set in bark, medium to
short, flat, obtuse, more or less appressed or sometimes free, pubescent.

Fruit.

Fru‘t medium to large, often averaging rather large, pretty uniform in size
and shape. Form roundish or roundish oblate, inclined to conic, irregular or
somewhat angular, sometimes symmetrical. Stem short. Cavity medium or
above, acute or approaching acuminate, deep, moderately narrow to rather
wide, often wavy, sometimes lipped, partly russeted and often with a strip of
russet extending out on one side. Calyx small to medium, closed or partly
open; lobes long, narrow, acuminate. Basin small to medium, moderately
shallow to medium in depth, rather narrow to moderately wide, rather abrupt,
usually somewhat furrowed and slightly wrinkled.

1See Elliott, 1854:72, who describes Canada Reinette under name of Canada Pippin;
Cole, 1849:154; Thomas, 1849:178.

370 THE APPLES OF NEW YorRK.

Skin pale yellow or greenish, sometimes blushed, mottled and striped with
thin brownish-red or brownish-pink. Dots small, characteristically whitish
and submerged, or green with fine russet point. They are more scattering,
larger, irregular and more often russet toward the cavity. Prevailing color
yellow or green.

Calyx tube long, narrow, elongated conical to somewhat funnel-form.
Stamens median to nearly basal.

Core small to medium, somewhat abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis;
cells not uniformly developed but usually symmetrical, closed or sometimes
open; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish to somewhat ovate varying to
elongated and narrow, sometimes emarginate, slightly tufted. Seeds small to
above medium, plump, rather narrow, elongated, acuminate, medium brown
to rather dark brown.

Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine-grained to a little
coarse, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid, good or sometimes very good.

WILLOW.

REFERENCES. 1. Mag. Hort., 14:113. 1848. 2. Thomas, 1849:175. 3. Em-
mons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:77. 1851. fig. 4. Elliott, 1854:164. fig. 5. Horticul-
turist, 10:87. 1855. 6. Downing, 1857:204. 7. Hooper, 1857:96. 8. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat., 1860. 9. Mag. Hort., 27:99. 1861. 10. Warder, 1867:610. fig. 11.
Barry, 1883:357. 12. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:300. 13. Taylor, Me.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1892:57. 14. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:252. 15. Hoskins, Rural
N. Y., §3:310. 1894. 16. Burrill and McCluer, J/l. Sta. Bul., 45:346. 1896. 17.
Richman, Utah Sta. Bul., 45:17. 1896. 18. Stinson, Mo. Fr. Sta. Bul., 3:27.
Igo2. 19. Budd-Hansen, 1903:205. fig. 20. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. J.
Bul., 48:61. 1903.

Synonyms. James River (9, 10, 12). Willow Leaf (4). Wittow Twic
(2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, II, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18). WiLLtow Twig (10). Willow Taig
(34 Ton16.420))?

Willow is a southern or semi-southern variety. It has been cul-
tivated chiefly in the central portion of the Mississippi valley. Like
many cther southern winter apples its quality is not the best, but
it is a good, long keeper. The tree is a strong grower and a rather
early and regular bearer. Willow is less attractive than Ben Davis,
both in size and in color, but after coming into season it does not
become mealy and deteriorate in quality as soon as Ben Davis does
in the regions where it is most popular. Willow has proved to be
quite hardy in the North, but it requires a rather long and favorable
season for the proper development of its fruit. The fruit is not as
attractive as. that of the Baldwin, neither is it as good in quality,
but it is valuable because it keeps late. When well grown it is, on

the whole, rather attractive, being quite uniform in size and shape,

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Tue AppcLes or NEw York. 371

large and nearly symmetrical. The prevailing color, though some-
what dull, is a pretty good red with contrasting green showing
through the stripes. It is not recommended for general planting in
New York state.

Historical. The origin of Willow is uncertain. The first that written
pomology knows of this variety is that it was being grown in the state of
Ohio about the middle of the last century. It was said to have been brought
there from New Jersey (1, 4), but these statements are hardly convincing
because they lack definiteness. Warder refers to it as a Virginia fruit but the
authority for the statement is not given. Its cultivation gradually spread
from Ohio throughout the Middle West. The fruit was found particularly
desirable for shipping to New Orleans and other southern markets. Up to
about twenty years ago, Willow was esteemed very highly as a commercial
variety in the apple-growing portions of Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and
Kansas, but during the last two decades it has fallen very much into disfavor
on account of its susceptibility to scab, blight, and bitter rot and many culti-
vators have gone so far as to cut the trees out altogether on account of the
menace from the spread of these diseases to other varieties. So far as we
have learned it has been quite free from disease when grown in this state.
It has been cultivated in New York in a limited way only and the planting
of it does not appear to be increasing very much.

TREE.

Tree makes a poor growth in the nursery but under favorable conditions
it becomes large and vigorous in the orchard. Form upright spreading with
terminals drooping on bearing trees. wigs short to medium, very slender,
straight, limber; internodes long. Bark clear yellowish-green or light reddish
with no noticeable scarf-skin; quite pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small,
generally elongated, raised. Buds small to medium, projecting a little, moder-
ately obtuse, rather pubescent, adhering to the bark.

Fruit.

Fruit large to medium. Form usually roundish inclined*to conic, varying
sometimes to roundish oblate, regular or faintly ribbed, symmetrical. Stem
short. Cavity acute, deep, wide, often irregular or compressed, sometimes
lipped, usually smooth green or red with pale dots but sometimes thinly
russeted. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium size or above, moderately wide
to wide, irregular or compressed, rather deep, often abrupt, sometimes ridged,
wrinkled.

Skin smooth, pale yellowish-green or dull green mottled and blushed with
red and irregularly striped and splashed with deeper red. Dots numerous,
rather large, russet-gray or yellowish. Prevailing color fairly good red but
usually rather dull.

Calyx tube rather long, narrow, funnel-shape. Stamens marginal to median.

Core medium or above, axile; cells not uniformly developed, symmetrical,
closed or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels thin, tender, rather flat,
broadly roundish narrowing toward the base. Seeds medium to large, flat,
wide, plump, rather blunt.

272 THE Apples OF NEw York.

Flesh yellowish or greenish, very firm, coarse, crisp, moderately tender,
juicy, sprightly, slightly aromatic, fair to good.
Season January to May.

WILLSBORO.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1869:409. 2. Ragan, U: S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:336.
1905.

Downing describes this fruit as medium, yellow mostly overspread, mottled
and marbled with dull red; flesh sprightly subacid; season December to Feb-
ruary. Supposed to have originated at Willsboro, Essex county, N. Y. (1).

WINDSOR.

REFERENCES.- I. Van Deman, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1889:442. col. pl. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1891:123. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:252. 4. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat., 1897:15. 5. Thomas, 1897:285. fg. 6. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul) 76-1195:
1902. fig. 7. Can. Hort., 25:49. 1902. 8. Budd-Hansen, 1903:205. fig. 9Q.
Erwin, 4m. Pom. Soc. Rpt, 1903:252. 10. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt.,
1903 :95.

SynonyM. WINpsoR CHIEF (3, 6, 9, 10). Windsor Chief (5, 8).

On account of its superior hardiness, Windsor is regarded as a
promising variety for rigorous climates. The fruit is of good size,
attractive red color although rather dark, pleasant subacid flavor and
good quality. The tree is very hardy, comes into bearing rather
early and is a reliable cropper, yielding moderate to good crops
nearly annually. The fruit hangs well to the tree. It is in season
from December to April. It has not yet been grown to any con-
siderable extent in New York, but it probably would never find more
than a very limited demand in our markets because its flavor is
rather too mild for a good culinary apple and it does not excel
standard varieties of its season for dessert purposes.

TREE.

Tree moderately vigorous. Form upright spreading or roundish, dense,
with laterals inclined to droop. wigs below medium to medium length,
slender, irregularly curved; internodes medium to long. Bark clear reddish-
brown lightly mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent near tips. Lenticels
inconspicuous, rather numerous, small to medium, reund or somewhat elon-
gated, not raised. Buds medium to small, projecting, plump, acute to acumi-
nate, free, slightly pubescent.

Fruit.

Fruit above medium to below medium. Form roundist conic varying to
oblate, rather broad, flat at the base, often one-sided and faintly ribbed.
Stem medium to long, rather slender. Cavity rather large, obtuse to some-
what acute, wide, rather deep or sometimes varying to moderately shallow,

WINDSOR

ie

THe AppPLes OF NEW York. 373

russeted and with coarse outspreading russet rays. Caly« rather small, closed
or partly open; lobes small, connivent, acute, pubescent. Basin medium in
size, abrupt, moderately shallow to rather deep, usually rather wide, often
somewhat furrowed, wrinkled.

Skin moderately thick, smooth, somewhat waxy, pale yellow or greenish
blushed with thin dull red or in highly colored specimens predominantly deep
red, sometimes obscurely striped with dull carmine. Dots characteristically
conspicuous, usually rather large, dull, pale, often areolar with russet center,
sometimes mingled with flecks of russet.

Calyx tube funnel-form. Stamens median or below.

Core small, axile; cells not uniformly developed, closed; core lines clasping
the funnel cylinder. Carfels broad narrowing toward base and apex, varying
to obcordate, tufted. Seeds variable, below medium to rather large, moder-
ately narrow to rather wide, obtuse or approaching acute, tufted, light brown.

Flesh nearly white, tinged with green or yellow, firm, moderately fine-
grained to somewhat coarse, juicy, somewhat aromatic, mild subacid becoming
nearly sweet, good to possibly very good for dessert.

WINE.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:121. fig. 2. Thacher, 1822:140. 3. (?) Wilson,
1828:136. 4. Fessenden, 1828:131. 5. Kenrick, 1832:54. 6. Floy-Lindley,
1833:87. 7. Mag. Hort., 1:364. 1835. 8. Manning, 1838:55. 9. Ib., Mag. Hort.,
7:51. 1841. 10. Downing, 1845:143. 11. N. Y. Agr. Soc. Trans., 1849:354.
fig. 12. Thomas, 1849:175. 13. Cole, 1849:120. 14. Emmons, Nat. Hist:
Nie) 3:63) 1850, 55. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat; 1852.16. Eliott, 1854-116) ne
17. Gregg, 1857:60. 18. Hooper, 1857:43, 96. 19. Warder, 1867:466. 20.
Fitz, 1872:143, 150. 21. Barry, 1883:357. 22. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc: Rpt,
1890:300. 23. Bailey, dn. Hort., 1892:252. 24. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:
134. 25. Budd-Hansen, 1903:206. 26. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:23. 1903.

Synonyms. Fine Winter (1, 2, 5,6). Hays (21, 25, 26). Hays Apple (5,
Tt, 12; 14, 18). Hays Wine (24). Hays WinteraG, .2).64 1011. iets. 10,
17, 18, 19, 22). Hays Winter Wine (16). Hollow Crown Pearmain (16).
Large Winter Red (1, 2, 5). Pennsylvania Redstreak (19). Pennsylvania
Red Streak (21, 24, 25). WunNe Appte (1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17). Wine
Apple (16). Winter Wine (16, 21).

Wine is a large and rather attractive red apple of good to very good quality
for dessert use. It is in season from late October to March or April. Coxe
published the following description of it in 1817 (1). “An uncommonly large,
fair, handsome red apple—the form is round, flat at the ends: the skin is a
lively red, streaked and spotted with a small portion of yellow: the stalk end
frequently of a russet colour, both ends deeply indented; the stalk very short,
the taste is rich and pleasant, an admired table fruit, and excellent for cooking
as well as for cider; it ripens in October, and keeps well through the fall and
winter. The tree is uncommonly large and handsome, the leaves small, it
bears abundantly; from its spreading form, it does not require much trim-
ming—it is probably as saleable an apple as any sold in the Philadelphia
market: in the state and county of Delaware it is called Hays Winter; and
in some places in New-Jersey, the fine Winter, and large Winter Red.”

374 THe AppLes OF NEw YorK.

In 1849 the Committee on Fruits for the N. Y. State Agricultural Society
added Wine to the list previously recommended for general dissemination and
cultivation and gave the following description of the variety (11). “ Fruit
large; form globular and slightly oblate; color of a deep rich red, striped and
dashed with yellow, often quite indistinctly, and frequently a yellowish russet
around the base of the stem: texture crisp, but tender and juicy; flesh yellow-
ish-white; flavor rich and sprightly vinous, acid. Core large; stem short,
seldom or ever rising above the outline of the fruit, and inserted in a deep,
round and smooth cavity; eye large and set in a deep and broad basin; season,
ripe in October and keeps in fine condition until March. Its growth is thrifty
and vigorous, making a beautiful tree, it is also hardy and productive, its
leaves are small and easily recognized.

“The Wine apple is richly entitled to a place on our list, for it is not only
beautiful in appearance but it is hardy, productive and of a flavor which is
peculiarly agreeable to most persons; it is also equally well adapted to the
dessert and kitchen, and makes most delicious cider; in fact we could not
recommend to our agricultural population a more useful fruit. It originated
in the State of Delaware and is very popular where well known. As there are
many spurious varieties sold as the Wine apple, cultivators must be cautious
of whom they purchase their trees.”

In regions farther south and west it has long been a favorite fruit for either
market or kitchen use for which its size and form render it peculiarly attrac-
tive (19). It appears less well adapted to the conditions existing in this state
for although it has long been known here it has established itself in but
comparatively few localities and is now seldom if ever planted.

This is quite distinct from the Twenty Ounce which is known to some under
the name of the Wine Apple. The name Wine has also been applied to two
other varieties.

WINESAP.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:153. fig. 2. (?)Thacher, 1822:140. 3. Buel,
N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:476. 4. Wilson, 1828:136. 5. Cat. Hort. Soc.
London, 1831:39. 6. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:50. 1841. 7. Downing, 1845:
143. 8. Kirtland, Horticulturist, 2:545. 1848. 9. Thomas, 1849:175. 10.
Elliott, Horticulturist, 3:420. 1849. 11. Cole, 1849:130. 12. Phoenix, Horti-
culturist, 4:472. 1850. 13. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:68. 1851. 14. Am.
Pom: Soc iCat., 1852. w5. Elliott, 1854:117. fig. 10. looper s 185720 70enT:
Gregg, 1857:60. 18. Mag. Hort. 30:162. 1864. 19. Warder, 1867:546. fig. 20.
Downing, 1872:10, 12 index, app. 21. Fitz, 1872:143, 155, 172. fg. 22. Barry,
1883:357. 23. Rural N. Y., 47:749. 1888. 24. Wickson, 1889:246. 25. Lyon,
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:300. 26. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:5890, 506.
1892. 27. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:252. 28. Clayton, Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:7.
1893. 29. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1893:134. 30. Stinson, Ark. Sta. An. Rpt.,
7:46. 1894. 31. Mathews, Ky. Sta. Bul., 50:32. 1894. 32. Rural N. Y., 54:
859. 1895. 33. Ib., 55:1, SI, 190, 250, 341. 1896. 34. Burrill and McCluer,
Ill. Sta. Bul., 45:346. 1896. 35. Taylor, U. S. Pom. Bul., 7:357. 1898. 36.
Massey, N. C. Sta. Bul., 149:318. 1898. 37. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 59:224.

1Cole, 1849:108. Phoenix, Horticulturist, 4:471. 1850. Schroeder, Montreal Hort. Soc.
Rpt., 1886-87 :76.

dVSANIM

V.

2

y)

THE Apples OF NEW York. 375

1900. 38. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:138. 1901. figs. 39. Munson, Me. Sta.
Rpt., 1902:96. 40. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:56. 1902. 41.
Hansen, S$. D: Sta: Bul., 76:116: 1902. 42: Stinson, Mo. Fr. Sta. Bul., 3:26.
1902. 43. Budd-Hansen, 1903:206. fig. 44. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 182:27.
1903. figs. 45. Powell, U. S. Dept. Agr. Yr. Bk., 1903:232. col. pl. 46. Powell
and Fulton, U. S. B. P. J. Bul., 48:61. 19003. 47. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta.
Bul., 248:151. 1904.

Synonyms. Holland's Red Winter (20). Royal Red of Kentucky (20).
Texan Red (20). WINE Sap (12, 13, 15,°17, 21, 27, 28, 31). Wine Sop
(iB 0

Winesap is one of the oldest and most popular apples in America.
It is known in all the apple-growing Sections from Virginia west-
ward to the Pacific Coast. An indication of its popularity may be
gained from the fact that according to Bailey’s Inventory (27) there
were, in 1892, seventy-three nursery firms offering Winesap for sale
as compared with sixty-four firms offering Baldwin, fifty-eight
offering Northern Spy and forty-eight offering Rhode Island
Greening. It should ke borne in mind however that the number
of firms selling a variety is not an altogether true criterion of the
number of trees sold.

Like various other old varieties, Winesap has many seedlings
which partake more or less of-the characters of the parent. The
best known of these are Arkansas, Arkansas Black, Paragon and
Stayman Winesap.

The tree is a rather vigorous though not particularly rank grower,
comes into bearing early and is a remarkably regular cropper. It
does best on rather light, rich, deep soils and does not succeed on
heavy clays or in low, damp locations. In unfavorable situations
the trees are apt to be short-lived and in New York are less hardy
than the leading commercial varieties of this region. Although
Winesap is a well-known market apple, yet with the exception of the
Piedmont region in Virginia and certain districts elsewhere it has
not proved generally successful for the commercial orchard. In
New York it seldom reaches good medium size. In more southern
latitudes and under favorable conditions the fruit is well colored
and of good quality, but excepting on young trees or on soils of
more than average fertility it averages too small for a good market

variety. When well grown it is of very good quality and attractive

376 THe Apples OF NEW YORK.

in appearance, being quite uniform in shape and size and of good
dark red color. As grown at this Station it is in season from
January to June with April as the ordinary commercial limit (47).
When grown farther south its season extends to February in ordi-
nary storage and to April in cold storage. It is a good shipper and
stands heat well before going into storage, but late in the season it

often scalds, particularly when not well colored.

Historical. Nothing definite is known of the origin of Winesap. Coxe
speaks of it as being “the most favored cider fruit in West Jersey.” From
this fact many writers have referfed to West Jersey as the region of its origin
or probable origin but such statements seem hardly warranted by the evidence.

TREE.

Tree medium size, vigorous. Form roundish spreading, rather straggling
and open. Twigs rather stout, rather short to above medium; internodes
short. Bark very dark reddish-brown with thin gray scarf-skin, somewhat
pubescent. Lenticels especially clustered just below the nodes, conspicuous,
round or elongated, variable in size but usually above medium. Buds large
to medium, broad, usually rather obtuse but sometimes acute, free or nearly
so. Foliage thin; leaves usually not large, narrow.

FRUIT.

Fruit as grown in New York averages even smaller than that which is grown
farther south. It is pretty uniform in size and shape. Form usually conical,
sometimes roundish, nearly truncate at base, nearly regular or obscurely
ribbed, symmetrical. Stem medium to short, rather slender. Cavity medium
to rather small, acute to acuminate, narrow to rather broad, deep, symmetrical
or somewhat furrowed, often more or less lipped, often russeted or with out-
spreading russet rays. Calyx medium to large, closed; lobes long, narrow,
acuminate. Basin rather small to medium, often oblique, shallow to rather
deep and abrupt, narrow to moderately wide, distinctly furrowed, somewhat
wrinkled.

Skin medium in thickness, tough, smooth, glossy, bright deep red indistinctly
striped and blotched with very dark purplish-red over a distinctly yellow
ground color or green if not fully mature, overspread with faint bloom. Dots
rather small, scattering, whitish, sometimes in conspicuous contrast with the
deep red skin especially toward the cavity. Prevailing effect bright deep red.

Calyx tube quite variable, conical or funnel-shape. Stamens marginal.

Core medium to small, abaxile with a hollow cylinder in the axis, narrow-
ing toward the apex; cells pretty uniformly developed, symmetrical, open or
nearly closed; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly roundish, much concave,
but slightly emarginate if at all, mucronate. Seeds below medium to above,
wide, plump, obtuse.

Flesh tinged with yellow, veins sometimes red, very firm, rather coarse,
moderately crisp, very juicy, sprightly subacid, good to very good.

THE Apples OF NEW York. 377

WINTER BANANA.

REFERENCES. 1. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:224. 1892. 2. Heiges, U. S. Pom.
Rpt., 1895:20. 3.Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1897:36. 4. Beach, Eastern N.Y. Hort.
Soc. Rpt.,1900:44. 5.1b., Western N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:37. 6. Macoun,
Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., t901:98. 7. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:151.

1904.
Synonyms. BANANA (2, 3). Winter Banana (2, 3).

Fruit large, clear pale yellow with beautiful contrasting pinkish-red
blush, attractive in appearance, characteristically aromatic, of good
dessert quality, but too mild in flavor to excel for culinary uses. The
tree is a pretty good grower, comes into bearing young, is almost an
annual bearer and yields moderate to rather heavy crops. In
ordinary storage the fruit is in season from mid-November to the
first of April, but its safe commercial limit in this climate probably
would not extend much beyond December. In cold storage it ranks
as a keeper about with Rhode Island Greening, but is not equal to
Baldwin. It could perhaps be used to advantage commercially to
follow the Maiden Blush and extend the season for fruit having the
general appearance of that variety. As compared with Maiden
Blush this is larger, neither as uniform nor as symmetrical, better
for dessert use but less desirable for culinary purposes. Its color
is such that it shows bruises more readily than do red apples like
Baldwin or Tompkins King. It is sufficiently promising to be
worthy of further testing where an apple of this color is desired.

Another variety which has been disseminated under the name
Banana is a sweet apple. It is described on page 60 under the name
Banana Sweet.

Historical. Winter Banana originated on the farm of David Flory near
Adamsboro, Cass county, Ind., about 1876. It was introduced by Greening
Brothers, Monroe, Michigan, in 1890 (4, 5). It has as yet been but little
planted in this state.

TREE.

Tree medium in size, vigorous. Form rather flat, spreading and somewhat
inclined to droop, open. Twigs long, curved or nearly straight, moderately
stout; internodes long. Bark reddish-brown mingled with olive-green, lightly
and irregularly coated with scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels conspicuous,
numerous, medium to large, round or slightly elongated, raised. Buds sunk
in the bark, medium or above, plump, acute to obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit nearly large to very large, not very uniform in size or shape. Form
roundish conic to oblong conic, or sometimes oblate and noticeably flat at the

378 THE Apples OF NEW YorK.

base, often irregularly elliptical and somewhat ribbed; axis sometimes oblique;
sides often unequal. Stem short to moderately long, medium in thickness to
rather slender. Cavity usually rather large, acute to acuminate, moderately
shallow to deep, broad, gently furrowed, sometimes lipped, smooth or some-
times partly russeted. Calyx small to medium, partly open or sometimes
closed; lobes convergent or connivent, short to medium length, obtuse to
acute. Basin small to medium, often decidedly oblique, rather shallow to
moderately deep, usually rather narrow but sometimes moderately wide, obtuse
to rather abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, moderately thick, tough, waxy, bright pale yellow, often with
a blush which in well-colored specimens deepens to dark pinkish-red. Often
a suture line extends from the basin nearly or quite to the cavity. Dots
numerous, whitish and submerged or with fine russet point. Prevailing effect
yellow with a pretty contrasting blush.

Calyx tube wide above, rather short, cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens
median to marginal.

Core rather small to above medium, abaxile; cells not uniformly developed,
usually symmetrical and open, sometimes closed; core lines somewhat clasp-
ing. Carpels elongated ovate, narrow, emarginate, tufted. Seeds often abor-
tive; the plump ones vary from small to rather large and are more or less
irregular, usually obtuse to acute, dull dark brown, sometimes tufted.

Flesh whitish tinged with pale yellow, moderately firm, a little coarse, some-
what crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, distinctly aromatic, good to very
good.

WINTER HOG ISLAND SWEET.

REFERENCE. Downing, 1869:413.

This variety is mentioned by Downing as having originated on Long Island.
We are unacquainted with it and have received no reports concerning it from
any portion of the state. Downing describes it as medium or below, pale
yellow striped and shaded with light and dark red; flesh tender, rather rich
and sweet, good; season November to February.

WINTER PEARMAIN,

REFERENCES. I. Forsyth, 1803:51. 2. Thacher, 1822:131. 3. Forsyth, 1824:
118. 4. Ib., 1824:130. 5. Floy-Lindley, 1833:62. 6. Cultivator, 3:36. 1846.
7. Thomas, 1849:175. fig. 8. Gregg, 1857:60. 9. Mas, LeVerger, 4:19. 1865.
10. Warder, 1867:736. 11. Downing, 1869:413. 12. Fitz, 1872:167. 13. Leroy,
1873:541. fig. 14. Hogg, 1884:169. 15. Ib., 1884:246. 16. Bailey, An. Hort.,
1892 :253.

Synonyms. Autumn Pearmain, erroneously (7). Ducks Bill (15). Ger-
maine (13). Great Pearmain (11). Green Winter Pearmain (12). HERE-
FORDSHIRE PEARMAIN (6). HERTFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN (1). Hertfordshire
Pearmain (4). Otp ENnGitsH PEARMAIN (3). Old English Pearmain (14).
Old Pearmain (5, 7, 11, 14, of Lindley 13). Parmain d’Angleterre of Knoop
1760 (13). Parmain d’Hiver (5, 11). Parmain-Pepping (13). PEARMAIN
(2,14). Pearmain (11). Pearmain Herefordshire (12). PEARMAIN D’HIVER
(13). Pepin Parmain d’Angleterre (5, 11). Pepin Parmain d’Hiver (11).

WINTER BANANA

ints

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THE AppLes OF NEw York. 379

Peremenes (11). Permaine (13). Permein (13). Platarchium (13). Sussex
Scarlet Pearmain (15). Winter Pearmain (2, 6, of Ray 13).

Several different varieties have been known under the name Winter Pear-
main both in Europe and in this country. The references given above do not
all refer to the same variety and in some cases it is impossible to determine
which Winter Pearmain the writer has in mind.

In 1822 Thacher (2) gave the following account of the Winter Pearmain
of the old Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. “The winter pearmain is
among the first cultivated apples by the fathers of the old Plymouth colony,
and is, undoubtedly, of English descent. Many trees of this kind are now
supposed to be more than one hundred years old, and grafted trees from them
produce the genuine fruit in great perfection. The tree is tall and upright,
forming a handsonie regular top: it is hardy, and will flourish in a light soil.
It is not an early bearer, but when attained to about twelve years, from having
been grafted, it produces more abundantly and uniformly than any other kind
within our knowledge. The fruit is scarcely excelled as a table apple or for
cookery; and the cider, made from it, is said to be inferior to none. The
apple is of a moderate size; fair and smooth; of a reddish colour; interspersed
with green and yellow; the flesh a rich yellow; the flavour slightly aromatick,
and agreeable. There are two or three varieties of this apple, but rather of
an inferiour quality.”

The following is the description given by Floy-Lindley (5) of the Winter
Pearmain mentioned by Ray in 1688: “ fruit medium, regular, tapering to the
crown, grass-green with a little red on the sunny side; in season from Novem-
ber to March.” Downing (11) remarks that the tree of this variety is a free
and healthy grower and productive. This is the Pearmain d’Hiver of Leroy
(13), the English Winter Pearmain of Mas (9), the Winter Pearmain or Old
Pearmain of Downing (11) and the Pearmain or Old Pearmain of Hogg (14).
Hogg (14) states that this is the oldest English apple on record and that its
cultivation in Norfolk can be traced back to the year 1200. He says that the
Winter Pearmain of the London market is a different apple (15).

An apple is grown in the Middle West under the name of Winter Pearmain
which is of medium size, oblate inclined to conic, yellowish, shaded and striped
with light and dark red, subacid, good; in season from November to Feb-
ruary (11).

There is a Winter Pearmain of Pennsylvania which is below medium,
oblate to roundish oblate, yellow splashed and shaded with brownish-red, mild
subacid, good; in season from January to May (11).

WINTER ST. LAWRENCE.

REFERENCES. I. Shepherd, Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1885:17. fig. 2. Ib.,
1886-87 :9, 99. 3. Can. Hort., 11:7, 145. 1888. col. pl. and fig. 4. Woolverton,
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1889:155. 5. Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 48:88. 1889. 6.
Burnet, Can. Hort., 12:337. 1889. 7. Budd, Jb., 13:24. 1890. 8. Hoskins,
Amer. Gard., 15:288. 1894. 9. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1896:135. figs.
to. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 61:32. 1897. 11. Can. Hort., 25:49. 1902. 12. Budd-
Hansen, 1903 :200.

Synonyms. Mank’s Codling (9). Rambour Barré (9).

380 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

The following account of Winter St. Lawrence is given by Macoun. “Im-
ported in 1833 from Manchester, England, under the name of Mank’s Codling,
by the late Wm. Lunn, of Montreal. Named Winter St. Lawrence by the
Montreal Horticultural Society about 1873. Fruit medium to large, roundish,
slightly conical; skin greenish yellow well covered with deep red through
which are dark purple splashes and streaks; dots fairly numerous, pale, dis-
tinct; cavity rather deep and medium in width; stem short, slender; basin
narrow, almost smooth, of medium depth; calyx partly open, sometimes closed.
Flesh white, rather soft, melting, moderately juicy, subacid, good flavour;
core small; quality good; season, early winter. Tree a moderately spreading,
strong grower and apparently very hardy. A shy but annual bearer at
Ottawa.”

This variety is but little known among New York fruit growers.

WINTER SWEET PARADISE,

REFERENCES. I. Downing, 1845:124. 2. Cole, 1849:130. 3. Emmons, Nat.
Hist. N. Y., 3:85. 1851. 4. Elliott; 1854:150. fig. 5. Hooper, 1857:102. 6.
Mag. Hort., 27:99. 1861. 7. Kirtland, Jb., 33:53. 1867. 8. Warder, 1867:737.
g. Fitz, 1872 :143, 156. 10. Downing, 1872:10 index, app. 11. Thomas, 1875 :212.
12. Barry, 1883:357. 13. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:253. 14. Ill. Sta. Bul., 45:
346. 18096.

Synonyms. Honey Sweet of some (4). Paradise Winter (8). PARADISE
WINTER SWEET (4). White Robinson (14). Wine Sweet (10).

Fruit large, roundish oblate, dull green with brownish-red blush, fine-
grained, juicy, sweet; in season during early winter and midwinter. Tree a
vigorous, upright grower and productive, but it is not an early bearer (12).

Historical. In 1845 Downing made the following observation concerning
this variety. ‘We received it some years ago along with the Summer Sweet
Paradise from Mr. Garber of Columbia, Pa., and consider it a native fruit”
(1). From Pennsylvania it was carried into Ohio and later its cultivation was
extended into other portions of the Middle West. Although an old variety
it is but little known in New York. It is still propagated to a considerable
extent by nurserymen.

WISMER,

REFERENCES. I. Amer. Gard., 18:142. 1897. fig. 2. Can. Hort., 20:78. 1897.
3. Rural N. VY. 56:545 1807. 4. Ragan, U.S. Ba-Par, Bull 5 Gee 4ieeoor

SyNoNyMS. WIsMER’s DEssERT (1, 2, 3). Wismer’s Dessert (4). Wisner’s
Dessert (4).

This is an apple of Canadian origin introduced in 1897 by J. H. Wismer,
Port Elgin, Ontario. In color it is said to resemble Esopus Spitzenburg (3).
The tree is said to be very hardy, vigorous and productive and the fruit
medium to large, yellow shaded and striped with bright red; the flesh mild
subacid, of excellent flavor and exceedingly fine, tender texture. We are not
acquainted with this apple. It has not yet been tested sufficiently in this state
to indicate whether it has any value for this region.

THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. 381

VELEOW BELELFEOWER;

REFERENCES. I. M’Mahon, 1806:585. 2. Coxe, 1817, 120. fig. 3. Thacher,
1822:121. 4. Buel, N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:476. 5. Fessenden, 1828:130.
6. Wilson, 1828 :136. 7. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831: No. 75. 8. Kenrick, 1832:
42. g. Floy-Lindley, 1833:86. 10. Mag. Hort., 1 :3206, 78. 1835. 11. Manning,
1838 :60. 12. Ib., Mag. Hort., 7:51. 1841. 13. Downing, 1845:100. fig. 14. Horti-
culturist, 1:482, 1846. 15. Ib., 2:361, 482, 545. 1848. 16. Cole, 1849:119. fig.
17. Thomas, 1849:187. 18. Phoenix, Horticulturist, 4:472. 1850. 19. Emmons,
Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:79. 1851. col. pl. No. 46 and fg. 20. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.,
1852. 21. Hovey, Mag. Hort, 182542): 1852. fg. 22. Ib:, 19:244. 1853. 23.
Biedenfeld, 1854:102. 24. Elliott, 1854:70. fig. 25. Hooper, 1857:16, 103, 106,
108. col. pl. 26. Gregg, 1857:50. fig. 27. Flotow, 1:69. 1859. 28. Oberdieck,
4:197. 1862. 29. Warder, 1867:692. fig. 30. Regel, 1868:442. 31. Fitz, 1872:
143, 145, 163. 32. Mas, LeVerger, 1873:151. 33. Leroy, 1873:432. 34. Lauche,
1: No. 3. 1882. col. pl. 35. Barry, 1883:358. 36. Rural N. Y., 47:749. 1888.
37. Cat. Cong. Pom. France, 1889:278. 38. Wickson, 1889:247. 39. Lyon,
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:300. 40. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 41. Ib.,
1892:253. 42. Bredsted, 1893:405. 43. Gaucher, 1894: No. 6. col. pl. 44.
Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:313. 1901. 45. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:266. 46.
Sears, Can. Hort., 25:325. 1902. 47. Budd-Hansen, 1903:210. fig. 48. Far-
rand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:43. 1903. 49. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. IJ.
Bul., 48:62. 1903. 50. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:151. 1904.

SYNONYMS. BELLE FLAVoIsE (28). Belle Flavoise (33, 43). BELLE-
FLOUR JAUNE (32, 37). Belie-Fleur (33). Belle-Flower (33). BELL-FLOWER
(2). BELL FLOWER (9). BELL FLOWER (3). BELLFLOWER (4, 6, 8, II, 21, 24,
40). Bellflower (13, 17, 25, 43, 49). Bell-Flower (5). Buishop’s Pippin of
Nova Scotia (33). GELBER BELLEFLEUR (23, 27, 34, 43, 45). Gelber Bellefleur
(28). Gelber Belle Fleur (33, 43). Gelber Englischer Schonbluhender (43).
Gut. BELLEFLEUR (42). Lady Washington (24, 33, 43). Lincoln Pippin (43).
Lineous Pippin (43). Lrnnoreus Pippin (33). Metzgerapfel (43). Metzger
Calvill (28). Metzger’s Calvill (33, 43, of John 34). YELLOW BELLE FLEUR
(7, 13). YELLOW BELLEFLEUR (19, 20, 31). Yellow Bellefleur (17, 21, 24, 33,
43). YELLOW BELLEFLOWER (46). Yellow Bellflower (8, 13, 21, 24, 33, 40, 43).
Warren Pippin (33, 43). Weisser Metzgerapfel (43).

Yellow Bellflower grows large or even very large, but usually it
is so variable in size that the marketable grades are not very uniform
and there is a relatively large percentage of apples that are too small
for market. It is decidedly attractive in color for a yellow apple
and the color improves in storage, becoming more clearly yellow as
the fruit matures. It is well known throughout the state and is
generally highly esteemed for culinary uses and also for its excellent
dessert qualities, although it is rather too briskly subacid to suit the
tastes of some, particularly during the early part of its season. It
does not reach its best condition for dessert use till January or later,
when its acidity becomes somewhat subdued. It is quite susceptible

382 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK.

to injury by the apple-scab fungus. It must be handled very care-
fully because it very easily shows bruises. It does not stand heat
well before going into storage and when it begins to deteriorate
goes down quickly. Some do not regard it as a good keeper, while
others find that it keeps pretty well. To get best results in storage
the fruit must be thoroughly protected from the scab in the orchard,
picked and handled with extra care and kept from heat from the
time it is picked till it is stored as well as while it is in storage. As
grown at Geneva it is in season from December to April with
January or February as the commercial limit. In cold storage it
keeps about with Tompkins King, but not as well as Rhode Island
Greening.

The tree is a good grower and pretty hardy. In favorable loca-
tions it is healthy and long-lived. It seems to thrive particularly
well on warm, well-drained soils. Many orchards are found through-
out the state having from one to several trees of this variety and the
aggregate yield of Yellow Bellflower in New York is of considerable
importance. The surplus over what is required for home use is
commonly disposed of in the local market. Although the fruit sells
at good prices, Yellow Bellflower is not generally a satisfactory
cropper and is not a good variety to plant in commercial orchards in
New York except in the few districts where it has proved profitable.

Historical. In 1817 Coxe (2) reported that the original tree, very large and
old, was said to be still standing on a farm near Crosswicks, Burlington
county, N. J. In 1852 Hovey (21) remarked that the Bellflower was then ex-
tensively cultivated in New Jersey, but its cultivation in New England was
as yet extremely limited. A century or more ago it was being grafted into
the farm orchards and propagated in the nurseries throughout New York,
and it is to-day well known among fruit growers in most parts of the state but
it is nowhere extensively cultivated. It was early introduced into cultivation
through the Middle West and within recent years it has come to be one of
the important commercial varieties in certain apple-growing districts in the
Pacific states. Wickson says that “ The Yellow Bellflower, as grown in Cali-
fornia, has such conspicuous excellence that during its season it is hardly
likely to be misplaced for any other variety.”! It is now offered by nursery-
men in nearly all of the more important apple-growing sections of the country.

TREE.

Tree medium to large, vigorous to very vigorous. Form upright spreading;
laterals drooping, particularly after they have borne heavy crops. Twigs
medium to long, rather stocky, geniculate; internodes medium to large. Bark

1Letter, E. J. Wickson, 1899.

YELLOW BELLFLOWER

7)

7

=
.

THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. 383

dull brownish-red with shades of green, uniformly overlaid with moderately
thick scarf-skin; more or less pubescent. Lenticels rather inconspicuous, above
medium in size, roundish to elliptical, rather numerous, dull, not raised. Buds
above medium to large, rather prominent, acute to roundish acute, free or
nearly so, quite pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit variable in size, small to large or very large. Form roundish oblong
narrowing toward the basin varying to oblong conic, frequently somewhat
ovate, irregularly elliptical and more or less ribbed, often with prominent
ridges at the apex; sides usually unequal. Stem medium to rather long, rather
slender to moderately stout. Cavity medium to large, acute to acuminate,
deep to very deep, moderately narrow to wide, furrowed, sometimes com-
pressed, sometimes lipped, usually with outspreading broken rays of brownish-
russet. Calyx below medium to above, closed or partly so; lobes narrow,
acuminate, pubescent. Basin small, oblique, abrupt, narrow, shallow to rather
deep, distinctly ridged and wrinkled.

Skin smooth, bright. pale lemon-yellow varying to whitish in the shade
and often with a shade of brownish-red in the sun which in highly colored
specimens deepens to a pinkish-red blush. Dots whitish or russet, numerous
and small toward the basin, larger, irregular and scattering toward the cavity.
Prevailing effect bright pale yellow.

Calyx tube yellowish, elongated funnel-shape, sometimes extending to the
core. Stamens median to basal.

Core large, long, remarkably abaxile; cells sometimes unsymmetrical, wide
open or partly closed; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels long,
narrow, roundish obovate, much concave, much tufted. Seeds large, long,
obtuse to acute.

Flesh whitish tinged with pale yellow, firm, crisp, moderately fine-grained,
rather tender, juicy, aromatic, very good for culinary use, rather too acid for
dessert early in the season but later its acidity becomes somewhat subdued.

THE YELLOW BELLFLOWER GROUP.

The Yellow Bellflower belongs to a group of apples most of
which have fruit that is predominantly yellow. The fruit of the
group is characteristically oblong or roundish oblong and often
markedly ovate or conic, with the core large and remarkably abaxile,
cells wide open and carpels elongated, rather narrow and much con-
cave. The group is now represented by varieties well known in
cultivation in various parts of the country.. It appears that the
oldest members of which we have any record in this country are
Yellow Bellflower and Ortley, both of which originated in New
Jersey. The varieties mentioned in this volume which appear more
or less closely identified with the Yellow Bellflower group are Dickin-
son, Flory, Kirkland, Mason Orange, Minister, Moyer, Newman,

Occident, Ortley, Titus Pippin, Yellow Bellflower.
Vor. I — 16

384 THE Apples OF NEW YORK.

YELLOW FOREST.

REFERENCES. 1. Gardencr’s Monthly, 1885. (cited by 7). 2. N. Y. Sta. An.
Rpt., 8:349. 1889. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:253. 4. Beach, N. VE Stang
Rpt., 13:592. 1804. 5. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 43:104. 1896. 6. Beach and
Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:152. 1904. 7. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:345.
1905.

Synonym. Wild Apple (7).

Fruit medium to rather small, yellowish or green with dull blush, fair to
good in quality. It is too deficient in size and color for a good market apple
but may have some value for the home orchard because late in the season
it is of fairly good quality and a considerable portion of the fruit may be
held in good condition in cellar storage till summer. For dessert use during
June it has been one of the best in quality among a large collection of late-
keeping varieties grown at this Station. The tree is a good grower, comes
into bearing rather young and is a reliable cropper.

Historical. This variety was introduced by L. T. Sanders, Collingsburg,
La. from whom it was received in 1888 for testing at this Station. Mr.
Sanders states that it is a wilding which Captain Joe Winston found in the
woods near his residence in Bossier Parish, La., when it was quite small, and
transferred to his orchard. It ripens in Louisiana about the middle of Sep-
tember. We do not know that the variety is being grown in New York out-
side of the orchards at this Station.

TREE.

Tree vigorous. Form somewhat upright and spreading, moderately dense.
Twigs slender, long; internodes below medium. Bark rather dark reddish-
brown with gray scarf-skin, slightly pubescent. Lenticels numerous, small to
above medium, conspicuous, usually round, sometimes raised. Buds medium
in size or below, narrow, acute, appressed.

FRUIT.

Fruit small to medium, quite uniform in shape and size. Form roundish,
slightly oblate or sometimes a little conic, symmetrical. Stem variable, often
long and slender. Cavity acute or approaching acuminate, medium in depth
and width, often covered near the base of the stem with greenish-russet.
Calyx small, closed or a little open; lobes slender, recurved. Basin rather
abrupt, medium in depth and width, slightly wrinkled.

Skin thin, tough, smooth, green or eventually more or less yellow, some-
times with brownish blush. Dots small to medium, numerous, reddish or
greenish-russet or whitish and submerged.

Calyx tube medium in size, narrow, conical to elongated conical or funnel-
shape; pistil persistent. Stamens below median to above.

Core distant, small, axile or nearly so; cells symmetrical, closed or a little
open; core lines meeting the limb of the calyx tube or clasping the funnel
cylinder. Carpels narrow, roundish ovate, slightly tufted. Seeds below
medium to small, plump, moderately acute to acuminate, light colored.

Flesh nearly white with green or yellow tinge, fine, sprightly, rather crisp,
moderately tender, juicy, aromatic, agreeable mild subacid, good.

Season for home use January to the last of June.

THE Apples OF NEW YORK. 385

YELLOW NEWTOWN.
This variety is described in connection with the Green Newtown
on pages 145 to 152.

YORK IMPERIAL,

REFERENCES. I. Mag. Hort., 19:210. 1853. 2. Horticulturist, 8:342. 1853.
3. Elliott, 1854:166. 4. Downing, 1857:206. 5. Warder, 1867:693. 6. Am.
Pom. SoG. Cat. 1871 :10: “7. Fitz, 18727143, ©S: Phomas, 1875517... 9. fural
N. Y., 46:494. 1887. 10. Clark, Wo. Sta. Bul., 6:8. 1889. 11. Stayman, Amer.
Gard., 11:272. 1890. fig. 12. Van Deman, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1891:389. col. pl.
ra. Batley, An. Hort, 1892253. 14. Nz ¥ Sta An) Kp 23-502) 1804. “35:
Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 43:104. 1896. 16. Can. Hort., 19:84, 343. 1806. fig.
and col. pl. 17. Rural N. Y., 55:1, 190. 1896. 18. Wright, Amer. Gard., 17:33.
1896. 19. Powell, Del. Sta. Bul., 38:20. 1898. 20. Taylor, U. S. Pom. Bul.,
7:36. 1898. 21. Massey, N. C. Sta. Bul., 149:318. 1808. 22. Rural N. Y., 57:
164, 178, 239. 18908. 23. Taft and Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:192. 1899. 24.
Amer. Gard., 20:540. 1899. 25. Bruner, N. C. Sta. Bul., 21:130. 1900. col. pl.
26. Amer Gard: 21:76, 372. 1900. 27. Can. Hort, 23:75, 240, ALA. 1900) 28:
Beach, Western N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:37. 29. Rural N. Y., 59:450.
1900. 30. Brackett, Amer. Gard., 22:190. 1901. 31. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul.,
130:142. I9QOT. fig. of tree. 32. Rural N. Y., 60:68, 406, 470. 1901. 33. Stewart,
Md. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1901:73. 34. Munson, Me. Sta. Rpt., 1902:91. 35. Dick-
ens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:56. 1902. 36. Stinson, Mo. Fr. Sta. Bul.,
3:27. 1902. 37. Powell and Fulton, U.S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:62. 1903. 38. Budd-
Flansen, 19039203. 25 99: Bruner, IN: ©. Sta. Bul, 182227. 1003: gs) 140.
Beach and Clark, N. VY. Sta. Bul., 248:152. 1904.

SynonyM. Johnson's Fine Winter (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 21, 24, 25,
28, 317375 30). 39; 49):

York Imperial is an important apple which is grown commercially
in the Middle Atlantic states and over a belt of country extending
from these states westward into Missouri and Kansas. The tree is
a thrifty, vigorous grower and a pretty regular annual or biennial
bearer. It seems to prefer rather heavy clay soils and seldom does
well on soils that are light or in any way thin or leachy.

When properly developed the fruit is large, finely colored and of
good quality. There are some objections to it on account of the
shape of the fruit, which is oblique or lopsided, and consequently
difficult to pare with a machine. Storage men give its season in
cellar storage as extending to December and in cold storage to
February. It stands heat fairly well before going into storage, but
often scalds badly and when it begins to deteriorate goes down
rather quickly. As grown at this Station the fruit comes in season
in January and keeps well in ordinary storage till April or May if it

386 THE Apples oF NEW YORK.

does not scald. Its commercial limit is March. When grown as
far north as this the fruit is deficient in color, size and quality. The
reports from the growers in this state are generally adverse to its
culture here and it is not recommended for planting in New York
except perhaps in the southeastern part of the state.

Historical. The following excellent historical account of the York Imperial
is given by Taylor (20). “ The variety bearing this name originated early in
the present century on a farm adjoining the then borough of York, Pa. The
attention of the owner, a Mr. Johnson, was attracted to the tree by the pres-
ence of schoolboys who visited it in early spring to get the apples that had
passed the winter on the ground, covered by leaves. On securing some of
the fruit he found it in fine condition, and when the next crop was ripe took
specimens to Mr. Jonathan Jessop, a local nurseryman, who began the propa-
gation of the variety before 1830, under the name ‘ Johnson’s Fine Winter.’
Under this name it was known until after the middle of the century, when,
after an inspection of specimens, the late Charles Downing pronounced it the
‘imperial of keepers’ and suggested that it be named ‘ York Imperial.’ Mr.
Jessop did not find ready sale for trees of the variety at first, and dumped the
surplus trees from his nursery into a hollow beside the turnpike passing his
place. They were picked up by farmers returning from market and taken
home for planting on their farms in the lower end of York county. After its
merit as a variety for market orchards was established, it became widely dis-
tributed throughout Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, and soon became a
leading market variety in those States. So far as known, the variety was first
described in print by Dr. W. D. Brincklé in 1853.

“Warder states that specimens of it were exhibited at the meeting of the
Ohio State Pomological Society in 1855, but it does not seem to have become
generally popular west of the Alleghany Mountains until a comparatively
recent date. Since about 1880 it has been widely disseminated through the
Middle Western States and has become one of the leading market varieties
of that region.”

TREE.

Tree vigorous or moderately vigorous. Form upright spreading or round-
ish, rather dense. Twigs short to above medium, straight or nearly so, stout
or moderately stout and tapering at the tips; internodes medium to long.
Bark dull brownish-red streaked and mottled with scarf-skin, quite pubescent.
Lenticels dull, moderately conspicuous, rather scattering, small to medium,
roundish, not raised. Buds deeply set in bark, small to medium, plump, obtuse
to somewhat acute, appressed except the largest which are free, pubescent.

FRUIT.

Fruit pretty uniform in size and shape. When it is well grown it varies
from above medium to large, but in many parts of the state when the trees
become mature the fruit usually averages below medium to small. Form
roundish oblate or truncate, usually with an oblique axis. Stem short. Cavity
medium to rather large, acuminate to acute, deep, medium to rather broad, »
often gently furrowed, smooth and green or partly russeted. Calyx small to

IMPERIAL

YORK

Ay

a |

THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. 387

medium, closed or sometimes partly open. Basin rather large, abrupt, deep
or moderately deep, wide to medium, often slightly furrowed.

Skin tough, bright, smooth, green or yellow blushed with moderately light
red or pinkish-red and indistinctly striped with carmine. Dots pale or russet,
often conspicuous, rather numerous toward the eye, scattering, very large and
elongated toward the cavity where they are often mingled with narrow, broken
streaks of grayish scarf-skin.

Calyx tube elongated cone-shape to funnel-form. Stamens median to
marginal.

Core medium to rather small, axile or nearly so; cells usually symmetrical,
closed or partly open; core lines slightly clasping. Carpels broadly roundish,
slightly emarginate, sometimes tufted. Seeds few, rather dark, wide, flat,
obtuse, compactly filling the cells; often some are abortive.

Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, somewhat breaking, a little coarse, moderately
tender, moderately juicy, at first sprightly subacid but becoming mild subacid
or nearly sweet, somewhat aromatic, good to very good.

ZURDEL,

REFERENCES. I. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 8:356. 1889. 2. Burrill and McCluer,
Tul. Sta. Bul, 45:345. 1806.- 3. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:152.
1904.

SYNONYM. WHITE ZuRDEL (I, 2). White Zurdel (3).

Fruit grass-green with dull blush somewhat like that of Rhode Island Green-
ing. As grown at this Station it is hardly fair in quality. It is in season
from January to April or May. It is worthy of mention only for the purpose
of stating that it has no value for the New York fruit grower.

Page 24.

Page

282.

ERRATA—VOLwa i,

Under Rhode Island Greening group, “ Northwestern Greening ”
should be omitted.

Under Alexander group, “ Bismark” should be “ Bismarck.”

Under Different Types of Ben Davis, in the last paragraph
omit Rutledge.

Under Black Annette, second line, “1886” should be “ 1866.”

First line of text, under Carlough, (2) should be (3).

Under Golden Medal, fourth line, reference “U. S. B. P. I.
bulletin 56:124” should be “U. S. B. P. I. bulletin 56:125.”
Colored plate Legend “Jacob Sweet” should be

“Jacobs Sweet.”

McAfee, first line of second paragraph, insert (7). between
Indian and Wyandotte; Wyandotte (7). should precede Zeeke
on p. 197.

Colored plate facing. “Genet,” in italic should be omitted.
Under Sweet Russet all of the second line, including the words
“Synonym” and “Summer Russet (1),” should be omitted:
“Bismark” should be

facing.

Twenty-sixth line, second column,
“ Bismarck.”

“Pomme Grise,”’ first column, fifteenth line, should be roman
instead of italic.

Eighth line from bottom of left column, “ Winter Sweet Para-
dise” should be roman capitals and small capitals instead of

italic.

BREA PAV OF. ae

Under Thompson, paragraph 3, line 2, “Season late winter”
should be “ Season early winter.”

Eighth line from bottom, last word, “sometimes” should be
“ somewhat.”

Second paragraph, insert “to 981 inclusive,’ so that the sentence

will read: “ The following numbers to 981 inclusive are those

given the varieties included in the Department of Agriculture

importations of 1870.”

“Number 21 Veronesh” should be “ No. 21 Voronesh.”

INDEX TO TECHNICAL TERMS,

Abaxile core

O00) Dios OGD

Abruptabasine-msccc-sscomeercc-

ANtctminatemcavilty) i.e nite

ANCULeRCAvibVier cee ae ho aeeiiC ies «

AGumunatesseeds = 1. sceeeeen oe «
IACUT@ SEE USitoie sea caer Oe oie. -
/MMPALIENE TONGA oocaguaae occ

Angular basin
Apex

/NpyRESAG! THwIGIS: Soo oo cu ad Boocose

Mreolaridots esc ose ce
Axial diameter
Axile core
Basal stamens

ec ces ee ee eee

als Cee eee ee eee eee ere

Jasin

i er ?

BOOM ee econ oe Oe ek

Bitches soe
Buds
Calyx

ClO CHOC

Ce

Calyaxcituber sc etee ae eee
Ganpelswy tees sateen ee

Cavity

CaOeouUChCmOrOc

Glaspines cones inesmeesr ease
Glosedkcalivsc Frsrietacmctsmcn sts cron

Colon ee.

Colomoimiesh= essere

Cone-shaped calyx tube
Conical form

Connivent calyx lobes...........
Convergent calyx lobes.........

Cordatercarpel Siara-c cetera sere

Core te sae cee
Gorewicloseduae sae n
@oresliness cae

Core, open .
Corrugated basin .

ee ee ew wee

Cylinder of calyx tube..........

Diameters eco

Deciduous calyx lobes...........

Deep cavity

Tih ee esielelte).s (6.=

ece ee coos

@blatestorni sen see eee

389

Distant core ..

Divercent calyx labesss.. 5-4...

Dots
Elliptical form
Elliptical carpels

site ahiv..elelellese(e)e)evel ele" steal ajaia

eee ee es ee

Bloncatedscannelsm= seers

IMIGINGANEGCL GIONS sapcoscoscccne

Emarginate carpels

Bguatoralediameter ... es... ee
Fibrovascular bundles ..........
ENA Oia crts tees ioeescteie ee en ee

Flesh

Formica ease oe eee oe

Ime ICS osebaccosc

Funnel-form calyx tube.........

Furrowed basin

Cele! ete!

Generaleratines ss eae
Globosens: 4a .do sr oe ae eee

Globular

Irregular
Leaves
Lenticels

as wee

Pimbrotcalysasttbes ease
Ripped tact SoG en ee

Lopsided

Menamiamiiorein . 65 os aaceccocace ces

Marginal stamens. ...% ..01 2%
Mediancote; 23.204. aan

©) ,6Xe (6.6) Sale! ao

Motiledicoloten, qe

Mucronate carpels
Narrow cavity
Nomenclature, code

Obcordate carpels:.5./5..0 2-2 cae

Oblique form

Oblonercarpelsys ne o-6- eee

Oblong form

Ss) 0 VLC er ele Siel siete, «

38

390

Obtuse basin ..
Obtuse cavity
Obtuse seeds
Open calyx
Ovate form
Pistil point
Pibescencewen etnias cee:
Rea dita tin earn toast tee aap
Rating, general
Reflexed calyx lobes............
Regular basin
iNeeriikye aint Gh oadesoodaue soc
Ribbed
Raibbedepasinueeenme vss one
Raidgedibasines-eee rs:

Round form
Roundish carpels
Russet skin
Scanfeshsititietesccanianeiciocter os cen:
Season
Seeds
SessilerCOre mean sack een Pee
Sellf@colored es qaccis smote Secret
Shallow cavity

ee er)

Bi eles e090] ew (as alle |e aoe

ee

B00 016 6) 6 0) 06 6s 8.6 (60) 9) else) o> =

ons) aioe se mie rel\e\s, 6a) ee (e)'s

© 5/8 (0 ele) 0, 6) 8) 6)'6 6 )0' 80 6 ee ales « oe

4) Pius Oe Owl 6.016 9..0,.0)/0).0

INDEX TO TECHNICAL TERMS.

Sizeau.
Skin
Splashes ....
Stamens
Stellate
Stem
Submerged dots .
Suture
Symmetrical
Symmetrical basin .
Texture

=

Top

ee

© 0:0, © Si ene, 6,010) 0 0 010) [ele le steis (ele) a
np ¢ 0 0.6 0.0) (96 © 0) e100 Sisle) ele) sielsiie

2 © 6 © © 0-6 © 6 0 0) 0\5 ns) 2) 0) Siete lslisis
eee 0 0 0 6 e's \= «=e 0) @'8) 6.610 @ 0) elelelsvels

Tufted carpels
TWIGS. 6 sa. ds 0 ers eekeemee tee nena
Uniform shape
Uniform size
Use
Vertical diameter eereere
Wavy basin
Waxen
Waxy skin wn..0 2s eee eee
Wide Cavity -., .s'ss00 ssn

©. (0.0, 00: 0 0) 0, 0 a0 0/8: @ 0) @ cl uEe) @ #6) 86) 6) ss

© 00 6.6 © 0 6 © 00 6 6 06 60 8)” s

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

(Accepted names appear wholly or in part in roman type; synonyms in italic.)

PAGE
TANTO ICO sod Cae oreo O-3 OOD OES 227
AMMCCICDIC oncogene oebooe5KaNKeG “yi
Acuba-leaf Reimette........... 52
Acuba-leaved Reinette........... 52
Aisopus Spitzemberg............ 120
Aasopus Spiutzenberg............ 120
ESOP US SPUZENOUTE ... <1 2s 010- 120
Aisopus Spitzenburgh........... 120
CAN REMM Ne rricces cre wayelane AI
PAMRUNESIRE Os setts 12 stars Ouse Sieeorei 4
Aikens Winter (of Downing).... 41
TAN AT hte SCRE Me a BATE ENC DRA 41
NSS Meco ne teran toe! MACRO TIONS 4I
ea a eed AOA Neyer RR SER SD LECULAR
AWE (SQW Ss 60600008 00C 4
PAUISO IRE Gis i vfarecelotererselseanvaieces! 3 41
Akin's Seedling..... 41
UAT ROT OMe Boma 8 Heid EO ONG 146
Albemarle Pippim....... 18, 146
ITEREXWAINDER 3 soicieiee areieo U7, its, Ze), AE
ALEXANDER GROUP.... 25
Alle SWANN waster ieekee eis oles «esate 227
AISEUNGRON seicracircet cies ee | Ae
ALLNtOWe PAappin erect cies case) Ae
PATETSONO TAY eenicichn cut Oe ait Ser eae aris 43
TATRA, non oo popeodacdbcacne Isl!
FNVUNSSWN “og hc 44

American Beauty (synonym of
Sterling) t eiaone once Ses LO
American Beauty (synonym of

Sheri) see aehe ee eee hae 308
IAMERTCAND (BEUSEiee: geranensen< oe 45
FAWUCTACUN YDVILS Vater 161
American Golden Russet........ 89
American Golden Russet of New

IEA! & oocKddE a 164!

39t

PAGE,
American Newtown Pippin...... 146
American Nonpareille........... 161
AMERICAN PIPPIN .......... 45
American Seek-No-Further...... 273
American Summer Pearmain.... 15
AIMIO Stes octet ee cane 46
Amos Jackson...... 46
INNDRE WIS Marne Dione Sole ieee eA O)
Andrews Wanters...-..-2+-505-- 46
PAINTS rae Reavchene Ci scarce Moko MELO.
AUDI 50 181
ADPCM er iia siete scjs 015 ote a8 ie senses I8I
AUDI SIL TN RCRA ISCO CHOCO GO 181
AP MOLOMMOIE ae eo
PAW NIM RAL RR eee TORTI COS A 181
Alp) IROSE sete . 181
AYN ROT As See IIe AC OO ODS OE 181
NZOLEE GNOWDe sa adocoaasnanpoceOy, 2
Apple of Commerce......-..--.- 66
AYRE Of db VVAN noo cceccndeoce GOS
ALP YMIROWUREs criaeterectoe ei tena roe 181
INR OTIC carinii: serra rae ee Ie ee
INRICAIN SAS uae iain | aoe 2A eA Gi
Avkansas Baptistinascn.:aneecsen 140
INOUE NRISING, [BIDNOMINE SS Boao omanok 49
INIMSISING, IBIEINC Ka co ance oonodih Ue
Arkansas Black (synonym of
Ar kanSasi ec aoe oA,
Arkansas Black Twig.......-.-47, -50
ARGS OL Mery ets ote aet er AT,
LNRNOEDy Serenade cin oer eG
Arnold's Beauty. .incde ecw te 50
ARS OP PICT A ahi xe. Se Aree ek 116
AIR TERI Riwagt eae creas, ara Eee 5I
INU CUBAR Ios emretiecreiioeclo tem atier 2
ANgCUD dE TONG s. cia saptoratersne nee oe 52

392 INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE PAGE
Aunt Doreas.. <..22ss00 ose e 145 | Belliower sac eee 381
AUStN ©. cocna bones eedtan te +230 \>Bellyband 25625. ee eee eee
XU TUNED OU GEM eeee ere icra: 15 | _BELMONT #455020 eoece eee 67
Autumn Pearmain....«.-.+..--- 378 | Belmont Late..2..... 02s -eeee een
IBA MAP IRUISTAis.cn ooo od on00000e¢ 203
BARBI pat eee oes eee en eS Gul E ND AVIS mere L7, 18; 10), 20, 245)66o
Biachclore Beers aoa ee eee 88. | BENTEEY 2; x... 0m eee eee
IOC D CREB 0b oo DOI oOo 6b ON 146 | Bentley's Sweets ici oaks ral
Baer . jetevodes 158°) Bentley Sweet. canner ae:
Bailey? Ss Golden n ‘Seer Bs BIOS foe 5A) “BERGEN... +55) <2 eee 72
BATEY Sweet sc c.2sbusccbuanw cs “S41 Berry 0c. cere een enn ers
IB OCS UCT . Av. ototenkee Neale shave, <racie 54 | Bersford ...<\.cseeeea ee eee 269
Bailey Sweet (synonym of Sweet BEss: POOL... -43e- Geet eee OP
Winesap)) 2... octet 2.2 22 89.333) Best. Pool... oie. eevee eee Fe
BACKER 8 5. ahh SS ee eee eee AGS |) SEEREEED 2 oct) oe 1OV 2A 2 se
BALDWIN. .12, 15; 17, 18, 10, 24, 32, 56 | BETHEEHEMITE -222.e.ee eer 74
Baldwin Rosenapfel....2......< "56 | Bethlemite .... eee eee 74
Baldwin's Rother Pippin........ 56 | Big Hill(synonym of Nickajack) 227
Ball APPL Gey trata atoeteter ketal vids Roiare 250 | Big Hill(synonym of Pryor).... 269
Baltimore ............+.+++..... 292 | Big Romanite (synonym of Grey-
Baltimore Papin. Marae A ree ae OO) NOUS), ..c.dere. cea eee 153

Baltimore Red.................. 69 | Big Romanite (synonym of Pen-
Baltimore Red Streak........... 69 NOCK)) .:. 2% sok vo dee eee eee SS

Bandana nee i ee ee dae OTT ILLS, ON De: ae BEAD 8 7h
BANANA SWEET..............60, 377 | Bishop’s Pippin oi Mowe Seana 381
BAPTISTY on. ceisn .edatiewn cesses. OL |) BISMARK ..).-0. cee 25
BARBED 25 nanesc.scsvtstadessan. Ob |) Black Amenicon=cneree eco
Barretis Spitzenburgh....... 2.2... 225 | BLACK ANNEDIE.). (2 -pe ee eee 76
BARRINGER ...-2....0--0.20202. O62 | Black Apple: .-22 epee 79
BARRY (00% cose ess ose senees 03 | Black Baldwin o.5.2 eee 60
Batcnevlonescc seco 1. 88 | BLACK Ben DAVIS-.eereeeeeoEe 76
BATUGURN yeh oe acted lee serena 64 | Black Ben Davis (synonym of

IBASERER Gy .tcoss Ce eo ee ee OL Gano) 2:3 4i..t50nee eR ee ens oI
Barter Reet tes nakeeeee 64 | Blackburn .....0:)-0 scene 88
BEACH 2... c.cnscs esse teste etas. 66 | BUACK GIDTIFLOWER?. eee one
Beatty ects nsc esd ns ee 324 2277,
Beauty of Amertoa.....01<..045; 319 | Black Jack. .: -.. 3.503 153
Bee dé: Lave s Ls ens sess os 204 | BLACK Jersey). 2.1.0 2- eee 79
Belle: Bonde 27182 Sacco aden nase 75, | BLACK Lapy APPLE... a: ae 182
Belle Bontte:s 22. 80k. cts ne sees 75> | Black Pennock... 22. aeee ene
BellosdemRowe: secre ceo ee 200. | Black Spite. wast. oct eee 77
Brn Et ‘BoNNE....:....222..< (67 | Black Sprtzenberg.. 12 eee 132
Belle. Fille: coi. cwtk vs oieaune goo. 204. || Black Spy ss cys e as ae 189
Belle Flavoisen-p-eenener cere a81 | Black Sweet... .:0.<-5.:==eeeeee 210
Belle Fleurs cask) ea tees 381 | Black Twig......3.2..2 eee 247
Belle-fleur jaune...........0.<..» 30% | Black Vandervere..........08 58
Belle-Floweraer ne eeeen ee sade Gor |. Black Vandevere.... 2.2. pee 153
Bellelower Improved.......3.-. 204 | Blatge o. 020... onon ees - ee 208

Bell-Flower tose uivevede0ees. 300. | Blue Baldwin. ....2 io) eee

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE,

BLUE PEARMAIN ....17, 18, 19, 24,
BLUE PEARMAIN GROUP..........

Boatman’s Seedling............. 359
BORG AMON setwent vate iors otaralasw 81
BOGDANGER GRASSinic ae sacach sone OL
ROSA GNOT Ss GUESS) slaw oi otis ens ane%.« 81
Giron Nidan tute cra. se rboetekuaiee eu. O2
Bowker A prels cn as «> occ amaten lod tee
BOULCMEP Planes ae vss sdceeeeeas O2
IBOLT OW) ho.co.d o CORO ASAD, OO 260
POROUS UMass ras oseeteens « 25
BORSDORDP ARCs ee heer, O83
BORSIOIOR sown nccodévobe ooo Cau ee
DOPSAULIER etc ea care et OF
BOPSA OG etn. cco neoniacs| O4
IBORSIO TIGR cacoo amOooto cODOneoe 84
Borsdort cr is 84
IROSTOR, INWGEIDIE. 66 coco so conan ot 85
Boston Russet (synonym of Rox-

EN Citay) Maree see Gis seinlaientiaretiereioee re 203

BOTIEE, GREENING 0c... sacs <24,.. 85

BOUCKEN .... we TeO
BROUGH OWEE Dee CreeeLSaeeLO
BOUNCES AIS aa po noeasooubboon 62
BOVSMOREIGEUN a aa peer rice xoO
[EVTOTIOINGTEUD 06 00 Ua a6 oo pa.ocuD ODOC 213
IBipQ0I) ipl (ClHCBGetoconnboope5es 273
LEVRUUSHHO) Ey erga cottts oh cence cnet ative aio Moree 86
Bristol (synonym of Red Canada) 276

BEOUIERLECT AM SAC ere OO

BiH IEW ilisn6000.00.00000 00000 146
Brown's Golden Sweet.......... 343
BROWNLEES ...... 86
Brownlee Avieiseer: ee ASO
Brownlees’ See dine remecore 86
BROWN SWEET.... soe ty
IBOKEIUINCHIEUAINE do po cuoosadnos onlay Kes
SWE soao ce 174
BUEN OGK eee ee ie, 30)
Bullock Gaara or ete Rué-

set) Mio Occ OOO ceoGote Bombe allo)!
Bullock's Popping: ee Bb onc eer tee
Bullock's Pippin Coconnn of

Bullock) Ae seks tcc coon OO
Bullocks Pippin (synonym of

BEeW allt) ack Ss, Sos oA eee oe Te
IEMRAD TEAL OB bekor Och Cro OOo OOR 2s
Burlington Greening............ 28

282
Burlington Spitzemberg......... 225

Christ’s Golden Reinette.....

PAGE
Burlington Spitezcnberg........6.. 225
BMGiSi st cticce hte avoloeititik er toeke 88
BOTS ICE Cav oteh for oye haiol-ohoveisierot Melons 88
CABASHEA (Winter).........91, 176
Gabush2ages cent a oe oo ene AO
Galailles Bittern nano er 56
CANSPRIELD yen tidacie ma eta gI
Gantield@s a aonece ree OI
CANADA BALDWIN. Ban ne sho 5 wae O2
Canada Pippin (eyaoniin of
Canadasemette) pemeererern a 93
Canada Pippin (synonym of
White Pippin).. 368
Canada Red (synotiyar ae Red
Canada) . MOE . 276
Canada Red NCsymongant an ine
seau) . : Sete aE OS
Canada Redsi ales. e270
CANADA IRDINISTMNS, 5556 6u0c000¢ Boos
Ganlaiionimie in Gite eee OG
Ganadisiemixecingtaeae eee OS
CANNON J2QUFIOUR sooanenescoon OF
COMMOD IPCUATUHDs56500000000cc2 OS
Capp Miammoth....4.6+42 one 200
Cardinalen wenceata net: Cece 181
CAREOUGEe eae. 05
Carnation Apple. 96
Carolina .. : ot hae Eee
Carolina Red Si bab ae key 69
Ganon Spies ac ccre seis ee ae 22
GOR GLEE Es orice ohne eT
G@ARPEN TING .46<tigccus eee to OO
Garpeitiuimlevvettens asses ae OO
(SGT RAUOTISES BBG ce Ino ctormae boo alias.
Cains ad reves ch a Goo eee II4
CASAWOODS 2 5 o.5 352 Ss.as ee oe eee
CGhalinam Pah pitaca sae ene
Gam plore casa caer ome Sen Cee 99
Ghampron Red.: cs 84: Oooo OO
GharleseAip Plcpreee ree eee OO
CHGS Gass ete ce dee Rae deren LOO
Chatham Pippin. B Aeieris OORT ee
Cheat (synonym of Domine)... 109
Cheat (synonym of Wells)..... 363
| Cheatan Pippin: 22 oss osu: we a 22
Cheatawyss ates na ee re oT.
Christinas> Apple. i2.0 6s cee eI

304 INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE, PAGE,
Choice Kentuck:.)sccccssssc02s- 311 | De Bretagne:....2-25:-se eee 93
CHG Mee Ob 00 8000000090 0000401 311 |) De Citric. cakinsee eee eeoe 264
Cider Apple......++sse.cereeeee BTl | Delis vl ee 201
CLAYTON 28 6 foa0esesse%0ss snes 90° | Delaware os ee eee 273
OUI ed Ver i Beater pe ae & 109 | Delaware Red Wier eee 189
Clothes-yard Apple........----- 145 | Delaware Winter... ...e00.+00: 189
3) a 97 | DemocRat . «<2. Seeeeenee 105
COE MUS) irk 2c epee ieee Dept, NO. 4iOjes sneeeee ooo 282
CBRE 2 dio eeper i - Dept, No. 418: 9225ne eee 282
COCSWHEL ES: .s46.7etacto ee eee OS =
Gogswell Pearmain 2... --.2 2722 98 Dept. No. 407 ae 7 aaa S
Cogswell’s Pearmain.. Se eee Der Carpentinice snc8-ee2 oe
GaN St eee OO Der. Schwere Apfel. ....:----on- 326
Collins’ Red... ..s.e..ecceeceees 99 | Detroit ... +20 ee ee eeree cece nese 244
Combermere Apple.............. 206 | Detroir RED.............+++-++. 12
(SOMPOUNE fies ohoaios «eam Sees 329 | Detrott of the Westie 2.-o-.--eeer 244
CONFON ONS Tere Soon on lle ie ge SNe 269) | Dewitt Apples... epee eeeee 107
Gonnecticut Seek-No-Further.... 304.| De Wathe. 2-2 eee eee 107
CODP.-o 50b00 90006 60.00 0500500000 © 107 | Dickenson» +: -. seheee Eee 106
COOW ARCA och ow alice me erareteyane ae 107 | DICKINSON’ ...... 2.92 .eReeeeeeeeaS
COOPER . aula apace stent, pLOM| Ozenininar eaten Remmene Satter 93
COOPER Ma ARIKINT teh i818 iofajevnr to ets Gene 100 | Die Weiberremetie....-..-...2--. 93
Gooperns Market scneeee oer LOI | DISHAROON .... ..22 -oeeoReeEeee 107
Cooper's Red (synonym of DOCTOR 60.60.04 4 Cee 17, 107
Cooper Market)! ..c 2225-7 oa tot. | Doctor Dewttt..2--- eee eee eee 107
Coopers Red (synonym of Docror: WALKER=-e--ee eee eens 108
Etowalt)) <0... ccss.eauneeoss. 123° | Dodges Blacko--c-e eee 79
Gooperns I calinge eee eee IOI | DoMINE ...... ee ARLOO
Copmanthorpe Crab............. 114 | Domine (ssnioueae oS Wells?) -. . 363
Cornell’s Savewell...........:0. 200 | Dominie ... . ««.. deeb eee 109
CorNISH GILLIFLOWER..........- 138 | Doppelte Casseler Reimette...... 114
Coss Champion. .20. 05022202622. 00 | D'Or d Angletexre eee I41
GOSS (CUOMBION eee ee 69. | ‘DovBiE Rost... 22. oe eee 110
CRANBERRY PIPPIN...........-.- 300 | Downing Winter Maiden Blush.. 152
Crane’s -Pippinws 2. ivsccs cess. 244, | DUBOIS .. «. +.)-hs oe eee III
CROTIS. 22055 S555 cece cameraesce 102>| Ducks Dillan. cee eee 378
GROWING slave eietrctecBeyitatcletepa ae ayoeee 102 | Duitsch Mignonne.......----.- 114
Cur eDer can osih sete run ae 264 | DUKE oF DEVONSHIRE........... III
GURRANTE ee reek ineerciccercae 3 | Duke of Ri Pecan one ae JZ
Curtis Greene epee eee eee 331 | DUMELOWw . MPP ecco ccso os Ue
Dumelow’s Grbee ooo il
Dahlonega se acs ee oe eke eo 227 | Dumelow’s Pipa + ns Seer 112
Dame dz Menage.....:.:.-..-+.- 206 | Dumelow’s Seedling........-... 112
DANVERS SWCeh; ico sole cte.« operate aes 103) | (DUNCAN 22.55. ocr eeeeeee 113
Danvers iSHUcetin nc. c eh. oo. eas 103 | Durable: Trois ans... 0:0 116
Danvers Wanter. 2222002022 +: 103 | Dutch Greening... 2...) ae 253
Danvers Winter Sweet....... 15, 103° | DurcH. MIGNONNE ~.. 1. e-eee 32) sig:
Digs JHA eansosneeoocnacces (9) || JOMTIEN AN WO Msc. c6c0ocdddo05d00- 114
DEACON JONES) 25.005 Senet TOA ||| DUZENBURY a. «yt et sie ecienee 115

INDEX TO VARIETIES. 395

PAGE PAGE
ARTEVal GLUANDUBR mates sneplciels stele 16 | Esopus Spitzenberg......-.-+00- 121
Earty HArvEST........-.-15, 17, 18 | Esopus Spitzenberg (New)..... 172
EARLY STRAWBERRY.....--.--- 15, 17 | Esopus Spitzenburg...12, 15, 16, 17
Edelborsdorfer ....... oa Crane! Is; 19, 245 120
Edgar County Ked Streak. vente 357 | Esopus Spitzenburg........-..-. 121
Edgar Red Streak....++++++++++: 357 | Esopus Spitzenburgh............ 121
Edgar Redstreak.......++++++++- 357g |MTOWEAIEES oe Neha ee rae eS
ES ARCnIV SMSTUEEL. 03. sec sipers mis = 54 | Etowah (synonym of Cooper
Edgerly Sweet.........+-.-.+.. 54 Market): cascmmties eee LOL
EDWARDS ...+.-+.. 0s seseee neers eS NCE ee See OS 0 Recent 123
Edi oe (synonym of Nicka- : EVENINGS ARDY sraneeeenti. 2 Les
TACK eat seer 22 3
eile Oe. Te EG WATER ees tdeio or oieere tone tonclter evs ot hekous “6 124
Edward Shantee.........-..---- 22
Pca ee Se 116 | Paldwalder ........-.++eeeeeee- 125
Ease rUROULE SSI cis ae AOC sO oes 116 | FALIX 1.06... sees ee see terete ees Hes
ELLSWwortH ..... Petre ee TF EVATSAWWIAD ERS ae skereteistenetelcions 18, 32, 125
English Beauty ee Pas POPE a, pee 109 Pal We VAGUE. oncoconeesococuc 125
EelushmGOldemmcrocrercte cei or 143 | Fallenwalder ........+++.+++ee- 125
English Golden Pippin.......... 141 | Fatt PIppin.....12, 15, 16,17, 18, 24
English Golden Russet.......... Wig || IN, IPRS GROW oo 5co0 ooo 00 24
ENGLISH PEARMAIN............. LO} eal Oncenernereils- ce Sea 88
English Pippin.......-.+.++++-- 142 | Fall Queen of Kentucky........ 88
English Rambo (synonym of JF GH) IRORMONTHCn os 600000 cD 650 000C 278
DWamine), A240-4eee tethers -2) 100) | Fall Winesap.. «: jeter acre 89
English Rambo (synonym of FAMEUSE....15, 16, 17, 18, 10, 23, 25
AWielIS)) gas sialeavo cernieteresstarcte elese os 203 || HIAMIEUSE (GROUPS «5-2 -icclos> 1-20). 25
English Red Streak (synonym of RAINETIE Ve ore tacica cies susie oot ELT
(Domine tre aeoe ee ior TOOla |W ARVARRAS: <p ofa es cose ery wiotarexee ee ee 128
English Red Streak (synonym of Faust's Rome Beauty.........-- 290
Redstreala) nga Meese se sae SAO Ml) ON SLIRUSSEE: « dotearsociqcs side oan so LOF
English Red Streak (synonym of IEHAD. aon ction SSOsS COCO DOOD COM 56
IWreellls)iweraricrererenetevoon recat 363 | Femme de Menage............-- 206
IBTAUGD INCOM 20 oo oo 0b boo GO Or Pyfs. |, IBMNENP OND) paoovppoaecouccoen coe AC)
ENGLISH IRUSSET yeeros tre TOs | MEIERRUS bayer ne hore letra ss aoteser uote 130
English Russet (synonym of Long Feuilles D’Aucuba........0++0+. 52
slamdeRassetaly) eect LOAM, REGU eH rere hadi ce ease eit 153
English Spitzemberg............ PPS \| Ine WWE poooeddsoca5loDn OD COC 373
English Spitzenberg...........-- 225 | Fink . tn Gena ase Ta oO
English Vandevere.............. 312 | Fink's Ee iine. Bee eA Os AR eis 3360
English Winter Red Streak ESS HUAI Bien 5 Sache ot ovarerey sxe ra tes sateen Oke 2
(synonym of Domine)........ 109 | Flanders Pippin.........++..-+-+ 206
English Winter Red Streak (RUNS SHNAPTALOL A See Bat Abo bo GOOF 345
GynonymbotiWiells)Reeecsen aS Osi | SROREINGEH semy an erierisierre etl 130
ED Pe SHS WUCEE si arcte evs ovate stay cletacvel ens TOGW,|) LOR Mea reyes hee err crater terriers ceatote 131
PERS C25 ¥S 20 CCliol ne orctyeteeine aie reas 103° | Plory Bellower.. 2 nose cia acti os 131
Bumetely sso cou4 bs eas lteter 88 | Flory’s Bellflower.. 131
VSO PUSH Raccocoe alec he oceraere tenet 120 | Flushing (synonym OF Biase

Esopus Spitzeinnberg........1....- 121 SHEILA) “Gob eaeccoabooouc 132

396

Flushing (synonym of Newtown

PAGE.

Spitzenbure))/ acer ee eee 225
Flushing Spiizenberg............ 132
FLUSHING Spitzenburg.......-.- 132
Flushing Spisenvurge na. oe ee ce £32
Flushing Spitzenburg (fee

of Roseau).. Se 292
Flushing Sprteenbure a 132
FOREST 133
OPN WAIDEAR Coes oon eee 125
IO ASMIIES, SCQH item cies oconco LAK
EG ILC Tene aeas ts) sccks eae evar ricePe 311
IRURYATRG Rar 5 oie ee Ne Be 3
Frakes Secdungsossss. once sce 133
rank for Oueeia.s. scene eae 88
ERENCE: -PIPPINGs as seen ee ieee ed, Sd.
French Pippin (synonym of

Newark .Pippin):..2..6.. =. 22% 223
LEG CITENAKIUSSELs, oie woe ee 264
French Spitzenburg of Vt....... 292
Qa: Gaye ocd Ann eo ee aunt
Funkhousei 69
GOODE cs a ee Oa See ee 67
GANO Ally TBS
Gabe Serdannie cea Oates 67
Gay’s Romanite. . 255
Gelber Bellefleur. 381
Gelber Pughiccher. Seneabiaeene

DOPE Fen. OR RT CE ne ROL
OAs Ee, ea Rey TORI MIS RMS rt
Genetlonice cre eee ae ZA
GENEVA “PAPPING, os. coceayente os ale
GOntfOne eS karen eee ene ee gil
Gennetinnn oonccckine ee eee 271
GOMMEIRE YA, Chat meee eee Cater
Geunctine abe cc oe eee
Ce7MUNe ore wee sate settee 378
Cer MNGn ICVEER ce ces oc eee
German Spitzenberg..........+.._153
Gibbons Smokehouse............ 312
GIDEON SWEET. 52-4 4440085 a2ae 137.
Gillet’s Seedling. . 25 200
GILLIFLOWER 22 ss sss ee oe eos a1as
Gilliower a fers er cee Tah
GIRPIN 4.5: pe eens. eee OL ee elas
GUNET) Una atone ee 271
GIVEN S Ads bens heehee sete 149
(GLAUSEONT. cr ood tek eetee 25
GLENLOCH 140

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE.
Golden Gray... 328
GotpeN MEDAT).c ae one eee I4I
Gomen Pieeiniee see eee 16, I41
Golden Pippin (synonym of Bel-
mont) . 67
Golden Pippin (synonym of Ore
ley). 244
GOLDEN Rep. 23 Casha See eee 142
GOLDEN REINETIES Sener 142
Golden Kennet. nsec eee eee 142
GOLDEN RUSSEL oeeee 17, 18, 143, 205
Golden Russet (synonym of Bul-
losk) 2... icc cope ee OO
Golden Russet (synonym of
Perry Russep) sop ee oe 257
Golden Russet, American........ 89
Golden Russet (not of N. Y.)... 164
Golden Russet of Mass... =a LOS
Golden Russet of New England. 164
Golden Russet of Ne Y see eee 143
Golden Russet of Western New
VOPR bac oscoce Cee 143
poe Meédalivc. 34 ceeee ee I4I
OWEN. 2. v a dimes kn OIE 227
ae ara eee 227
Graham's Red We arrior. 5 22
| Grand DUKE Coketaneeee ee 25
| Grandmothers Apples s.ce eee
GRANITE, BEAUTY - pean 145
GRAVENSTEIN ......... T2505) alae
Gray Apple (synonym of Mc-
Afee) . : . 196
Gray Apple (& nonym ey Posie
Grise) aiecdulnde eee oe Onn
Gray Baldwin... 7. peace 60
GAYNOUSE 0502s 22 ee 153
Gray Romanite (synonym of
Greyhouse), sc.0:6.6 eee Se
Gray Romanite (synonym of
Rambo) w.c2i.8.5 See eee eee 278
Gray's Keepersn:>250cee eee 196
Greasy Pippin. a... sence eee 244
GREAT BARBE.. s.15.605 eee 145
Great Pearmain. 2... cee 378
Green Bellflower..........++.006 244
GHECMING 3 ss baccarat 145, 282
Green Mountain Pippin (syno-
nyn@ot Fallawater)..........- 125

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE.

Green Mountain Pippin (syno-
nym ot Virginia Greening).... 352
GREEN NEWTOWN. .17, 18, 24, 145,
Green Newtown Pippin.........
Green Newtown Pippin (syno-
nym of Rhode Island Green-
LEE West cx tas AERO SOOO OZ O
GREEN MIPEIPPIING cies sscae goers oisies 160
(GREPNGISIWEEDS® feos -.6 cleaners os
Green Sweet (synonym of Repka
WiailenmkanyPicts. <3 Sac cere ames 282
GREEN SWHETING . 5... .4seeee se
Green Sweeting (synonym of
Gree Sweet)... lometeriiecac's
GREEN VUES. eee oes 5S
Green Winter Pearmain......... 378

Green Winter Pippin............ 146
GREVHIOUSE ) tonics sp oodemies ees 153
GiMMIS Sodcoesdsoooonclit, IOp ey UER
GramesGoldeneum. nee ee 154
Grimes Golden Pippin........... 154
Grund TONE a. artets otoeen elo. faker 45
GUS CREE Se ee en Res 264
Cros Api IOUS. see ee cree ores DOE
Gros Rambour d’'Hiver.........- 206
Grosse Casselar Reinette........ II4
Grosser Casselar Reinette....... 114
Grosse Reinette d’Angleterre.... 93
GuieeBelleteureas seers 2 381
Hampshire Greening............ 282
i ZIOL SO} Unmet ed eRe Bie ae Bere 339
islet ge hal Aha cry aoe oe BAO Ome 153
Hardwick 326
EWARGROWE We 6 sx cera. on eae ae MSE
EROTIC ONE: lyn ee 208

Haus Miitterchen............... 206
ELA WILE Ye eta. 4. ied sean se ae
FLO S erstss a 25, valent Seve ENGR AS

1EIOMIG DANN Gominncebcoc one ocho ge é 373
Hays Wine Bn Ser es ore SUES.
PLOY S:2 HUN oo. Boake roe ere 373
Flays Water Wine. .05.. 080. a O73

ERA VIWOOD).c enc onus eae ee aS
VARIN Parse oe tee on eek ae TTC

ENCUSTCT, tae ene 158 |
RAT] OE SIMO ORO te aCe 158
A SIEING @ sets eee ey lacie a tte eie e 183
eM PStCdd” ssa caer eae oer 321

PAGE.
FL ANGTAGIE. “PRR ortvsoiecae ae recate 333
end riche? SRueets.ctarcie eye teeta 333
EIENINIICERS ata note. Cee ae O
EV eWHIG eR er oisonie Satce suValietn See 333
LAC OCI 2 SCUECUG seine Ob Banhe ene 8 EGE
ISIC AN ANGERS NEES GONE eo 6 oe
ISOPEN CE eh OO 0 BGO et OOO RIDA co 88
EME RERORDGUURBINs Eo t,o Fans «c/s a, ac) 2 LST,
Herefordshire Beefing........... 157
Herefordshire Pearmain......... 378
Herefordshire Red Streak....... 278
Herefordshire Redstreak........ 278
Hertfordshire Pearmain......... 378
ITIBERICA DY Genet eRe i), |. = 20
ELIE SDER ae ees ote ee ec 158
HicHLAND BEAUTY..........159, 183
FLO SA Rae eke ee Pa 25. FOO
Holland Pippin (synonym of
Domine) eee eee ce teas 2456 LOO
Holland Pippin’ (synonym of
Ploiland Winter). a 2420s. a2. (ESO
Holland’s Red Winter........ 375
HLOLUAND WEENDER 33,508 oy geese 159
Hollow Cored Pippin........... 244
Hollow Core Pippin............ 244
Hollow Crown Pearmain........ 373
OTSNURS I seman MPR tye oy Vs Se 161
PROEAGES! SWBEM. 5 2 wits je ee 161
Honey Greening...........--- 1G), TSH
HOMES SCUCBL Ie vtec aire Sack 380
ETO ONDA sac ree ten SV eivert tav ek. og Mer 153
TR OG HESS ox roe Sete estate ee 153
Hoopes Pearmain..........:.:.. 153
LOOPS Seas acto ee ae ante ace 153
TROP SON LS. 0-1 aeons ee nee aE EO
EUORS OM Paeree Rater Ane eee Oe 153
TL DUSOR sae ie eta s Aah A ce en ER
tel OCU ka Nero 41g Pye aes eee,
TLOWARE SS Ueto. 8 ine eet oe 54
LGA TIRIORT | a0 une MOPED EN Wee Meera ane
EFUBBARDSTON ©... .s<s<.+--17, 18) 162
Hubbardston Nonsuch (synonym
OL, LLubbardstom ace sae as a Or
Hubbardston Nonsuch (synonym
OP Suttom)incss.. eo a hcu ee aon
ELC ROU SSI ss aie mete eet ee 164
Hunt's Fine Green Pippin. ...... 146
Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin... 146
ERONTSMMAN: ow atau ris ae: TO, EOS

398

PAGE
Huntsman’s Favorite..........+. 165
FLvpE KING “jcaennes see oan 166

Hyde’s King (of the West)..... 166

Illinois Greening..........-....- 331
Tdi 25 aortas 6s ke ova. stop7 a eters 196
Indiana Jannetimng........-....- 271
IRE TOIOIITD io CAO ASO CDNAS ONION 167
DNGRANE Go 520,280 22. aed 167
Ingram Seedling..........++.-.- 167
I GUC, As SRA BN CSOT. 0 SURGE De BrOOe 244
Isle of Wight Orange........... 202
Isle of Waght Pippiness-c.2- one: 202
IINSIRSON SR aes Sonat 555 Bo Sree Sone 168

Jackson (synonym of Amos).... 46
UGS. IRGles > Gopo nance oneee L27/

Jackson Scedhung eee eee ee 168
ViacrsommMVVinesaprarecc cect 311
ViaCkRSINCO a. Rene Oe ren ere 135
WAGGD SH Fem penn nee eee 169
JIACOBSS SWEEPER ccseieciten eines 169

Jacobs Winter Sweet............ 169
James River (synonym of Lim-
bentwie).er Gece nee oer
James River (synonym of Wil-
LO WA Soe eae i ee aie nO

UREA TC es Ht AEE oe 271
LICLAR TEE aon Co OCLC O CIA 271
FGM ORC Oyo EELS tc eee 03
Jetersot Pippin 1 hie ee TE
JiCNilOn Bee eke ee 271
VOR NEEE Gey, a eRe ee Ize ZED
PORMCHEN Fi5 ah oe rahe ae ee 271
I CUNMITOM BES ee ae i ee aa 271
SCGSCUCOBLICR A. ok ee ne nie 79
Jersey Greening (synonym of
Otley trek eee ee een ee 244
Jersey Greening (synonym of

Rhode Island Greening)...... 282
JERsey ‘SWEET @,.05/ eae eae

JEWEDD Red. 75. tse eee ee 19, 170
Jewett's Fancived: sas saree sk oO
JEWEIU'S Teed a eee ee 170
JOs Beriy). eer Mee ee 225
LORMMANGH. BNO es 172
Tolan Mid ead nse see ae 161
Lolnsont SOs Spee cee oes 278

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PACE,
JONATHAN: 332, /3.6 17) 182A 2
JONATIVAN: BULERR Sse oe eee eee 174
Jonathan of Bulere see eeeeeere 174
Jones Seedling .s.. seen ener 43
Josie Moore 225. coaeeeee ore 219
KAIGHN oy. sence ae eee 183
Kanada Remetieraasneee ee eeote 04
iKanada=renctien eee eee 93
IKGNSGS s..3 sree eee 175
KANSAS GREENING. «0. oo Eee 175
KANSAS, KEEPER soe e eee 175
Kelley's Swect:a-5--eeee eee 219
Kelley Whité-cnceeeeee en ee 67
Kent. PIPPIN. 2.426 oo see 16
Kentucky Pippm eee eee 69.
Kentucky Queene eee eee 88
Kentucky Red Streae--spee eee 357
Kentucky Stredk:.¢2 seen re eee
Kettageska).i ics. eee 178
Keystone 6.00 ck eee Cee 153

King (synonym of Buckingham) 88

King (synonym of Tompkins
King’) iyo... 30h eee 176, 345
King (synonym of Twenty Ounce
Pippin): <.:,. 20:25 se eee 349
King Apple:.:. Ai.:eeeeee EL Ceeee 345
King George the Third.......... 84
King of Tompkins County...... 345
King Philip. coc... 22 eee 172
KINNAIRD». 5.43 cee 18, 176
Kinnaird’s Choice eee neers 176
Kinnatrd’s Favorite......:4.+.+6 176
Kinnard «2. 0.4 ses ie eee 176
Kinnard:s (Glio1ce-e eee eee 176
Kirkes Golden Reinette.......... 142
KIRKLAND. .......0. ci date
IKITTAGESKEB) 2. eee 18, 178
Kleine Graue Reinette........... 096
Klemér Apt. coe ie ee. 181
KOOUNEZ: 6 sis nies 02 eee ee
TJACKER 5.00% 6 ce Ose ee 179
LGC Quer ane®.\o2 nscale eas ROE 179
Lac Victoria Seedlings. . ca. 188
Ladies Favorite of Tennessee... 88
Ladies Sweet... <seis nes oe eee 184
Ladies” Sweets. ec: sie eee 333
Ladies weeting.. <6 «+. ais “iio 184

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

TCAD Vie aa ee eae elon ly, G2:
TEGGOMA P hile sea reta rectal ait stdin
WADYAISINGERM eerste arses ese
Lady finger (synonym of

ato lnin) Beas Sects cic ete:
Lady Finger Pippm........-
BAD Vale GROUP aes oars are sete cee Crest
Wadymblennikeie nacis 3 see or
ady Etp pines oe. =) 2 one aes ee
[EADVA SEEDLINGS: 5.- 2c eer e-
d ELT INS ASTUCAG Ree Benen cts 0.0, Sone eeke
LEGAWSNSUUCCTING « «= a val Pocie's =< 2
Lapy SWEET.
Lady Sweet Meiouse m ee Swi eet

Winesap )
Pad S Weettiee = 5. meena oe 6s ss
adyaliC ashing ton! sacm cir eks cc's 5.
Lambertwig .:.... ate
LANDON

wi ,@he) ole te.o.eleneienele sheila «2s

Kanes Prince Albert..0.. «2...
Langford

LANKFORD
Kankford:s Seedlingies. <a. .
Lansinburg
LANSINGBURG
Lansingburgh
Lansingburg Pippm...........:.
TEAGUE Haas Aheecoe SerBem oe es
Larce Lapy APPLE
Large Newtown Pippin...

ar eIRGMGO es eres ee
Earge (ROmManite mo soree cc. de

Large Striped Pearmain.........
Large Striped Winter Pearmain.
Barge Wanter: Reda aes soos.
Large Yellow Newton Pippin...
Large Yellow Newtown Pippin. .

©; Sa) 0) @ 0) 0) © .6/16/ere) ieee) eheuie io

aj(a eWeXellunuls)iee)isys (se) 0 «ie

Late DUCHESS...

ICAP VICTOIRE rac eee eee ne
La Victoria. Seedling... 40...
LAWVER
EECANHANUN. Sh AN ACaS ORS at eee
Leather Apple of Turic..........
Lecker

399
PAGE,
IEEER SWEETS cine cineca oeehran IQI
EEMIGH (Greenings «ass accne ae 192
Eehigh Grecwtn gs voc.cse ecw neae 134
Lexington Omeen: 22 iss. boc dens
Tet lemADternarsts. coh tors ss cure e ae ote 181
(Bin YetOne Gb Nits, secniee ae 193
J EDIE) pad SCT Onc ENE RRO IO 193
MEVINUEH LT Wis naa kee oem ook EL OS
IETROBER TD WilGessy eereae ase LOS
LIMBERTWIG (small or Vea). Se AGS 193
LIMBERTWIG (large or green).... 194
IG COD). JET iea abc oo datas bb oae 381
ILTPQONS IEG Nis obbons oo nou keobe 381
IECTTOGUS: IPO loeb o600 666665066 381
TORTS CSI Se AR cl Sten enenyay ee oe 108
InitlewPeavmai soe ee 89
Little Red Romanite (synonym
of Gilpin).. St TRO
Little Red Romiarsie (synonym
OLARGinanite) panes eee eee CO
IEP MOIRG N06 boooGon EG Obada6 Or 282
LRG SCOMTH Bo cobs 66050006 06.00. AS
| Side Rae ne OO Coe 206
IGG ES JPODO MUG ABO bb oo boo bo nO He 361
Logan’s Northern Pippin........ 213
OTN SA SOUR Cap ehearre RIT BOON ceeis c 181
IUONGETEED Pi oere sco ons clsoton ete 26
LONG ISCANY IBHDIOE Gobnasoooce, Ie
Lone Istanp Russet (1)....17, 194
Lone IstaAnp Russet (II)...... 105
Long Island Seek-No-Further... 130
EON ZRTP PIU Serial eee ee 183
Lone STEM OF PENNSYLVANIA... 196
Lopside .. : Bete wea LOS
Lop-sidzd Peariain evahap ton ters acayers 153
Lop-side) Pearmainiessss sos oe 25S

IMOTISEY Seton, Gee ee OES

THO WELIee ata rnaccan core tigen ae 16, 24
IMUAB TEM SWEET tis.a era oe celerocis areisiee 24
MIGABER Rr teye-toit howto ber athe 196
McA fee PROGRES SRR dere Rin ents 196
McAfee’s Nonesuch....2......-: 196
MicAeessoNOnSuCHiee saeco. 196
MicAfeciso Reds.) nave cate 196
IMI CAT Gorn eaten ee ee oe 197
McAffee’s Nonesuch...........-- 197
McClouds ‘Famatly.s ccc Goa ee cee’ 127
Mc ouds Panthy sd .a came coved 127

400 In

IMIGINTOSTH Sarcceieee
Mackinlay
MGKIN-EY 9.5. eee
MGCKINNEN: Jace. Soe eee
IVICA GE INGISAsee peer rere eee

MIATDENG SD IGUSE.t . oc. peters =
NIVACICC RTS D fears coysc ay oo pacer ates

6; 6,'0\.© @). 0,0_'e) ole je) ef.oneleleiie|-« 19), 0) =

ba) 8) 0 0) (0 0) @ ee | @ «6 ile «6.0. « eLel™

MMiariunia Bait. n-ne ee eee
VEGI BC ON eaten nae

AllG/y, Hoy AO}

PAGE, [|

Ze

197

Mammoth Black Twig (synonym

of Arkansas)..

Mammoth Black Tene g (seneniyin

of Arkansas Black)

Mammoth Black Twig (synonym

Olive atagcory un cisycsecinee eee
INVAN GEIRG TERY. act atone ae oe ioe
WkonbeS COOHKMBRS bn o5p0e900005 006
MANN. ..o... Eo EN RIC BI -
Marietta Ruston Brad eleven irate

Marietta Seek-No-l'urther......

NEARTCOED Eee

Marigold Papin SPs oe
Wiaylen Gar less ccacapicre nice eae
WHGV. OGIO oe eo oe eee ee ee
VIPAT TEAM ree need Ut a ORC eos ay sate
Marygold
Pinson, WORANGE..- sewn. Acces
Masons; lit Proved s«mierel ae tiee
Mason's Orange.. 3
Massachusetts Colten Rises pens
MASTEN .....

Masten’s See alin.

Matchless
May .
May
May

Apple.
Seek-No-Farther.

May Seek-No- Further. ae
Malas Gornlaned on ee ec oe Oke
Miglasdcn@arlGiee soe oeee eee
MielasdiGarlonn ae oe rere an
WNC IG PHAR bh babes yoe ones bo oe
Melinda, oe cwere. or tee iat ne
WEBLO ocho. c21- 15, 24,
MiglonaAipplersscastecr pore noe

NDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE
Melton de Norton. ....%s02.+0«00 204
Melon, Nortona. 1 eee ree eee 204
Melting. Pappinesscee lene eeeeeee 244
Menage 6 ..%0iss.ceiele eee eee 206
MENAGERE..5 225.000 Deore 206
Menagerie .%.c.00 sce pene ec OO
Mere de Menage =n eee eee Oo
Merit soa sc Ee eae ee LOS
MERRILL .... /s: Bees = eee 207
Mernll's: .... eee ee 207
Merl ssA fp plea eee eee Or
Metzcerapfel eee eee 381
Metzger Caoluill eee
Metzger's Caluiikeepe-eeseeeeee 381
Machel: Maller. see eee eee 158
IMGDDLE! ..., .-.3:2 nce eee Ord
MaLAM® 20:0 cen eee epee 208
MILDEN’ 32)... 248 ose Cee 209
Milding x22. ches eee ieee 209
Millereek! : cc eee Oo 312
Millcreek Vandevere.........-.. 312
Maller 0.6004 cone eee 158
MILWAUKEE ....... ose coe
MINISTER: «22 22). 2) eee eee
Master Apple.oceeee ree eee 212
|) MGENRIER: <...:.. 2 -cievahs ep tone
MirssinG: Tctnik: 3-2 ee ee eee
Missouri's sss 8e ae eee 215
Muassour Janet eee eee 271
Musso Neep er. - eee eee 215
Maissoum Ondnces- seen ee eee
Missourt Pippins 2 eee Lome
Masson Pippin cere eee ere 215
Missouri Pippin (synonym of
Nickajack)) 2... 22.e eee ra
Mussoury Red... 50.2 eee eee 227
Massourv SUuperioja ase eee eree 197
Miattle. oo s0.00+. ne pare ee 207
MObDS:.. teas ctetee eee 227
MoNMOUTH ..... 216
Monmouth Pippin PING)
MonRoE SWEED. 2... coh eee 24
INTOO Nae PRE oe enc ue
Moore’s Late St aber OS eS IE 219
Moore's Shanty... «205 see 219
Mioore*seS weets. ci eet 219
Moore's Sweeting... ....a.2-5eeeelo
MOORE SWEET 4... 0042+ eco p oe
MOORS, StUCEUNE.. 00 00 odin eee 219

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE
Morris Red..... 5 Be
MOTHERS: 2acn see aes sea: I5, 24
Mountain Pippin (synonym of
Fallawater) tte oo.ccseso<. I2
Mowntam Pippin. 00425205452... 146
NIOMIEREER Serene. ae tte aes © 220
MUGVCT BTIZE sc. sé s «os apes +s 220
Mumper Vandevere............. 213
Neasleyegeyy Miler. «ss sine ctelas <0 « 255
Neisley’s Winter Penick........ 255
SENET SOMMPME RY. «cis ahaeteneiaes hecs 220
INA OTE SCAG SARIS O-O. 0.0 2 OCC 221
INGE PASSO a: . «2 octsene oe $3
INTRO: Ges onc Battee Geren GU clue nee
Neustadt’s gelber Pepping....... 149
INCI GUN eaves eaievenexel ei atatate terse iSucere 27T
IS REGGAE She On ao. Bn Cis Oe 271
INEVWEAREKGS PAPPINiyseetcraecilc ios o5 3 22
Newark Sweeting... .2..0.22++. 91
INGZODON Soc % ference nn ceers Ge wale sue 1C7
New England Golden Russet.... 164
New England Russet............ 104
New England Seeknofurther.... 364
New Greening.... son Seal
ANTES WIMUAIN hare, oe oh arene 2A 22
Newman See dling # bf See 22
New Missourt. . Seren, GY
New Rhode island Gennr..«. Beir
Newtons Pap binwee aaeacies. etoe 116
Newton Spitsemberg... EOS
Newton Spitzenburgh........... 225
Newton Yellow Pippin. . 57146
Newtown Pippin. ..11, “= Ge . 146
Newtown Spitzemberg.......... 225
Newtown Spitzenbergh.......... 225
NEWTOWN SPITZENBURG...15, 17, 225
Newtown Spitzenburgh......... 225
INE We VWATER cio tincknisiee sisi e eereeO
New York Greening..... 146
New York Pippin (synonym age
Beni avis ir cg ecg is te see OO)
New York Pippin..:.........0. 146
NICKAJACE S00, 227
Nachejacksys <ini.ctc Ce tere ee
INODWCGD tee cide eee ee 170
Nonesuch (synonym of Red
(Ganada)) essere 276

401
PAGE,
Nonesuch (synonym of Hub-
bardston) . SG Ae LOL
Nonpareille ite Bappardden: Peis. 161
Nonsuch (synonym of Hubbards-
COTY) Manes aes star cierto 161
Nonsuch (synonym of McAfee). 197
Nonsuch (synonym of Red
Canada) Gans ee rain ae 2
Normanton Wonder............ 112
iNiorths GanglinGnce eee eee 227
NORTHERN SPY. .12, 15, 17, 18,21, 24
37, 229
NORTHERN SPY GROUP........--- 24
NORTHWESTERN Greening.....24, 233
Northwestern Greening......... 233
North West Greening........... 233
iNiortontss Villon eee ee 204
Norton lWVatermelon............ 204
OUNKIEAIND bag Apacer 234
Oakland County Seek-No-Fur-
AC Gee Biche SRO Oe AC 234
OCCWENT Aone ore eee 285
Qel isc se dive ne seences Dae teen eee 236
OEE AUSTIN: 2 has eee eee eA eee oO
Olio. Favorite... iin. vox ere Bide 244
Oro NGNPAREIL 3 bee-eeeenOo
OLDENBURG) 2 wa sane coe 17h, ths, Ds, Ae
OLDENBURG GROUP). Qs) onsen
Old English Pearmain.......... 378
Old Golden Beppe. 2. es ee TAL
Olde Nonsuchenn cso eer cee 276
Old “Pearmatn= fennel. eee 378
OUINES pci ee ee eee 237
OUGIVERS ces throtiny ee error eehers enone 238
Ohwers Red: 522252 eee ee 238
@TVMPTAG 2h eee ret oe eee OO eR)
Olympia Bataan Ser tik apache ies 239
ON DARIO as ers tac eee. 2 eA AD
OPATESGENT 29322010 Oca Serene eer 2Ae
OPO EMLP PUN netted cts cele ne ote 202
ORCAS 6 ola stteee he oe nee 161
ORNAMENT . on Oa on Some
Ornament dé Table heed a Re ee 243
Ornement de: Table. o2...5. o.s-. 243
ORT, Heese oh ocntohe eer eee eae
Oriley Aippletassascnsce cee 244
ORE Pep Pit sian Visto seared re Mo 244

402

PAGE,

Ox-Eye (synonym of Bucking-

hain) isacwde secre eres meme 88
Ox Eye (synonym of Newtown

Spitzenbune)) meeaereeeeeeeraeee 225
OBWCOGE ioc ees a re TO OO
ON fii Parse ercicnn O10 OOOO ONO OOS 135
PALMER . TOA Ort rar, Sem OY.G)
Palmer pe GEE BISCO OS OD oa 0 361
RalwernofmNa Zane cancer 210
Paradiscyyaniers: ones cae seis a2 380
Paradise Winter Sweet... 380
IDNIRAGON: oaabedso ...24, 246
Paragon Canon ni ipicansish 47
Pariser Rambour Reinette....... 04
Park (synonym of McAfee).... 197
Park (synonym of Park Spice). 248
ParkivAlpple.. mene oonpar ane ere c45
Parks Keeper...... 197
PARKS SPICE racic teens Mie Oe eAD
PUARTEIN mean ee cist einai ete aunnd e215
Parlin’s Be ua ae Sale igen hese aoe 248
Parmain d’Angleterre........... 378
Parmain d Hiver.........- 378
Parmaim-Peppinge, 2 ase e eee .se es 378
VARS ON Mrraceds cine oa avoLa er Eee AAO
Parson's Sweet.. Mind pose co
Paternoster Apples Zs ia spate axsteienet tae II4
OLErS ONE SUCCEED EE eee
Pattersons Sweets ose | aoe 54
Patterson Vs: weetectewes eae 54
RAWPAWP cL tae ae aber och erie sO
Pawpaw iscedlote Bh anteaters trae 250
PAVINE ee saniae Pace noraa a ae
Payne Late Kee sper MR ervonstercte tee 259
JEON ES IREGNO Pa 30 0505 0000000005, ZA
Payton. skiace sae take oe eee AE
IPRACH #. Rita nee hie he ee aE 251
Peach of -Keniuckyccn vecr. 24 251
PEAR MOAN ae eet: Ete keane eee oe
Pearmain (synonym of Winter

Pearmain ) Lap 378
Pearman Gd Hivernn.-.s.62 ee eees 7°
Pearmain Herefordshire......... 378
PO a sioiaze neat aee Mere eee ee to 264
Peek 22 Sa See eee occ 253
PCR OPP Sohn tee OTC Le 56
PECK Picasanipe. een eee es
PeckisePlegsantaaece por Coner 253

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE,
PECWOAWICCE Jamiarereverstele\cieioer torent 258
Pelican -.2. 38 cetacece cee een 255
IPONIER® -.:0 ord de woes eee Oe 255
PENMER ae .s.cei0:3.4 sate roe 255
IPENINOGCK. .ois5;s:0 30 Oe 7255
Pennock’s Red Winter.......... 255
Pennsyluama Cader. see. 311
Pennsylvania Red-Streak........ 373
Pennsylvania Red Streak........ 373
Pepin de New-York............ 60
Pepin @ Ot. 3 5t eeeeeoaee 141
Pepin Parmain d’Angleterre..... 378
Pepin Parmain d Hiver.......... 378
Peremenes 2... eee eee 379
Permadine os iver eee ea
PeHiNetn n.d oe 6 ee eee 379
(PERRY: RUSSEL Renee eer ere 256
PETERS: Gere eas. 2s
Petersburgh Pippa jsssavee wt aceereee 146
Petit Apt: -<s.ci. See a een
Petit Api Rose=- eee eee 181
Rett App Rouge... eee eee 181
Petit Apisic.:. . saan ceeeeee 181
Petite Reinette Grise............ 06
PEWAUKEE «. ... 0) See eS
Pfeifer 262
PREWHROT coos nos kee 262
Phund wiv. «os vee eee ee eee 206
Philip Rick.. a 172
Phoenix fasnoneel of Pannoeor 255
Phoenix (synonym of Rome)... 290
Picard «as too eee 260
Picardis Rescrucs. eee eee ee 260
Pickard o3i.30072 eee eee 260
PICKARD) VESERVEL cieienere terete 260
Pickard’s Reserve 260
PIFER as can 52k eee) eee 262
IED AD oo 00 500.6 Jie SoS
Pim’s Beauty of ie West. saaares 125
Pineapple 2. ..6s0nwe ces 257
Pineapiple Russet: 2.--2 eaeeeeeee an
Pine’s Beauty of the West....... 125
PINE*STUMP':..c 00 6 37 See 263
| 0) 1 aOR RIO OU so b4 3.6056 262
PIPPIN wd asin ahr
Pippin (synonym of Newtown
Pippin) © 23650 bccn eee 146
Pippi WICC eee een 89
Ieaeipe JET 5 00.0000 269

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAG!

Platarchium ..... Raed onene 379
ZONE DG 36.4000. OSUO COONS OSCR
IZ TPH Chala occed0ba000 00 boc 181
Pomme G@ ApUROUge nanos: os 4. 181
Pomme GA piss once. casccctees IOI
OMe EG OGEN wis. nosis sieters 04
Pomme de Charles. ............. 199
Pomme dé Cuar.. ....ccccascees+- 204
Ponimnendenker=. .: .. sec +3. 292
Roniniendem cau: +2. caeeeee >. CA!
Pomme de Transylvania..... 64
ROmmemlinale.. Senn comers +> > 199
IPOMIMENGHCE so o.0 5 sa Mae ose se )* 264
IMEC. (Gruso so boos 00 650 dd aaOur 264
(POmimMenGiSOs. asc acaeie oe leketes 2 204
Pomme Grise d’Or.....:....-+-+ 328
IPO RG IROSCo oo pomoo boo Oe On aae 181
THOMNNTCH OW ei totn oasis ae ae es «'s TOFS
EDTA TOD. IROOM Farce enc Bic Tico Oo OIE 255
ZOUUCWENAPA DUS Aerie ee stele cheers eels ISI
OMG? AN Qilfcs 60 So oboo oocs ob aone el!
Popular BU sen ae. ents SLL
IRORTER 2 aera se pee eae ole LS
[MOL AitaG | dents oretonicd bie BARC On eane O4
Poughkeepsie Russet (synonym

Gri IDaalhiGur RSS) ocacsecosce Wits
Poughkeepsie Russet (synonym

of Perry Russet). = 257.
Pound (synonym of Fallaw ater). 125
Pound (synonym of Nickajack). 227
BOUND S WEED rete Atco fs sone 206
Pound Sweet (synonym of Moore

Sweet) Sone R ECE PIO)
Prager Reinette Franche de

Grandville Sit ate ZO
LER OLERES Rete sees sri one corks Sees 266
PRATINSWEET. vane Voce cee a2 00
lZrnueroye lal Woinn co oueaadeose se | OF
PVA CRO faNiG UGS) os oe cteteere te es 337
Prderop the FuUdsows saan. socek 62
Priestley . ve 267
Priestley's Lie rican. 267
PRIESTLY sige 267
PRENGELATBE RD. secidata a echt ee 20S
Prince Albert (Lane)........... 268
Princesse Noble. sp onus onde 142
PMIOK So edte Reds. S288 poke ene ae 2
VECO As. KCL on ee ee eens eke Bee 260

403
PAGE,
ROUIRICM BAUM Year. eye ree 16
Prolific Beauty (synonym of Pen-
nock ) » 255
Prolific Beauty (exconsia be Blac
Pearmain ) So
PRYOR .. BR i a ey shite 71000)
ZF OPP UIGEG sor deat aicrrsy wae cyors id cetetere teers 269
Pryor’s Pearmain. <s2.....+.0... 200
EWVOR'S: INCAS 5 tre enya eas ante seks 2609
PUMPKIN SWEET..........16, 17, 18
EMT ONS IRUSS Ginn oon cosoagonoe Zh)
IVE. IRMISSOUB corc.g.0'0 0. 0obo0e DaOe 203
Putnam's Savewell..........-..- 299
Ouaker 321
QITERINGR tea cs hater eee itso ore 88
Qucentoyvellayi00d seer eee LS
QUES) iydarevoieesee lees ese 84
@UINCER saeco coe 17
RUATEIS Stevan nieces Socae ats Mone ON eee 0)
REATEESMGROUD jee de 202 cient eee
IRNEO (CONG opae Baeo Cot oo COND OC 271
IRONS OMG 56 Booleans bom DO Oc 271
IREAINB OUR Ss a eer here eos 7h, TS, Bey 7/2
Rambouillet VAR Sener
IRCHANONMCHE 5occconc00c0n0c0K6C 273
Ramboulrette Mod AS ters LOO
IRC MOONT? IBOTARs6o co oscccccnoon]e BVO)
IRCOHGAMCTOTD I SO BODe OG Como OCB De 271
IRHUC'S (GClElnxe seopindoodnoooovoo 27)!
IRGHES CHC. oa 606 6680000 650000 Zyl
IRONCLS WOVIGin ao Oboe 50 0b00060 be 277
IROPHAS MOC on nacose oo oounoooe Zyl
IROPUES NG Gito soap obdcondasodo0c 271
IRGYUEAS YOM Ox ooo csoouasc bec 271
Raule’s Jannetiing. 2225... ...... 271
Raule’s Fennetting.............- 271
Raul’s Gennetting..........-...- 272
IRINA (GOLGMeoceposcosuaccHes 271
IRON E SNOT CREAR da 6tooods ou bUCe 271
IRGUNES UGHONES 5066 0a onor Oso ons 271
RGULe SONNE tos ance aes eee ek
INORG ICHTUO morte nad bao onCO 271
Rawile’s Jenneting.=......00+.++- 271
Rawle’s Jennette...... Roney 7A!
Ike Maries bo bhoebonduood to 27
IRCA ART Cast ae PA eS
Rep ASTRACHAN. ee ype lier ise 215)
Red Baldwin Pippin............ 56

404.

PAGE
Red Ben Daviscc. Aan se epee eee 135
RED | CANADAG ces ore 1550245 37,275
RediGanada or Onteeree eee Oe
Red“ Caticadi ax. pein ous ase 2607
INGE Gee lee re re ee,
Red Cheeked Pipi sae 217
ied (Oeckeeap piece serie oe 217
REdaiG od lin ee rtea 2. eee are Se
IR Gol IDINCHOES solomon oo 8 bo.o0 oo og LGy/
RED BEDS CT ae 5 sis eee Soe 116
IRGG0h IBAA AIS moo 50 bo ocean 15S
Regs GHGHOWE 7 Seen.
RedGlona Mundi...5.0%. 12555225 88
TREO SENGZEl 2.3. see a ee teehee) 22
RED SENOWS C:... sco mteealonctets tae ae OI 88
Red wcady ange rere ei elie = 183
ICD MEDNLD CHEWS ae ete LOS
TRG oF ehcin, cts eusiets rel ane'ay apse cietele IOI
Red Neverfail eeca. mec nee 271
PRED MORE tas os: cro telererenerite Sirens ty ois olols 255
Iga! IPB PNGE Rs onabo vss 008 bc S255

Red Pippin (synonym of Ben

IDERGS)) ceoge 69
Red Pippin (ance ah Nice:

jack) . es PRA eA eT,
Red Pippin (arionym of

Sireakedmcippin) seer ree 321
ROMP OUR 4... 56 3s Ge
IRA Mel RONG) Se ERAS OCG OT 188
Red IROmLaNite:; ceicee > le ceehselelens 28)
Red Romanite of Ohio.... 138
Rep RUSSET. 275

Red Russet (esaongin f PryOT). 269

REDSTREAKi ac. .s oe Ree eee
Reds Sipeak eres cece 278
ied Sweet sap pine eee ae 219
Red Sweet Winesap...........- 333
Rep TYPE OF WESTFIELD Seek-No-
Farther = Fatt cn PEO ee etor 366
Red Vand euere sna eee 312
Red) VAarrioren sn eee eer 22
Red VWVaniiermcacce donee ee 276
Rep WINTER PEARMAIN......... 183
Red Winter Pearmain .......... 279

Red Winter Pearmain (synonym
of Westfield Seek-No-Further) 364

REDSWINTERY EIPPINS esol emo 183
Red VWanter Sweety. see ace 219
RETNELIE ics, on cate ee eee 270

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

Reinette
Reinette
Reinette

Reinette
Reinette
Reinette
Reinette

Reinette

Reinette du Canada...

a feutlle d’Acuba.......
Canada.....
Canpentii ae ee ree
Reinette de Caen....

oy a as fee) oh en aap

de Canada a@Ccies.....-
de Caux....

© 0 fe) 06 (se) soa

Reinette du Canada aCortes....
Reinette du Canada Blanche.....

Reinette Grise de Darnetal......

Reinette Grise Double
de Grandville....

Reinette Grise

Reinette Grise d Hiver.........-

Reimette Grise Exira...+.+.5+20-

Reinette Grise Franchaise.......

Reinette Grosse de Angleterre... -

Reinette Monstreuse de Canada..

Reinette Pepin........
REINETTE PIPPIN [aeeeeee ee reee
Reinette toute Grise .
on. Conadae eee
Reipka Melenkaya...
REPKASIMIALE NIA. see ere
Rhodesisland... -seseoeeee eee
RuHopE ISLAND Greening. ..12, 15,

17 18, 19, 24,
RuHopE ISLAND Greening GROUP..
Rhode [sland Russet.

Reinette V

ee eee ee ere

Rhode Island Seek-No-Further..

RipstoN PIPPIN .....
Richardson's Red.....

Richfield Nonsuch.. .22eeeeeeneee

Rickmans Red........

RIDGE

Radged Pippin see re:

Ridge Pippin..

es

OG OWA eke oe eae

Robinson
Rock

ROGR Appleman sete

®. 0) 0) =) =; =n hei

see ew we eee

ROCK, PIPPIN .:< .«.:¢ sen cee

Rock®Remain........-

stew ew wens

PAGE,

PAGE

Rockremain CROC Oy Ser ROR!
IROCRY RUM OM en te teks aro ee 270
TROGR TINTON a aeons wrote 271
Rolland 07
IROPMCT. ISCO cangabes spoconad Zo
ROMANITE . Bh Se Ae Rae See DO
Romanile (synonym of Gilpin). 138
Romanite (synonym of Grey-

Ine) Qa a eebomeenete.on ocacaees 153
Romanite (synonym of Pen-

nock) . 5, 2ER
Romanite iene of eiboy. 273
Romanite of the South.......... 289
Romanite of the West.......... 138
Romanite, South..... . 289
IRD. IRE Nt an o¢occcnce se OUr 255
RoMAN STEM....... SpA ans
FROME src eraucyotaa asics praetor B20 209
ROMe Beauty ai). iin.. fle mits otehecs 299
RIOSPAUs se aecreut tei ae obi neler) 202
ROsE-COLORED LApy APPLE....... 182
ROKK at cco a omcce te coscr 333
TCOSSC Gib. eee eames eee 292
IROSSEGLECNING> sierra oe ees 352
TRCOIA Ne Bea I poeeeterce cs o.216.0 0S 0.0 COMO 116
Rouge Jeska co odo 0080 AbOL 116
IRONED We APT MO Poa os og od Den Beae 269
Rouge Rayée (synonym of Eiser) 116
Rouge Rayée (synonym of Red-

streak ) es a 27O
TROR? cra sieverscte s1oe VALS Meese 8 Shee 204
ROMBURYR aaa oe is, 10), 17h Wey ze
IO OULN RUSSEL Reece 293
Rovbury, Russetingn me a. 6024222 203
IROES IRA rk Haieeacie ns on Soneeror 204
Royal Janette...... 271
Royal Red of Kentnclere, 375
Rubicon Eis ace ure
Ruckman . S SOG LAER RA
TRUCKIMONS IGE Dc sits. asc, Sti et se eT,
TUSS CEP Porat atk P oe oe 204
FRaSSCL BAT WING 22.0 over enic one 59
Russet, Boston or Roxbury...... 294
RUSSEL GOLA er etna lA
Russet Pearmain.............-. 164
Russet Seek-No-Further........ 304
RUSSIAN JSALDWING.. acess ote 205
INEPEREDGES 9) onvckin coin Sab meen AO. 206 |

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

405
PAGE
SS IEG! IRGISCRis 65000 be od 6okc 94
Sr PaAwRENGHeesece see ote 1G, <stto!

SATISBUR Yo iieoanat ene oO,

Salisbury ease F 207
Sollistiay (MMOnC Ps Bopp oo na cbooc 207
SATOMI ac ceyecercinrevere.e ores wie MOAMECOT,

SUES soe ae cha atte ete
SCARTEDRE BEAU erence eee

SGARTET CRANBERRY s... 6022.02 299
SCARLET. bTPPIN Arteta scien
ScHODACK 300
Schoolmocker 301

SCHOONMAKER . Ose. a ee
SOnaCHE. AliG IWR Acs snoaogene
Sletouar 7 Aa
Scott (itenya ae Bakes) 5d oe
Scotsiwed Wanters a. adeno:
'SGOLESLIGINLET See Soe ee
Score aGinterne waco ea eee 3
SGRIENERBM eee Se nae.
Scribner's Spitze ‘bere g. Vescioes
Scribner's Spitze sbicreWe. eae ie 2
Seudamores Cravieasosaene ese.
NENOTOUS CHiles cc0ccc0nccccos ARS
SAAT INODMHINGR Sopdeeenoeceos 273
Seeknofurther
Seek-No-Further
Rambo)
Seek-No-Further a ee
Seek-No-Further of Delaware,
ING ead ae ehininytrt sus. oe

w
(eo) {e) [ey al
Oo No WH WH wH

of

(synonym

273

SICHGLON, © .cucistarcee Aietcie wee here ete 238
SHACKLEFORD ....... .. 304
Shackleford’s Best.. . 304
SHIEAININIOIN' § (Cla )esreren ste rare ere 305

SHAN NOND CID), ooo es tee SOG
SHONNON, tp pine noe eee OS
SHEDDAN WE nr caErocrore Eee oe 306
Sheepnose (synonym of Bullock) 89
Sheepnose (synonym of Lady
inter) eR coawn cect toe ooeccute 183
SHEEPNOSE (es jack oe detec cn okie 307
See Pin OMInG cree cee 131
Sheep's Nosety, = Ws3o. cee ste too
SEC PISA SIMO bbs certo eyes re 89
SHERIF a iors sts oe eae cok 308
STIAWASSERY ound i Shien aus ten ae
SHAD PENS ICMSSCE.Y antes ox. gree ee 204
SHIREBY.«. (he a om enh vak’s cae 308

406

PAGE
SIBERDAN “GRAB i. 4).;0c oe Cee 17
GSIKCAINIKG os cases soe ee eee 309
SRIGNRG: sralonocee nook eee SI
Silanka “BoOgdanolie sees eee Ol
SS MW ea teva ee Beek OER oa
SEBIGHE: @ eee on cacti aemoe 310

SlevaiizseicadyeAlpple-c- 22 ee GLO
Sloginins Ibn Ay yW exo nosashcsas SLO

SMIaE GIDERS)... «...<oaabereeplon SLO
DS VLAMIEO Lb TINO caged s ch. SEU!
SUMUL eS a GUO C Pix a.are acsevagelec onsiey ie ate 311
SMOKEHOUSE: «4. secu. shi loawsle
SHO Aa IELTS Ceeany cre hole 6 te aA aor 312
SOLE I eres stb & temo seve Oe 197
Sol Carter.. ; 88
Sondensleichen © von 1 Ela bardeton 161
Southern Romanite............. 289
SPICES OWEED: hacistahet eine cern ALS
SEH! (Oee IBAIIs erie ou BO o0.cn ool os
SiPUZOMD ORG ietaka’s/ aise, 0) erensts evs bie ices 121
Spitzenberg Newtowmn........... 225
SPULZOM DUIS aera fe royerniste niatevelete > ares 314
Spitzenburgh (synonym of Eso-
pus Spitzenburg).. : 12
Spitzenburgh Carlstadt ofl New
town Spitzenburg).........-.. 225
Spitzenburgh Newtown......... 225
SERING GRIPPING svcuie act ce ae eae
SPAM EP OLE. earn svcehe eit eee 3214
Springport Pippin.. ete ts SLA
SPW) ais vena she, ss sseppeeer tons eieteyeraet 2209, 315
SHddIGlUU smc eee eee eee
SPANARDIOe eee Hous chet US
Stanard’s Secdine SLs
SHONNOLA Retna Hae ee ore OCLs
Stannard’s iseeaiinas noon oo ous
STARS bADY APPR Sse nine sae alos
STARK} 23.4. /Se en cloicee yee 316
Side VAN deasuconoanceooeae BuO
YO AWE O CIDR OE Cian A CORIO OR aE 318
Stayman’s Winesap........ 318
SIASYeMLAUN SIV ELNIE'S A Present te mT
Steele’s Red.. se . 324
Steele’s Red Winter Ce, a
Baldwin) . : ae 56
Steele’s Red Wanker (asin a
Red Canada).. 270

Steele’s Red Winter (ayer of
SHICLOU): Jasna a/charssenn ee Meee Rtan nee 324

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE
Steel's Reds: «tn. poke aeeeeee 276
StH «0m accel ee 158
Steklianka Bogdanoff........... 81
STERLING” 25) par aco oeee eee Lo
Sterling Bcaviyaea eee 45, 319
Stethin Pr) pit eee eee eee 114
Stevenson -Pippinzeee peers 197
SUNG ee 3.0 60.24 GRRE ee 197
STONE: - oc. 2201s ae eee 24, 320
Stone (synonym of American

Pippin)... 23: seeeeeee eee

Stor Casseler Kemet. -onsseee 114
Stor kasselrenetia eee eee 114
Storrs Wine... epee eer enee 197
STOWE 2... o> cc . See ee eel
Stowe’s anion te cine eel
STREAKED ieee ae rae 321
STRIPED GILLIFLOWER...........- 16
Striped Pearmain.....5.5+2.+.-49 1107;
Sivaped iRam0G haa eee eee 272
Striped Rhode Island Greening
(synonym of Domine)........ 109

Striped Rhode Island Greening
(synonym of Wells).......... 363
S@RIPED! SWEETING 42) see eee eee 16
Striped Sweet Pippin..........- 107
Striped Winter Pearmain....... 197

SHE. +5 2.0 24.0.2 rs Soe 323
STUART GOLDEN. .355--E eee eEses
Siuaris NGOlden:. pee eens 323
SHimip, “imcorrectly..5- eee eeeeses
Sugar, (Barbel:.. .1-5ee pee eee 61
Summerour 227,

SUMMER. PIPPIN: ..<.¢2 seer eee
SUMMER(QUEEN «580. Gee eee

SUMMER JROSE. «...42.eeeee eee 15
Summer Russet... see ee eee 333
Sussex Scarlet Pearmain........ 379
SULION \sii..06.03 8 eee 32, 324
Sutton Beauty (synonym of
Dumelow)) ...3...3 32 oeeeeeeeeee 112
Sutton Beauty (synonym of Sut-
tON,)! scious se) eee 324
SWAAR.. 25 a0550 S05 LO aelomeae
Swaar Apple... = case 326
Swaysie Pomme Grise........-.. 328
Swaysie ....a0.t. as... 1
Swayzie Pomme ey OY ey: 328
SWiAGHEED ©. oa a0 ae oreo sic Ae a ee 328

INDEX TO VARIETIES. 407

PAGE, PAGE
Swazie Pomme Grise.........-. 328 | Tolman Sweet.....cccccs.ccoess 343
Swazies Pomme Gris... B28 ||| Olas StUCCILN Rn i ieee eit 343
Swasy . ae soo boon su asa ee || JlOITTORE SNAG hn wads dooce 0 aus
Swasy Pownte Gre Maya rereut eeu Naine 328 TROT KG Gn tom ro CMRI ROTOR Olcwo ey, eS
SWEED PANDA SOURS seine sairerias 32 IROOM. INGils codon D eed Hodon 60 - 345

Swen GreENING .......-.-.051, 330 | Dompkins County King.-....... 345
Sawin IKOING aonapceuopenocno cea Beg) |) JOERGES IMGINC Fa sno nll aks, Oy, Sule

Senet MMCOCERES JEWS Doo oc oooe cao OM || TOMES VMAS 5604 coon c0duboodao- 345
weet Pearman. .......sss00+ 333 | Tom Woodward Pippin......... 244
SSE IeUN ila Cope moe Ge.o 00 Cb Oar ZIG MIME AMNAIt ayers encore aerorsts os 227
weet Rhode Island Greening... 331 | Trenham ...... Os So OR LTE
SWHEDINUSSED... |e ess SSSuil uanwe. Spheenburehy ee 2 5 ee 121
SWEEDENWINESAP |: ccmmerier sci: Bei || IN ATA UEUOM:, ooauongcloo000dGoL 273
SWIG OE Sad dacs 00.056 00008 333) MINUET Sage ee ne rersih ee te RE Tse oe
SHHPINIRDR 6 SU Gane ob occ Sood Coot O ES) I Mel CUP NOIGOR tees ppb bids 60 comeenp wies
SG CIUBICIE SSC Lhinsts, s.ccreoeite e. 68 Zio |\ IFEMROVUAUHAE csoacagocevccun0 ues 125
ADNAN? OWINOGD ococcoscn ol%, its Oe
ialiniaiises weet eens GAS) |) LaWEN Te ©OMINCEM EIRP IN eects es 349
dialinane Sweetener eee 343 WWELY SE GHOSON sos aa eeese 2A,
Tallman Sweeting....... ORAS 343
Talman’s Sweet........+++.++4. 343 | Ulster Seedling.......ssces.eee- 172
OUT SMC sooo, boos Se.cob eon 6 343
Dalmans SWeetnge wacccwae uw. vc 343
Talman Sweeting.......ss00.0+ 343 Valandin guar sine els osiers a. << one 197
dieilers ) 2eneer. 2.0 eee ae 200')\ andervere.= (synonym (of) New=
menor. Hall sees wha catae Sets net. 67 town Spitzenburg)............ 225
Merrys Redstreak. igs. +2 273 | Vandervere (synonym of Smoke-
PETOFSKY 0 43:3 Ry 25%, 926 HOUSE) ears: Seas 62
Tewkesbury Bushs Panes. S30) |) andervere of New vores 225
Tewkesbury Winter Blush Shot SCO kee MANIDEVERE yp Sete. cc citi eae oie OS

Tewksberry Winter Blush....... 336 | Vandevere (synonym of New-

Tewksbery Winter Blush........ 336 WoNiay —SyommeAevmoybide))5n05500Knen 225
DEWESBUR Yer a7 odmeeeee te. ss G80 | Iandeverc ENGlsh.aswedeo sana S12
Tewksbury Blush.. ween eee eee. 336 | Vandevere of New York........ 225

Tewksbury Winter Blush....... 336 | Van Dyme........0.0.00000000. 244
POR ONEICED ...csicercameete wales oaks STS MI aNwD UNG acters fd eae ee Ae

PREESON SIF oa ohn vate egetre Gene aie a SS I. Pe ANIL OW cee MED Os ee ata ot 351
LE ONMASH Wa os eT el 208 | Van Hoy...... ich ee |
Timothy .. 3 sseeeeee- 330 | Van Hoy No Gs ONG aT orien ee 351
Timothy ts Sorts Bee cde 930 | COM: -V leeiee ot cine ies set hte s amen pL
ADITOSHae ars she B80) |e VARTC Kee See LOS
Titus (stapnvit ae mine Pinu) 339 | Verte de I’Ile de ned Na 2Os
UCU Se ELPPIN CP csc aee en eee 338 | Verte de Rhode Island.......... 283
AE OBUAS ene Mh ee eat ee 3404 ickers Aine ce cece eee hang nak 186
LO UAUSs Pup phere ete CN Sse SA Omit WICTOIRE GAY erin ee ete ae felt le
Tesecs BRACK 62s. Suge aan ce i g4in f. actorsae eid pink ot. Oe es Cope 69
ROBLAS/ RUPPIN cic ave 2 inn sade” fh aetoriai Red. eee Lenie teen 69
Ta Leh, Ol ee a ter o>. elena 343m || \VIGTORTAY OS WEED eros doe ease 2

ToLMAN Sweet........ 16, 17, 18, 343 | VirGINIA GREENING............. 352

408

INDEX TO VARIETIES.

PAGE
Virginia Pippinic.sos.s-stseens. 146
Virginia Pippin (synonym of
Virginia «Greening» seeeeee ass
IWIABASHi cece chncirorecssien ee Genes 353
Wabash) Belliowere....s28s 2) 353
WABASHEREDS See dcckbataec ce 353
Wabash ed VWauter.s. ete cl-' >) 14) 1: 353
\WOAGENERUyeeia: carci ee ely 24 54
GVO? IRCUIGHiOeeaooachoacddono. OL
WROD ee is Ss oS cele Det OL OT.
VWOARBRIDGE = ..4ta ee eee ciate ae sO
UOT? 5k PERE Dn Rey tere terres aes, RAG}:
WONT BIDMOMINY y50 Gaon ona coon’ 358
Walker's Beauty..... 358
Vikaleeras! ViGinit creme cee 358
Vivalizere Vocllowrarericisere tsi 358
ATM wore mere thas arene coco 227
WATTAGE ELOWARD Eerie ae cine 359
allbnidise sar ciencstoeitecis wee ers 357
oles VA pIBooe ¢o0d0 6000s 0000 aC 253
Wander ee EOE ee ree
WANDERING Spy. aoe 5 AOD)
Warren Pippin acm Bi (Ore
leya)e . 244
Warren appa (Songun oF Male
long? IBGE) copooooncennso Bal
WWiASEMINGDONGIROWAL: Greenies SOL
VWiaieninelon ae cee eee ee 204
iS AWG o oc slo dag oe baoda0oo¢ 253
WATWVOOD. 2145.16 e sacs SOs
VRB CIIR rene tok Oe aa ee oe O77
Waxen Dep. bsiaraliared dc ietaus kage emai 67
WANES ooo onbobodaadcoenlys Moy “As
WEALTHY GROUP 25
Weisser Me iaerantel 4 3S
Well Apple (synonym of ‘Dan
ATIOS)) ee eco eae Natalee aoe IE ete 109
Well Apple (synonym of Titus
Pippin) 339
Wellington, Scc2Geae ce Solos ere Tae
Wellington's Remette........... 112
WIRES: ce nee eee rahe ei GOS
Wells (synonym of Domine).... 109
Wells Apple.. 4363
Wesse Antillische W salevrernbile 04
Westchester Seek-No-Further... 130
Western Baldwin (synonym of
Babbitt). si. ace sheer 53

PAGE,

Western Baldwin (synonym of

Pawpaw ))..acarranelera melt ae 250
Vestern. Beguty\.-cctecncereeet 166
Wrestheld... facet soccer 304
Westfield Seek-No-Farther...... 364
WESTFIELD Seek-No-Further..12, 16

Vigan ges

Westheld Seek-No-Further...... 364
WESTFIELD Seek-No-Further ; Red
type . 366
WHE ais acs eI ee 67
White Apple Sapper 67
Wirt ASTRAGEUAN Ensen eee 25
Witte B ellefeut epee ee 244
Vihite Belliowers maser. ene 244
White Crow. 33 eee oe Lo
White Detrotte: cere eee 244
NWisnans IPSS 5545 5000dnn5% 367
WHITE PIPPIN . ni . .24, 368
White Pippin (sinters a Can-
ada Reinette).. 04
White Pippin (synbagin BE Ore
Ley) co 'eacchllncve | oleate eS eee
White (Robinson. een 380
Wuite SEEK-No-FURTHER...... 15
White Winter Pearmain........ 367
White Zundel.... eee eee 387
Wilcox’s Winter... EO?
Wild Apple... see eee 384
Williamson, 3 «anaes eee eee 109
WILEOW eke...) 3s caro oe ee LO SG
Wiallozwwmibeap.. cere ee 370
Willow Leaf Pippm............- 244
MANES) Aiea ae oboocadcacucone 370
WiILESBORO! 3 0to Gace meee 372
WINDSOR? or.2 c's fe cele B72
WindsorAGhieh.. -peeeeee eee 372
WEIN <i eres ieee Bi, Sys
Wine (synonym ‘a Jonathan 172

Vine (synonym of Newtown
Spitzenbre>)/ ere eee 225
Wine Apple. onc sae eee 373
WINESAP® oi nian easel erly me ES
WiINESAP GROUP! .: Joe ee 24
WineSap Je: obi iahen 0 eee 172
Witmer Sis d vere decd 6 creer eee 375
Weavesap Of" N bet. diac eee 292
Wine SOP. cies taka se ED
Wine® Sweet......0+.- vugaaa cages

INDEX TO VARIETIES,

PAGE
WINTER BANANA... 377
Winter Belle Bonne... 67

Winter Blush (synonym of Fall-

awater ) Aes 125
Winter Blush (Geononian of R eke
Pippin of Eastern New York). 288
Winter Genneting....... ee 2711
Winter Hoc Istanp Si IDiDINS oe 378
VihawiermElOrse sn. 2.00: 22
Wanter Jannetting.............. 271
WAnbe Te Ea as 32.00) eerie. «7 B45
Wanten Niomsuch. ....-erecetien-c0 + 276
lWanterPRedeh. .\. =. pease 3+ 251
Winter Pearmain (synonym of
INICAM EC) atts cna ametuer rier: 197
Winter Pearmain (synonym of
Milam) a 208
WINTER PEARMAIN.......... 378
EM ORKGP IZOD Nitsa oo co > co0d6 Banos 197
Winter Pippin of Geneva........ 136
Winter Queen.. 88
Winter Oilecnnves 5 88
Winter Queen of Kentucky 88
Waiter “ROSGres saree: Semone. 227
Winter Russet (synonym of
BnchishmReisset) pees elle
Winter Russet (synonym of
Renny MRUSSet) Aa aera tes P57
WINTER ST. LAWRENCE........:. 379
Winter Sweet Paradise........... 380
[AVA WAT ON ies ove: 6 oh econo, 0 6 OBOE ES
\NMISHNHOIRS Gysaiaias oer 380
Wismer’s escort Sc) Ot CO RICR RNR to10)
WWOSRGES IDBSSE His oc500060 86 600° 380
NVGrin RIVERS. s.o steern ccs cs 20s 25
VACHE Gites oo cea MaRS e eens, 227.
Woodmaws Song.c.....+:++.+. 244

409
PAGE,
VIAOGUPECREi amar voraey-isvete torstorets ores 56
Woodward s Pippin......---+0.- 244
Wikicolnvanksm boner critic eerie 244
Woolman’s Long Pippin......... 244
VWeoolwaryeone sma: ern 244
Mop S WV OMIA ob ob5500000Kns 227/
Wyandotte 196
SCHON) Seep 6 Gis cof ORCI NESE TE 316
Yellow Bellefeis-............... 381
VONOET THANE INCH Ps 500000 0b00e 381
Yellow Bellehower.............. 381
YELLOW BELLFLOWER...15, 16, 17, 18
19, 23, 381
YELLOW BELLFLOWER GROUP...... 383
WELT OW EORES Tats elaine seas ey 384.
Yellow German Remette........ 142
NAgULON IE ISUNWVESI oo oopecosaceos UZ
MANGES NCIC 60 can0bs6occonene Ail
VANCED MORCBs50ca50s00n00000C 271
Yellow Newton's Pippim......... 146
YELLOW NEWTOWN....17, 18, 24, 145
150, 385

Yellow Newtown (synonyin of
Catladawemiette) ay.) i O4
Yellow Newtown Pippin........ 146

Yellow Pippin (synonym of
Newark Pippin).. PaGGee os

Yellow Pippin (enone of Ort-
ley) : Sah AVA
YELLOW TRANSPARENT........17, 25
WOYRS IRCBOUANAss on on oo coon lish Wao
WORKS INMIPEREAD AE ee alc LON sensos
Wonk MPa ppinwaecadermenie nein 24
LCORC> Maret arsine wvcge ela ooi Perr 107
(RZSURDETA snooker 387

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